How to beat endometriosis with Endometriosis Bible And Violet Protocol
Endometriosis Disease 2009.5.5 Xiaoli Chen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Transcript of Endometriosis Disease 2009.5.5 Xiaoli Chen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Endometriosis Disease
2009.5.5
Xiaoli ChenDepartment of Obstetrics and
Gynecology
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EndometriosisEndometriosisEndometriosisEndometriosis
AdenomyosisAdenomyosis
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Endometriosis
• A condition in which the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows in other areas of the body, causing pain, irregular bleeding, and frequently infertility.
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Characteristics
• Common in reproductive-age women
• Estrogen dependence• Genetic disease• Immunologic disease• Inflammatory disease• Benign diseases, malignant
behavior
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PathogenesisPathogenesisPathogenesisPathogenesis
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Pathogenesis
• Not clear.
• 4 theories proposed: - Retrograde menstruation theory - Coelomic metaplasia theory - Lymphatic or vascular dissemination theory - Immunology theory
• No single theory can account for the location of endometriosis in all cases.
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Pathology
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Pathology: Classification of Common
Pelvic Endometriosis• Ovarian endometriosis
– Minimal: superficial minimal
– Classic: cyst
• Peritoneal endometriosis
– Pigmentation: classic indigo or brown ectopic tubercles 。
– Non-pigmentation : early focus
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Pathology: Microscopic Examination
• Endometrial tissue (glands and
stroma)
• Fibrin and red cell
• Hemosiderin
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Clinical presentation• Symptoms
• Dysmenorrhea (progressive)• Chronic pelvic pain• Dyspareunia• Pain caused by rupture of endometrioma• Infertility• Menstrual disturbance• Painful defecation
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Clinical presentation
•Signs
• Fixed,retroverted uterus• Enlargement of the ovaries• Tender nodular uterosacral
ligament
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Diagnosis
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Diagnosis
• Medical history
• Gynecological examination
• Auxiliary examination
– laparoscopy
– Imaging
– laboratory
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Diagnosis: Medical History
• Menstruation
• Reproduction
• Family history
• Operation history
• Relationship of dysmenorrhea and
gynecological operation
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Diagnosis: Gynecological Examination
• Bimanual or trimanual examination
– Uterus
– Mass
– Tenderness nodes
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Diagnosis: Laparoscopy
• The best method for diagnosis
• Diagnosis by direct inspect
• Pathological confirmation needed
• Treatment at the same time
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Diagnosis: Imaging
• B-mode sonography
– Sensitivity 97 % , specificity 96 % .
– Mass: location, size, content, blood
supply, etc.
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Diagnosis: Imaging
• CT or MRI
– Provide additional and
confirmatory information
– More costly
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Diagnosis: Laboratory
• CA125
– Slightly elevated in moderate or
severe patients.
– Limited on sensitivity and specificity.
– No single use for diagnosis.
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Diagnosis: Laboratory
• Anti-endometrium antibody
– Negative in most of normal women.
– Positive rate over 60 % in endometriosis
patients.
– Positive means active ectopic endometrium.
– Not popular used in clinic.
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Differential
Diagnosis
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Differential Diagnosis
• Diseases
– Malignant tumor of
ovary
– Pelvic
inflammatory mass
– Adenomyosis
Aspects History
Gyn Examintion
B-mode
ultrasonography
Lab research
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Treatment
• Expectant therapy• Medical treatment - Pseudomenopause therapy
- Danazol - GnRH agonists - Pseudopregnancy therapy
• Surgical treatment
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Medical Oophorectomy - GnRH agonists
• Mechanism: - Desensitization of the pituitary - Medical hypophysectomy →medical oophrectomy
• Drugs used: - Leuprorelin 3.75mg/28 Days D5 - Goserelin/Zoladex 3.6mg/28 Days D5 - Triptorelin/Decapreptyl 3.75mg/28 Days D5
• Side dffects: - (1)Menopausal symptoms: hot flashes, dryness in vagina, loss of libido - (2)Osteoporosis
• Add-Back Therapy
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Pseudomenopause therapy- Danazol
• Synthetic steroid - 17α-ethinyltestosterone Derivative• Mechanism: - Directly suppressing ovarian steroidogenesis - Direct inhibiting endometrial growth
• Doses: - 400-800 mg/day for 6 months
• Side effects: - Hypoestrogenic environment: decreased breast size, atrophic vaginitis, hot flashes, emotional
swings - Virilism
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Pseudopregnancy therapy- Progestogen
• Mechanism:– Inhibition of uterine contraction– Inhibition on growth of the endometrium
• Doses: Medroxyprogesterone 20-50mg/day 6 months• Side effects : weight, fluid retention,
breakthrough bleeding, depression
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Surgery· Diagnostic surgery
· no attempt to treat any of the endometriosis
· Very conservative surgery· treatment of a very large, obvious, or treatable
area of endometriosis
· Aggressive surgery· removes all the endo while preserving the organs· maintains fertility
· Radical surgery· removal of the reproductive organs· hysterectomy
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Treatment -- infertility
• Minimal disease - pregnancy rate without treatment after 5 years is 90% • severe disease - proceed to laparoscopy• woman over 35 yrs old - proceed with treatment• Medical therapy is of limited value• Assisted reproduction
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Lifestyle• Exercise • Eating well and getting enough
rest• Practicing relaxation techniques
such as yoga and meditation
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Recurrences• May recur with medical therapy or
surgical therapy• GnRH agonists or Danazol - Minimal disease – 37%, - severe disease – 74% • Surgery – 40% after 5 years • 56% of all patients after 7 years
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Adenomyosis
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• Definition of Adenomyosis:
– Presence of functioning endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium.
• Myometrial cells around become hypertrophy and hyperplasia compensatively
Basic Concepts
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Pathogenesis
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Pathogenesis
• The pathogenesis is not known.
• Propose by Cullen in 1908, the
theory of direct growth of the basal
layer of endometrium into the
myometrium is widely accepted.
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Pathogenesis
• Estrogen has been implicated as a
stimulus to the development of
adenomyosis.
• The symptomatic improvement that
occurs with the onset of menopause
supports this concept.
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Pathogenesis
• Induction Factors
– Inheritance
– Trauma (curettage / cesarean section )
– Hyperestrogenemia
– Virus infection
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Pathology
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Pathology• Macroanatomy
– Uterus enlarges uniformly, like a ball.
– Usually not bigger than 12 weeks of gestation.
– Thick muscle fiber and micro vesicle seen in myomerium.
– Some grew like myoma, called adenomyoma.
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Pathology
• Microscopic examination– Endometrial glands and stroma in
the myometrium, scattered like islands.
– Ectopic glands usually in proliferate phase.
– Local secretory changes seen
occasionally.
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Symptoms and Signs
• Hypermenorrhea 50%• Dysmenorrhea 30%• Symmetrically enlarged uterus - Improved ultrasound: preoperative
diagnosis
- MRI: negative/equivocal sonogram presence of leiomyomas
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Diagnosis
• Primary diagnosis– Classic symptoms and signs.– B-mode ultrasonography and CT
is helpful in diagnosis.• Confirmative diagnosis
– Pathological examination.
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DiagnosisDiffer from• Pregnancy: pregnancy test, ultrasound• Submucous leiomyomas: hysteroscopy• Endometrial cancer: endometrial
biopsy• Myoma: ultrasound• Endometriosis:ultrasound
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Complications and Prevention
• Chronic severe anemia• Primary adenocarcinoma
★Adenomyosis can’t be prevented.
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Treatment
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Treatment: Medication
• No medication is radical
• Mild symptoms
– NSAID
– Oral contraceptive pills
• Young, pregnancy-desiring, close to menopause
– Try GnRHa
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Treatment: Surgery
• Suitable for patients with :– Severe symptoms
– Relatively old age
– No desire for pregnancy
– No effect by medication
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Treatment: Surgery
• Methods– Total hysterectomy– Adenomyoma resection
•Young with pregnancy desiring•Prone to recurrence
– Laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation / Presacral neurectomy•Pain relief rate: 80 %
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