Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55...
Transcript of Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55...
![Page 1: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Endocrine System
Chapter 24
1
![Page 2: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction (p. 638)
Endocrine system works with nervous system to coordinate body functions Nervous system uses neural impulses Endocrine system uses hormones
2
![Page 3: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Comparing Endocrine & Nervous System Functions (p. 638)
3
![Page 4: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction, cont’d (p. 638)
Exocrine glands Secrete products into ducts Examples are:
Sudoriferous Sebaceous Salivary
Endocrine glands Ductless glands Produce hormones
4
![Page 5: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Anatomy (p. 638)
5
Hormones Hypothalamus Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroids
Thymus Adrenals Pancreatic islets Ovaries Testes
![Page 6: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Location of Major Endocrine Glands (p. 638)
6
![Page 7: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Physiology (p. 639)
Produces and secretes hormones Regulates metabolic activities (growth, development) Regulates activity of other organs/glands, as well as
smooth and cardiac muscle Helps body adapt during stress Regulates composition/volume of body fluids Contributes to reproductive processes
7
![Page 8: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Hormones (p. 639)
Chemical messengers Seeks out a target cell
Then regulates its activity by increases or decreases in cell metabolism
8
![Page 9: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Prostaglandins (p. 639)
Local hormones Act near site of secretion Helps regulate:
Smooth muscle Inflammatory responses
Thought to increase pain sensitivity
9
![Page 10: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Hormonal Control Mechanisms (p. 639)
Types are: Negative feedback Hormonal control Neural control
10
![Page 11: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Negative Feedback (p. 639)
Most common method Hormone trigger negative (opposite) response
Ex: parathyroid hormone released to raise blood calcium levels when they are low. This hormone stimulates osteoclast activity, causing a rise of calcium level in the blood. As the level rises, this inhibits the production of the hormone, slowing the activity of the osteoclasts
Thermostat analogy
11
![Page 12: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Hormonal Control (p. 639)
Hormones themselves stimulate or inhibit the release of other hormones Ex: hypothalamic hormones stimulate or inhibit anterior
pituitary hormones
12
![Page 13: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Neural Control (p. 639)
Hormones are secreted due to neural stimulation Ex: epinephrine/norepinephrine released during stress
13
![Page 14: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Hypothalamus (p. 640)
Part of the diencephalon that regulates the ANS and the endocrine system by governing the pituitary gland
14
![Page 15: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Hypophyseal Portal System (p. 640)
Network of blood vessels that carry hypothalamic hormones to anterior pituitary
Provides direct access Hormones do not have to travel to heart then back to
pituitary in brain
15
![Page 16: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pituitary (p. 641)
Extends from hypothalamus by stalk-like structure called infundibulum
Consists of: Anterior lobe
• 75% of entire gland and produces six of nine hormones Posterior lobe
• Stores and releases hypothalamic hormones Intermediate lobe
• Produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone
16
![Page 17: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pituitary Hormones (p. 641)
17
![Page 18: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones (p. 641)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Stimulates hormones of adrenal cortex, especially cortisol
Growth hormone (GH) Stimulates protein synthesis for muscle and bone
development and repair
18
![Page 19: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones, cont’d (pp. 641-642)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Stimulates thyroid hormones
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Women: stimulates estrogens and ovarian follicle
development Men: stimulates sperm production
19
![Page 20: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones, cont’d (p. 642)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Women: stimulates estrogens and progesterone, ovulation,
and corpus luteum development Men: stimulates testosterone production
Prolactin (PRL) Promotes lactation (milk production)
20
![Page 21: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Intermediate Pituitary Lobe
Intermediate lobe • Produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone
21
![Page 22: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Intermediate Pituitary Hormones (p. 642)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Increases skin pigmentation by stimulating synthesis and
release of melanin
22
![Page 23: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Posterior Pituitary Lobe
Posterior lobe • Stores and releases hypothalamic hormones
23
![Page 24: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Posterior Pituitary Hormones (pp. 642-643)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Decreases urine production Raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction
Oxytocin (OT) Stimulates uterine contraction Stimulates milk expression
24
![Page 25: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pineal (p. 643)
Located posterior to diencephalon in brain Pinecone-shaped Also known as pineal body
25
![Page 26: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pineal Hormones (p. 643)
Melatonin Controls biorhythms Develops sexual organs
26
![Page 27: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Thyroid (p. 644)
Located at base of throat Butterfly-shaped Contains two lobes connected at center by the
isthmus
27
![Page 28: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Thyroid Hormones (p. 644)
T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Tetraiodothyronine or Thyroxine) Collectively called “thyroid hormones” Control metabolic rate Regulate growth and development Cannot be made without iodine
28
![Page 29: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Thyroid Hormones, cont’d (p. 644)
Calcitonin (CT) Decreases blood calcium levels (hypocalcemic) by
stimulating osteoblast activity This moves calcium from blood to bones
29
![Page 30: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands (p. 644)
30
![Page 31: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Parathyroid (p. 644)
Located on posterolateral surface of thyroid Usually four in number
31
![Page 32: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Parathyroid Hormone (p. 644)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Increases blood calcium levels (hypercalcemic) by
stimulating osteoclast activity This breaks down bone and releases calcium into blood Also increases calcium resorption from urine and intestines
back into blood
32
![Page 33: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Thymus (p. 644)
Located posterior to sternum Large in infancy to puberty Atrophies in adulthood
33
![Page 34: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Thymic Hormones (p. 644)
Thymosin and Thymopoietin Stimulates T cell maturation
• T cells: specialized lymphocytes involved in immune response
34
![Page 35: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Adrenal Glands (p. 645)
35
![Page 36: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Adrenals (p. 644)
Located superior to each kidney Two glands in one Cortex
Outer region Produces three steroid hormones:
• Glucocorticoids • Mineralocorticoids • Sex hormones
Medulla Inner region Produces neurohormones
36
![Page 37: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Corticol Hormones (p. 645)
Glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol) Affects carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; converting
them to fuel for energy – also an anti-inflammatory
Mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone) Helps to regulate fluid and electrolyte balances
Sex hormones (primarily adrenal estrogens and androgens)
37
![Page 38: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Corticol Hormones, cont’d (pp. 645-646)
Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) Stress hormone Has antiinflammatory effects
Aldosterone Salt-retaining hormone Maintains mineral balance
Sex Hormones Development of secondary sex characteristics
38
![Page 39: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Medullary Hormones (p. 645)
AKA Neurohormones Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Enhances and prolongs sympathetic arousal
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Enhances and prolongs sympathetic arousal
39
![Page 40: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pancreatic Islets (p. 645)
Also called islets of Langerhans Contains:
Alpha cells • Secrete glucagon (increases blood glucose)
Beta cells • Secretes insulin (decreases blood glucose)
These hormones help regulate carbohydrate metabolism
40
![Page 41: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pancreatic Hormones (p. 645)
Insulin Decreases blood glucose levels (hypoglycemic)
• Causes liver, muscle, and adipose tissue to take up glucose • Liver and muscle cells store glucose as glycogen
Only hormone that decreases glucose levels
Glucagon Increases blood glucose levels (hyperglycemic)
• Stimulated by low glucose blood levels • Causes liver and muscles to convert glycogen into glucose
41
![Page 42: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Regulation of Blood Glucose by Pancreas (p. 646)
42
![Page 43: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Ovaries (p. 646)
Located in female abdominopelvic area Houses developing oocytes within follicles Produces estrogens and progesterone Regulates menstrual cycle Helps maintain pregnancy
43
![Page 44: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Ovarian Hormones (p. 646)
Estrogens Responsible for secondary sex characteristics in females Ovum development and its release during ovulation Thickens uterine lining for fertilized ovum
Progesterone Maintains uterine lining for implantation and pregnancy Slightly elevates temperature for incubating effect
44
![Page 45: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Testes (p. 647)
Located in male scrotum Contains Interstitial cells of Leydig
Produce androgens • Principal androgen is testosterone
45
![Page 46: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Testicular Hormones (p. 647)
Testosterone Stimulates sperm production Responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males Involved in increasing libido
46
![Page 47: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Organs That Possess Endocrine Cells (p. 647)
47
![Page 48: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Placenta (p. 647)
Organ formed against uterine lining
Allows developing embryo and mother to exchange nutrients and wastes
Secretes hormones required to maintain pregnancy
48
![Page 49: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Placenta: Hormones (p. 647)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Pregnancy hormone Stimulates estrogens and progesterone Decreases lymphocyte activation
Relaxin Facilitates implantation by relaxing uterus Softens connective tissue and dilates cervix for fetal delivery
49
![Page 50: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Gastric and Intestinal Mucosa: Hormones (p. 647)
Gastrin Secreted by the stomach Stimulates bile, gastric juices, and pancreatic enzymes
Cholecystokinin Produced by intestinal mucosa Stimulates release of bile and pancreatic enzymes
Secretin Produced by intestinal mucosa Stimulates pancreas to secrete alkaline liquid to neutralize
acidic chyme, thereby facilitating the action of intestinal enzymes
50
![Page 51: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Heart: Hormones (p. 647)
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) Released when right atrium is overstretched Triggers urine production (diuresis)
• Decreases blood volume and therefore blood pressure
51
![Page 52: Endocrine System - The Lauterstein-Conway …Author Lynsey Drischler Created Date 2/24/2014 2:08:55 PM](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042809/5f928f3aabbf041c7f1f2fe3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Fat Cells: Hormones (p. 647)
Leptin Regulates energy through appetite and metabolism
Resistin Increases blood glucose levels by reducing insulin sensitivity
52