Endocrine
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Transcript of Endocrine
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1201CHAPTER 48 Endocrine System
TABLE 48-1 MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND HORMONES
HORMONES TARGET TISSUE FUNCTIONSAnterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)Growth hormone (GH) or
somatotropinAll body cells Promotes protein anabolism (growth, tissue repair) and lipid mobilization
and catabolismThyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
or thyrotropinThyroid gland Stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormones, growth and function
of thyroid glandAdrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Adrenal cortex Fosters growth of adrenal cortex; stimulates secretion of corticosteroidsGonadotropic hormones Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Reproductive organs Stimulate sex hormone secretion, reproductive organ growth, reproductive processes
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Melanocytes in skin Increases melanin production in melanocytes to make skin darker in color
Prolactin Ovary and mammary glands in females
Stimulates milk production in lactating women; increases response of follicles to LH and FSH; has unclear function in men
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)Oxytocin Uterus; mammary glands Stimulates milk secretion, uterine contractilityAntidiuretic hormone (ADH)
or vasopressinRenal tubules, vascular
smooth musclePromotes reabsorption of water, vasoconstriction
ThyroidThyroxine (T4) All body tissues Precursor to T3Triiodothyronine (T3) All body tissues Regulates metabolic rate of all cells and processes of cell growth and tissue
differentiationCalcitonin Bone tissue Regulates calcium and phosphorus blood levels; decreases serum Ca2+
levels
ParathyroidsParathyroid hormone (PTH) or
parathormoneBone, intestine, kidneys Regulates calcium and phosphorus blood levels; promotes bone
demineralization and increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+; increases serum Ca2+ levels
Adrenal MedullaEpinephrine (adrenaline) Sympathetic effectors Response to stress; enhances and prolongs effects of sympathetic nervous
systemNorepinephrine (noradrenaline) Sympathetic effectors Response to stress; enhances and prolongs effects of sympathetic nervous
system
Adrenal CortexCorticosteroids (e.g., cortisol,
hydrocortisone)All body tissues Promotes metabolism, response to stress; antiinflammatory
Androgens (e.g., testosterone, androsterone) and estrogen
Reproductive organs Promotes masculinization in men, growth and sexual activity in women
Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) Kidney Regulates sodium and potassium balance and thus water balance
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)Insulin (from beta cells) General Promotes movement of glucose out of blood and into cellsAmylin (from beta cells) Liver, stomach Gastric motility, glucagon secretion, endogenous glucose release from
liver, satietyGlucagon (from alpha cells) General Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesisSomatostatin Pancreas Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretionPancreatic polypeptide General Influences regulation of pancreatic exocrine function and metabolism of
absorbed nutrients
GonadsWomen: OvariesEstrogen Reproductive system,
breastsStimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, preparation of
uterus for fertilization and fetal development; stimulates bone growthProgesterone Reproductive system Maintains lining of uterus necessary for successful pregnancy
Men: TestesTestosterone Reproductive system Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis