Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science

Robert A. Meyers (Ed.)

Encyclopedia of Complexityand Systems Science

With 4300 Figures and 420 Tables

123

ROBERT A. MEYERS, Ph. D.Editor-in-ChiefRAMTECH LIMITED122 Escalle LaneLarkspur, CA 94939USArobert.meyers@ramtechlimited.org

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008933604

ISBN: 978-0-387-30440-3

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Preface

The Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science is an authoritative single source for understanding and applyingthe basic tenets of complexity and systems theory as well as the tools and measures for analyzing complex systemsin science, engineering and many areas of social, financial and business interactions. It is written for an audience ofadvanced university undergraduate and graduate students, professors, and professionals in a wide range of fields whomust manage complexity on scales ranging from the atomic and molecular to the societal and global. Each article wasselected and peer reviewed by one of our 36 Section Editors with advice and consultation provided by our 15 BoardMembers and Editor-in-Chief. This level of coordination assures that the reader can have a level of confidence in therelevance and accuracy of the information far exceeding that generally found on the World Wide Web. Accessabliltyis also a priority and for this reason each article includes a glossary of important terms and a concise definition of thesubject.

Complex systems are systems that comprise many interacting parts with the ability to generate a new quality of col-lective behavior through self-organization, e. g. the spontaneous formation of temporal, spatial or functional structures.They are therefore adaptive as they evolve and may contain self-driving feedback loops. Thus, complex systems aremuch more than a sum of their parts. Complex systems are often characterized as having extreme sensitivity to initialconditions as well as emergent behavior that are not readily predictable or even completely deterministic. The conclu-sion is that a reductionist (bottom-up) approach is often an incomplete description of a phenomenon. This recognition,that the collective behavior of the whole system cannot be simply inferred from the understanding of the behavior ofthe individual components, has led to many new concepts and sophisticated mathematical andmodeling tools for appli-cation to many scientific, engineering, and societal issues that can be adequately described only in terms of complexityand complex systems.

Examples of Grand Scientific Challenges which can be approached through complexity and systems science include:the structure, history and future of the universe; the biological basis of consciousness; the true complexity of the geneticmakeup and molecular functioning of humans (genetics and epigenetics) and other life forms; human longevity limits;unification of the laws of physics; the dynamics and extent of climate change and the effects of climate change; extendingthe boundaries of and understanding the theoretical limits of computing; sustainability of life on the earth; workingsof the interior of the earth; predictability, dynamics and extent of earthquakes, tsunamis, and other natural disasters;dynamics of turbulent flows and the motion of granular materials; the structure of atoms as expressed in the StandardModel and the formulation of the Standard Model and gravity into a Unified Theory; the structure of water; control ofglobal infectious diseases and also evolution and quantification of (ultimately) human cooperative behavior in politics,economics, business systems and social interactions. In fact, most of these issues have identified nonlinearities and arebeginning to be addressedwith nonlinear techniques – e. g. human longevity limits; the StandardModel; climate change,earthquake prediction, workings of the earth’s interior, natural disaster prediction, etc.

The complex systems mathematical and modeling tools and scientific and engineering applications that comprisethe Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science are as follows:

� Agent Based Modeling and Simulation� Applications of Physics and Mathematics to Social Science� Cellular Automata, Mathematical Basis of� Chaos and Complexity in Astrophysics� Climate Modeling, Global Warming andWeather Prediction� Complex Networks and Graph Theory

VI Preface

� Complexity and Nonlinearity in Autonomous Robotics� Complexity in Computational Chemistry� Complexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes, and Forecasting and Early Warning of their Hazards� Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience� Control and Dynamical Systems� Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery� Ecological Complexity� Ergodic Theory� Finance and Econometrics� Fractals and Multifractals� Game Theory� Granular Computing� Intelligent Systems� Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems� Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations� Percolation� Perturbation Theory� Probability and Statistics in Complex Systems� Quantum Information Science� Social Network Analysis� Soft Computing� Solitons� Statistical and Nonlinear Physics� Synergetics� System Dynamics� Systems Biology� Traffic Management, Complex Dynamics of� Unconventional Computing� Wavelets

The 15 members of our Editorial Advisory Board include: Ahmed Zewail of Caltech, Nobel Prize in chemistry, whoprovided guidance in chemistry and physical biology applications of complexity and systems science; Thomas Schelling,Nobel Prize in Economics, provided guidance in economics and political science applications; Mario J. Molina, NobelPrize in Chemistry, whose current interests include: atmospheric chemical processes and science-policy issues relatedto urban and regional air pollution and to global change; Manfred Eigen, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, who is expertin molecular self-organization and evolutionary biotechnology; Benoit B. Mandelbrot of Yale University and BattellePacific Northwest Laboratories, Wolf Prize for Physics, who provided guidance in physical, mathematical or social phe-nomena that are characterized by abundant data but wild variability; Richard E. Stearns, 1993 Turing Award, whose cur-rent interests include computational complexity, automata theory, analysis of algorithms and game theory; Pierre-LouisLions, 1994 Fields Medal, whose interests are nonlinear partial differential equations and applications; Leroy Hood ofthe Institute for Systems Biology, Lasker Award, whose specialty is systems approaches to biology and medicine; StevenWolfram, creator of Mathematica®; and Lotfi Zadeh, Honda and Okawa Prizes and IEEE Medal of Honor, whose cur-rent interests are fuzzy logic and soft computing. Sadly, Paul Lauterbur, Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology, whoprovided guidance in evolution and origin of life and overall relationship of determinism to complexity passed awayduring the project. A complete listing of our Board is presented immediately following this Preface.

Our 36 Section Editors, who supervised the 35 Sections, represent some of the best and brightest in their respectivefields. It is notable that some are rather young, and yet are highly accomplished, as seems appropriate for the verymodern scientific approach inherent in complexity and systems science. The Section Editors have selected both thearticles (described below) and also nominated our authors and either provided peer review or supervised outside peerreviewers. A complete listing of the Section Editors is presented immediately following this Preface.

Preface VII

The efforts of the 41 members of our Board and Section Editor team have resulted in near 300 articles on the math-ematical and modeling basis of complexity, e. g. fractals and multifractals, cellular automata, game theory, quantuminformation processing, unconventional computing, ergodic theory, percolation, non-linear ordinary differential equa-tions, non-linear partial differential equations, perturbation theory, probability and statistics, solitons, wavelets, agentbased modeling and simulation, complex networks and graph theory, data mining and knowledge discovery, granularcomputing and soft computing; as well as near 300 articles describing progress using these tools in physics, economet-rics, ecosystems, climate prediction, nanoelectronics, complex networks, quantum computing, chemistry, astrophysics,geophysics, systems biology, bioinformatics, medicine, system dynamics, engineering, control and dynamical systems,traffic management, and robotics as well as social, economics and political sciences.

This Encyclopedia in total comprises 592 peer-reviewed, in-depth, 15–20 page articles presented alphabetically asprepared by more than 700 authors. The result is a carefully organized, accessible, and easily searchable 11,000-pagereference work that places complexity and systems science at the center of modern scientific, engineering, and societalproblems and potential solutions. A complete alphabetized listing of articles, extensive cross-references, glossaries ofterms, and a detailed index are all included. We believe that there is no other treatment of this field with near thedepth and authority of that prepared by our team of prize winning Board members, Section Editors and authors. Thisnew publication will extend the influence of complexity and systems science to a much wider audience than has beenpossible up until now.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank, David Packer, Executive Editor, who proposed the project to me and then provided invaluable counselin performance of many elements of the publication process.

I wish to express our profound gratitude to Kerstin Kindler, Reference Publisher and Julia Koerting, Editorial Assis-tant for their outstanding editorial efforts in producing this Encyclopedia. Their interaction with our team of over 700authors, 36 section editors and 15 board members was highly professional, courteous, pleasant and yet firm, which wasintegral in obtaining high quality and timely delivery of our manuscripts. Their mastery of formal as well as idiomaticEnglish facilitated many of these interactions.

Robert A. MeyersEditor in Chief

Larkspur, CaliforniaMarch 2009

Topical Table of Contents

Agent BasedModeling and Simulation, Section Editor: Filippo CastiglioneAgent Based Computational EconomicsAgent Based Modeling and Artificial LifeAgent Based Modeling and Computer LanguagesAgent Based Modeling and Simulation, Introduction toAgent Based Modeling, Large Scale SimulationsAgent Based Modeling, Mathematical Formalism forAgent-Based Modeling and SimulationCellular Automaton Modeling of Tumor InvasionComputer Graphics and Games, Agent Based Modeling inEmbodied and Situated Agents, Adaptive Behavior inInteraction Based Computing in PhysicsLogic and Geometry of Agents in Agent-Based ModelingSocial Phenomena SimulationSwarm Intelligence

Autonomous Robotics, Complexity and Nonlinearity in, Section Editor: Warren DixonAdaptive Visual Servo ControlCognitive RoboticsComplexity and Non-Linearity in Autonomous Robotics, Introduction toContinuum RobotsDistributed Controls of Multiple Robotic Systems, An Optimization ApproachDistributed Robotic Teams: A Framework for Simulated and Real-World ModelingForaging RobotsHuman Robot InteractionImage Based State EstimationModular Self-Reconfigurable RobotsMotion Prediction for Continued AutonomyMultiple Mobile Robot Teams, Path Planning and Motion Coordination inNeuro-fuzzy Control of Autonomous RoboticsSelf-replicating Robotic SystemsSoftware Architectures for Autonomy

Cellular Automata,Mathematical Basis of, Section Editor: AndrewAdamatzkyAdditive Cellular AutomataAlgorithmic Complexity and Cellular AutomataCellular Automata and GroupsCellular Automata and Language TheoryCellular Automata as Models of Parallel ComputationCellular Automata in Hyperbolic Spaces

X Topical Table of Contents

Cellular Automata Modeling of Physical SystemsCellular Automata on Triangular, Pentagonal and Hexagonal TessellationsCellular Automata with MemoryCellular Automata, Classification ofCellular Automata, Emergent Phenomena inCellular Automata, Universality ofChaotic Behavior of Cellular AutomataDynamics of Cellular Automata in Non-compact SpacesErgodic Theory of Cellular AutomataEvolving Cellular AutomataFiring Squad Synchronization Problem in Cellular AutomataGliders in Cellular AutomataGrowth Phenomena in Cellular AutomataIdentification of Cellular AutomataMathematical Basis of Cellular Automata, Introduction toPhase Transitions in Cellular AutomataQuantum Cellular AutomataReversible Cellular AutomataSelf-organised Criticality and Cellular AutomataSelf-Replication and Cellular AutomataStructurally Dynamic Cellular AutomataTiling Problem and Undecidability in Cellular AutomataTopological Dynamics of Cellular Automata

Chaos and Complexity in Astrophysics, Section Editor: Steve N. Shore

Acceleration MechanismsAstronomical Time Series, Complexity inAstrophysics, Chaos and Complexity inAstrophysics: Dynamical SystemsChaos and Complexity in Astrophysics, Introduction toCosmic Gravitational Background, StochasticCosmic StringsExobiology (theoretical), Complexity inExobiology and ComplexityOrbital Dynamics, Chaos inSelf-Organization in Magnetohydrodynamic TurbulenceSpace Plasmas, Dynamical Complexity inStellar Dynamics, N-body Methods forTopological Magnetohydrodynamics and Astrophysics

ClimateModeling, Global Warming andWeather Prediction, Section Editor: Hartmut Grassl

Abrupt Climate Change ModelingClimate Change and AgricultureClimate Change and Human HealthClimate Change, Economic Costs ofClimate Modeling, Global Warming and Weather Prediction, Introduction toCryosphere ModelsRegional Climate Models: Linking Global Climate Change to Local ImpactsSingle Column Modeling of Atmospheric Boundary Layers

and the Complex Interactions with the Land Surface

Topical Table of Contents XI

Complex Networks and Graph Theory, Section Editor: Geoffrey Canright

Community Structure in GraphsComplex Gene Regulatory Networks – From Structure to Biological Observables: Cell Fate DeterminationComplex Networks and Graph TheoryComplex Networks, Visualization ofFood WebsGrowth Models for NetworksHuman Sexual NetworksInternet TopologyLink Analysis andWeb SearchMotifs in GraphsNon-negative Matrices and DigraphsRandom Graphs, AWhirlwind Tour ofSynchronization Phenomena on NetworksWorld WideWeb, Graph Structure

Complexity in Computational Chemistry, Section Editor: Danail Bonchev

Biochemistry, Chaotic Dynamics, Noise, and Fractal Space inBiological Complexity and Biochemical InformationBiological Development and Evolution, Complexity and Self-Organization inCellular Automata Modeling of Complex Biochemical SystemsComposites, MultifunctionalComputational Chemistry, Introduction to Complexity inComputer-Aided Design of the Reaction Site in Heterogeneous CatalysisDNA-templated Self-assembly of Protein Arrays and Highly Conductive NanowiresDrug Design with Artificial Intelligence MethodsDrug Design with Artificial Neural NetworksDrug Design with Machine LearningDrug Design, Molecular Descriptors inInformation Theoretic Complexity MeasuresMolecular Evolution, Networks inNanoscale Atomic Clusters, Complexity ofPolymers, Nonlinearity inQSAR Modeling and QSAR Based Virtual Screening, Complexity and Challenges of ModernQuantum Similarity and Quantum Quantitative Structure-Properties Relationships (QQSPR)Self-assembled MaterialsTopological Complexity of Molecules

Complexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes, and Forecast, Section Editor:WilliamH. K. Lee

Brittle Tectonics: A Non-linear Dynamical SystemComplexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes, and Forecast, Introduction toCrustal Deformation During the Seismic Cycle, Interpreting Geodetic Observations ofEarthquake Clusters over Multi-dimensional Space, Visualization ofEarthquake Damage: Detection and Early Warning in Man-Made StructuresEarthquake Early Warning System in Southern ItalyEarthquake Engineering, Non-linear Problems inEarthquake Forecasting and VerificationEarthquake Location, Direct, Global-Search MethodsEarthquake MagnitudeEarthquake Monitoring and Early Warning Systems

XII Topical Table of Contents

Earthquake Networks, ComplexEarthquake Nucleation ProcessEarthquake Occurrence and Mechanisms, Stochastic Models forEarthquake Scaling LawsEarthquake Source Parameters, Rapid Estimates for TsunamiWarningEarthquake Source: Asymmetry and Rotation EffectsEarthquakes, Dynamic Triggering ofEarthquakes, Electromagnetic Signals ofEarth’s Crust and Upper Mantle, Dynamics of Solid-Liquid Systems inGeo-Complexity and Earthquake PredictionGPS: Applications in Crustal Deformation MonitoringGround Motion: Complexity and Scaling in the Near Field of Earthquake RupturesInfrasound from Earthquakes, Tsunamis and VolcanoesPressure Impulses Generated by Bubbles Interacting with Ambient PerturbationSeismic Wave Propagation in Media with Complex Geometries, Simulation ofSeismic Waves in Heterogeneous Earth, Scattering ofSeismicity, Critical States of: From Models to Practical Seismic Hazard Estimates SpaceSeismicity, Statistical Physics Approaches toSlug Flow: Modeling in a Conduit and Associated Elastic RadiationSubmarine Landslides and Slow Earthquakes: Monitoring Motion with GPS and Seafloor GeodesyTomography, SeismicTsunami EarthquakesTsunami Forecasting andWarningTsunami Inundation, Modeling ofTsunamis, Inverse Problem ofVolcanic Eruptions, Explosive: Experimental InsightsVolcanic Eruptions: Cyclicity During Lava Dome GrowthVolcanic Eruptions: Stochastic Models of Occurrence PatternsVolcanic Hazards and Early WarningVolcano Seismic Signals, Source Quantification ofVolcanoes, Non-linear Processes inWedge Mechanics: RelationWith Subduction Zone Earthquakes and Tsunamis

Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, Section Editor: Yong Suk JoeCarbon Nanotubes, Thermo-mechanical and Transport Properties ofCharge Based Solid-State Flying QubitsComputational and Theoretical Nanoscience, Introduction toField Computation in Natural and Artificial IntelligenceGeometric Phase and Related Phenomena in QuantumNanosystemsMultimillion Atom Simulations with Nemo3DNanoscale Processes, Modeling Coupled and Transport Phenomena in NanotechnologyQuantum Dot Spin Transistors, Self-consistent Simulation ofQuantum Dots: Fano Resonances in Aharonov–Bohm RingQuantum Impurity Physics in Coupled Quantum DotsQuantum Phenomena in Semiconductor NanostructuresQuantum Simulations of Ballistic Nanowire Field Effect TransistorsResonances in Electronic Transport Through QuantumWires and RingsSemiclassical Spin Transport in Spin-Orbit Coupled SystemsSpin Dependent Exchange and Correlation in Two-Dimensional Electron LayersSpin Dynamics in Disordered SolidsSpin-polarized Quantum Transport in Mesoscopic Conductors: Computational Concepts and Physical Phenomena

Topical Table of Contents XIII

Tight-Binding Molecular Dynamics for Carbon and Applications to Nanostructure FormationTunneling Through Quantum Dots with Discrete SymmetriesViral Protein Nano-Actuators, Computational Studies of Bio-nanomachines

DataMining and Knowledge Discovery, Section Editor: Peter Kokol

Data and Dimensionality Reduction in Data Analysis and System ModelingData-Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Introduction toData-Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Neural Networks inData-Mining and Knowledge Discovery: Case Based Reasoning, Nearest Neighbor and Rough SetsDecision TreesDiscovery SystemsGenetic and Evolutionary Algorithms and Programming: General Introduction and Application to Game PlayingKnowledge Discovery: ClusteringMachine Learning, Ensemble Methods inManipulating Data and Dimension Reduction Methods: Feature Selection

Ecological Complexity, Section Editor: Bai-Lian Li

Ecological ComplexityEcological Topology and NetworksEntropy Maximization and Species AbundanceHuman-Environment Interactions, Complex Systems Approaches for Dynamic Sustainable Development

EiC Selections, Section Editor: Robert A. Meyers

Catastrophe TheoryCoordination DynamicsInfinite Dimensional ControllabilityPhilosophy of Science, Mathematical Models inSelf-organizing Systems

Ergodic Theory, Section Editor: Bryna Kra

Chaos and Ergodic TheoryEntropy in Ergodic TheoryErgodic TheoremsErgodic Theory on Homogeneous Spaces and Metric Number TheoryErgodic Theory, Introduction toErgodic Theory: Basic Examples and ConstructionsErgodic Theory: Fractal GeometryErgodic Theory: Interactions with Combinatorics and Number TheoryErgodic Theory: Non-singular TransformationsErgodic Theory: RecurrenceErgodic Theory: RigidityErgodicity and Mixing PropertiesIsomorphism Theory in Ergodic TheoryJoinings in Ergodic TheoryMeasure Preserving SystemsPressure and Equilibrium States in Ergodic TheorySmooth Ergodic TheorySpectral Theory of Dynamical SystemsSymbolic DynamicsTopological Dynamics

XIV Topical Table of Contents

Finance and Econometrics, Section Editor: BruceMizrach

Bayesian Methods in Non-linear Time SeriesCorporate and Municipal Bond Market Microstructure in the U.S.Econometrics: Models of Regime ChangesEconometrics: Nonlinear CointegrationEconometrics: Panel Data MethodsEconophysics, ObservationalFinance and Econometrics, Introduction toFinance, Agent Based Modeling inFinancial Economics, Fat-Tailed DistributionsFinancial Economics, Non-linear Time Series inFinancial Economics, Return Predictability and Market EfficiencyFinancial Economics, The Cross-Section of Stock Returns and the Fama-French Three Factor ModelFinancial Economics, Time Variation in the Market ReturnFinancial Forecasting, Non-linear Time Series inFinancial Forecasting, Sensitive DependenceGARCH ModelingMacroeconomics, Nonlinear Time Series inMarket MicrostructureMarket Microstructure, Foreign ExchangeMicroeconometricsNonparametric Tests for IndependenceStochastic VolatilityTreasury Market, Microstrucuture of the U.S.

Fractals andMultifractals, Section Editor: Daniel ben-Avraham and ShlomoHavlin

Anomalous Diffusion on Fractal NetworksDynamics on FractalsFractal and Multifractal Scaling of Electrical Conduction in Random Resistor NetworksFractal and Multifractal Time SeriesFractal and Transfractal Scale-Free NetworksFractal Geometry, A Brief Introduction toFractal Growth ProcessesFractal Structures in Condensed Matter PhysicsFractals and EconomicsFractals and Multifractals, Introduction toFractals and PercolationFractals andWavelets: What can we Learn on Transcription and Replication

fromWavelet-BasedMultifractal Analysis of DNA Sequences?Fractals in BiologyFractals in Geology and GeophysicsFractals in the Quantum Theory of SpacetimeFractals Meet ChaosPhase Transitions on Fractals and NetworksReaction Kinetics in Fractals

Game Theory, Section Editor: Marilda Sotomayor

Bayesian Games: Games with Incomplete InformationCooperative GamesCooperative Games (Von Neumann–Morgenstern Stable Sets)

Topical Table of Contents XV

Correlated Equilibria and Communication in GamesCost SharingDifferential GamesDynamic Games with an Application to Climate Change ModelsEvolutionary Game TheoryFair DivisionGame Theory and Strategic ComplexityGame Theory, Introduction toImplementation TheoryInspection GamesLearning in GamesMarket Games and ClubsMechanism DesignNetworks and StabilityPrincipal-Agent ModelsRepeated Games with Complete InformationRepeated Games with Incomplete InformationReputation EffectsSignaling GamesStatic GamesStochastic GamesTwo-Sided Matching ModelsVotingVoting Procedures, Complexity ofZero-sum Two Person Games

Granular Computing, Section Editor: Tsau Y. Lin

Cooperative Multi-Hierarchical Query Answering SystemsDependency and Granularity in Data MiningFuzzy LogicFuzzy Probability TheoryFuzzy System Models Evolution from Fuzzy Rulebases to Fuzzy FunctionsGenetic-Fuzzy Data Mining TechniquesGranular Model for Data MiningGranular Computing and Data Mining for Ordered Data: The Dominance-Based Rough Set ApproachGranular Computing and Modeling of the Uncertainty in QuantumMechanicsGranular Computing System Vulnerabilities: Exploring the Dark Side of Social Networking CommunitiesGranular Computing, Information Models forGranular Computing, Introduction toGranular Computing, Philosophical Foundation forGranular Computing, Principles and Perspectives ofGranular Computing: Practices, Theories and Future DirectionsGranular Neural NetworkGranulation of Knowledge: Similarity Based Approach in Information and Decision SystemsMulti-Granular Computing and Quotient StructureNon-standard Analysis, An Invitation toRough and Rough-Fuzzy Sets in Design of Information SystemsRough Set Data AnalysisRule Induction, Missing Attribute Values and DiscretizationSocial Networks and Granular Computing

XVI Topical Table of Contents

Intelligent Systems, Section Editor: James A. Hendler

Artificial Intelligence in Modeling and SimulationIntelligent ControlIntelligent Systems, Introduction toLearning and Planning (Intelligent Systems)Mobile AgentsSemantic Web

Non-Linear Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, Section Editor: Ferdinand Verhulst

Center ManifoldsDynamics of Hamiltonian SystemsDynamics of Parametric ExcitationExistence and Uniqueness of Solutions of Initial Value ProblemsHyperbolic Dynamical SystemsLyapunov–Schmidt Method for Dynamical SystemsNon-linear Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, Introduction toNumerical Bifurcation AnalysisPeriodic Orbits of Hamiltonian SystemsPeriodic Solutions of Non-autonomous Ordinary Differential EquationsRelaxation OscillationsStability Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations

Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations, Section Editor: Italo Capuzzo Dolcetta

Biological Fluid Dynamics, Non-linear Partial Differential EquationsControl of Nonlinear Partial Differential EquationsDispersion Phenomena in Partial Differential EquationsHamilton-Jacobi Equations and weak KAM TheoryHyperbolic Conservation LawsNavier-Stokes Equations: A Mathematical AnalysisNon-linear Partial Differential Equations, Introduction toNon-linear Partial Differential Equations, Viscosity Solution Method inNon-linear Stochastic Partial Differential EquationsScaling Limits of Large Systems of Nonlinear Partial Differential EquationsVehicular Traffic: A Review of Continuum Mathematical Models

Percolation, Section Editor: Muhammad Sahimi

Bootstrap PercolationConduction and Diffusion in Percolating SystemsContinuum PercolationCorrelated PercolationElastic Percolation NetworksInvasion PercolationNetworks, Flexibility and Mobility inPercolation and Polymer Morphology and RheologyPercolation in Complex NetworksPercolation in Porous MediaPercolation Lattices, Efficient Simulation of LargePercolation Phase TransitionPercolation Thresholds, ExactPercolation, and Faults and Fractures in Rock

Topical Table of Contents XVII

Percolation, Introduction toScaling Properties, Fractals, and the Renormalization Group Approach to Percolation

Perturbation Theory, Section Editor: Giuseppe Gaeta

Diagrammatic Methods in Classical Perturbation TheoryHamiltonian Perturbation Theory (and Transition to Chaos)Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) TheoryN-body Problem and ChoreographiesNekhoroshev TheoryNon-linear Dynamics, Symmetry and Perturbation Theory inNormal Forms in Perturbation TheoryPerturbation Analysis of Parametric ResonancePerturbation of Equilibria in the Mathematical Theory of EvolutionPerturbation of Systems with Nilpotent Real PartPerturbation TheoryPerturbation Theory and Molecular DynamicsPerturbation Theory for Non-smooth SystemsPerturbation Theory for PDEsPerturbation Theory in Celestial MechanicsPerturbation Theory in QuantumMechanicsPerturbation Theory, Introduction toPerturbation Theory, SemiclassicalPerturbative Expansions, Convergence ofQuantum Bifurcations

Probability and Statistics in Complex Systems, Section Editor: Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen

Bayesian StatisticsBranching ProcessesComplexity in Systems Level Biology and Genetics: Statistical PerspectivesCorrelations in Complex SystemsEntropyExtreme Value StatisticsField Theoretic MethodsFluctuations, Importance of: Complexity in the View of Stochastic ProcessesHierarchical DynamicsLevy Statistics and Anomalous Transport: Levy Flights and SubdiffusionProbability and Statistics in Complex Systems, Introduction toProbability Densities in Complex Systems, MeasuringProbability Distributions in Complex SystemsRandomMatrix TheoryRandomWalks in Random EnvironmentRecord Statistics and DynamicsStochastic Loewner Evolution: Linking Universality, Criticality and Conformal Invariance in Complex SystemsStochastic Processes

Quantum Information Science, Section Editor: Joseph F. Traub

Quantum AlgorithmsQuantum Algorithms and Complexity for Continuous ProblemsQuantum Computational ComplexityQuantum Computing Using Optics

XVIII Topical Table of Contents

Quantum Computing with Trapped IonsQuantum CryptographyQuantum Error Correction and Fault Tolerant Quantum ComputingQuantum Information ProcessingQuantum Information Science, Introduction to

Social Network Analysis, Section Editor: John ScottNetwork Analysis, Longitudinal Methods ofPositional Analysis and BlockmodellingSocial Network Analysis, Estimation and Sampling inSocial Network Analysis, Graph Theoretical Approaches toSocial Network Analysis, Large-ScaleSocial Network Analysis, Overwiew ofSocial Network Analysis, Two-Mode Concepts inSocial Network Visualization, Methods ofSocial Networks, Algebraic Models forSocial Networks, Diffusion Processes inSocial Networks, Exponential Random Graph (p*) Models for

Social Science, Physics andMathematics Applications in, Section Editor: Andrzej NowakAgent Based Modeling and Neoclassical Economics: A Critical PerspectiveAgent Based Models in Economics and ComplexityApplications of Physics and Mathematics to Social Science, Introduction toCities as Complex Systems: Scaling, Interaction, Networks, Dynamics and Urban MorphologiesConsciousness and ComplexityDevelopment, Complex Dynamic Systems ofDevelopment, Evolution, and the Emergence of Novel BehaviorDynamics and Evaluation: The Warm Glow of Processing FluencyDynamics of LanguageEvolution of Culture, MemeticsExtreme Events in Socio-economic and Political Complex Systems, Predictability ofHuman Behavior, Dynamics ofIntermittency and LocalizationInvestment Decision Making in Finance, Models ofMarketing: Complexity Modeling, Theory and Applications inMinority GamesMoral DynamicsOpinions Dynamics and SociophysicsPhysics and Mathematics Applications in Social ScienceRational, Goal-Oriented AgentsSocial Cognitive ComplexitySocial Coordination, from the Perspective of Coordination DynamicsSocial Organizations with Complexity Theory: A Dramatically Different Lens for the Knowledge EconomySocial Processes, Physical Models ofSocial Processes, Simulation Models ofSocial Psychology, Applications of Complexity toTraffic and Crowd Dynamics: The Physics of the City

Soft Computing, Section Editor: Janusz KacprzykAggregation Operators and Soft ComputingEvolving Fuzzy Systems

Topical Table of Contents XIX

Fuzzy Logic, Type-2 and UncertaintyFuzzy OptimizationFuzzy Sets Theory, Foundations ofHybrid Soft Computing Models for Systems Modeling and ControlNeuro-fuzzy SystemsPossibility TheoryRough Sets in Decision MakingRough Sets: Foundations and PerspectivesSoft Computing, Introduction toStatistics with Imprecise Data

Solitons, Section Editor: Mohamed A. HelalAdomian Decomposition Method Applied to Non-linear Evolution Equations in Soliton TheoryInverse Scattering Transform and the Theory of SolitonsKorteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV), Different Analytical Methods for Solving theKorteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV) and Modified Korteweg–de Vries Equations (mKdV),

Semi-analytical Methods for Solving theKorteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV), Some Numerical Methods for Solving theKorteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV) History, Exact N-Soliton Solutions and Further PropertiesNon-linear Internal WavesPartial Differential Equations that Lead to SolitonsShallow Water Waves and Solitary WavesSoliton PerturbationSolitons and CompactonsSolitons InteractionsSolitons, Introduction toSolitons, Tsunamis and Oceanographical Applications ofSolitons: Historical and Physical IntroductionWater Waves and the Korteweg–de Vries Equation

Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Section Editor: M. CristinaMarchettiAnisotropic Networks, Elastomers and GelsCell Biology: Networks, Regulation and PathwaysChaotic Dynamics in Nonequilibrium Statistical MechanicsCollective Transport and DepinningComplex Systems and Emergent PhenomenaCytoskeleton and Cell MotilityDisordered Elastic MediaEconophysics, Statistical Mechanics Approach toFluctuation Theorems, Brownian Motors and Thermodynamics of Small SystemsGlasses and Aging, A Statistical Mechanics Perspective onGranular FlowsJamming of Granular MatterJerky Motion in Slowly Driven Magnetic and Earthquake Fault Systems, Physics ofMicrofluidicsMonte Carlo Simulations in Statistical PhysicsNetworks: Structure and DynamicsNeuronal DynamicsNoise and Stability in Modelocked Soliton LasersNon-linear Fluid Flow, Pattern Formation, Mixing and TurbulenceOptimization Problems and Algorithms from Computer Science

XX Topical Table of Contents

Polymer PhysicsProtein Mechanics at the Single-Molecule LevelQuantum ChaosStatistical and Non-linear Physics, Introduction toUltracold Atomic Gases: Novel States of Matter

Synergetics, Section Editor: Hermann Haken

Brain PacemakerFluid Dynamics, Pattern FormationFluid Dynamics, TurbulenceIntentionality: A Naturalization Proposal on the Basis of Complex Dynamical SystemsLinear and Non-linear Fokker–Planck EquationsMovement CoordinationPatterns and Interfaces in Dissipative DynamicsSelf-Organization and Clinical PsychologySelf-Organization and the CitySynergetics, Introduction toSynergetics: Basic Concepts

System Dynamics, Section Editor: Brian Dangerfield

Business Policy and Strategy, System Dynamics Applications toDelay and Disruption in Complex ProjectsDiffusion of Innovations, System Dynamics Analysis of theDynamics of Income Distribution in a Market Economy: Possibilities for Poverty AllevationGroup Model BuildingHealth Care in the United Kingdom and Europe, System Dynamics Applications toHealth Care in the United States, System Dynamics Applications toPublic Policy, System Dynamics Applications toScenario-Driven Planning with System DynamicsSystem Dynamics and Its Contribution to Economics and Economic ModelingSystem Dynamics and Organizational LearningSystem Dynamics in the Evolution of the Systems ApproachSystem Dynamics Modeling: Validation for Quality AssuranceSystem Dynamics Models of Environment, Energy and Climate ChangeSystem Dynamics Models, Optimization ofSystem Dynamics Philosophical Background and UnderpinningsSystem Dynamics, Analytical Methods for Structural Dominance Analysis inSystem Dynamics, Introduction toSystem Dynamics, The Basic Elements of

Systems and Control Theory, Section Editor: Matthias Kawski

Chronological Calculus in Systems and Control TheoryDiscrete Control SystemsFinite Dimensional ControllabilityHybrid Control SystemsLearning, System Identification, and ComplexityMaximum Principle in Optimal ControlMechanical Systems: Symmetries and ReductionNonsmooth Analysis in Systems and Control TheoryObservability (Deterministic Systems) and Realization Theory

Topical Table of Contents XXI

Robotic Networks, Distributed Algorithms forStability and Feedback StabilizationStochastic Noises, Observation, Identification and Realization withSystem Regulation and Design, Geometric and Algebraic Methods inSystems and Control, Introduction to

Systems Biology, Section Editor: Timothy P. Galitski

Biological Data Integration and Model BuildingBiological Models of Molecular Network DynamicsBiomolecular Network Structure and FunctionBoolean Modeling of Biological NetworksEcological SystemsFunctional Genomics for Characterization of Genome SequencesGenome OrganizationMetabolic Systems BiologyStochastic Models of Biological ProcessesSystems Biology of Human Immunity and DiseaseSystems Biology, Introduction toSystems Genetics and Complex Traits

Traffic Management, ComplexDynamics of, Section Editor: Boris Kerner

Air Traffic Control, Complex Dynamics ofComplex Dynamics of TrafficManagement, Introduction toEvacuation as a Communication and Social PhenomenonEvacuation Dynamics: Empirical Results, Modeling and ApplicationsFreeway TrafficManagement and ControlPedestrian, Crowd and Evacuation DynamicsTraffic Breakdown, Probabilistic Theory ofTraffic Congestion, Modeling Approaches toTraffic Congestion, Spatiotemporal Features ofTraffic Networks, Optimization and Control of UrbanTraffic Networks: Dynamic Traffic Routing, Assignment, and AssessmentTraffic Prediction of Congested PatternsTravel Behaviour and Demand Analysis and Prediction

Unconventional Computing, Section Editor: AndrewAdamatzky

Amorphous ComputingAnalog ComputationArtificial ChemistryBacterial ComputingCellular ComputingComputing in Geometrical Constrained Excitable Chemical SystemsComputing with SolitonsDNA ComputingEvolution in MaterioImmunecomputingMechanical Computing: The Computational Complexity of Physical DevicesMembrane ComputingMolecular AutomataNanocomputers

XXII Topical Table of Contents

Optical ComputingQuantum ComputingReaction-Diffusion ComputingReversible ComputingThermodynamics of ComputationUnconventional Computing, Introduction toUnconventional Computing, Novel Hardware for

Wavelets, Section Editor: Edward Aboufadel

Bivariate (Two-dimensional) WaveletsComparison of Discrete and Continuous Wavelet TransformsCurvelets and RidgeletsMultivariate Splines and Their ApplictionsMultiwaveletsNumerical Issues When Using WaveletsPopular Wavelet Families and Filters and Their UseStatistical Applications of WaveletsWavelets and PDE Techniques in Image Processing, A Quick Tour ofWavelets and the Lifting SchemeWavelets, Introduction to

About the Editor-in-Chief

Robert A. Meyers

President: RAMTECH LimitedManager, Chemical Process Technology, TRW Inc.Post-doctoral Fellow: California Institute of TechnologyPh.D. Chemistry, University of California at Los AngelesB. A., Chemistry, California State University, San Diego

Biography

Dr. Meyers has worked with more than 25 Nobel laureates during his career.

Research

Dr. Meyers was Manager of Chemical Technology at TRW (now Northrop Grumman) in Redondo Beach, CA and isnow President of RAMTECH Limited. He is co-inventor of the Gravimelt process for desulfurization and demineraliza-tion of coal for air pollution and water pollution control. Dr. Meyers is the inventor of and was project manager for theDOE-sponsoredMagnetohydrodynamics Seed Regeneration Project which has resulted in the construction and success-ful operation of a pilot plant for production of potassium formate, a chemical utilized for plasma electricity generationand air pollution control. Dr. Meyers managed the pilot-scale DoE project for determining the hydrodynamics of syn-thetic fuels. He is a co-inventor of several thermo-oxidative stable polymers which have achieved commercial success asthe GE PEI, Upjohn Polyimides and Rhone-Polenc bismaleimide resins. He has also managed projects for photochem-istry, chemical lasers, flue gas scrubbing, oil shale analysis and refining, petroleum analysis and refining, global changemeasurement from space satellites, analysis and mitigation (carbon dioxide and ozone), hydrometallurgical refining,soil and hazardous waste remediation, novel polymers synthesis, modeling of the economics of space transportationsystems, space rigidizable structures and chemiluminescence-based devices.

He is a senior member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, member of the American Physical Society,member of the American Chemical Society and serves on the UCLA Chemistry Department Advisory Board. He wasa member of the joint USA-Russia working group on air pollution control and the EPA-sponsored Waste ReductionInstitute for Scientists and Engineers.

XXIV About the Editor-in-Chief

Dr. Meyers has more than 20 patents and 50 technical papers. He has published in primary literature journals includingScience and the Journal of the American Chemical Society, and is listed in Who’s Who in America and Who’s Who intheWorld. Dr.Meyers’ scientific achievements have been reviewed in feature articles in the popular press in publicationssuch as The New York Times Science Supplement and The Wall Street Journal as well as more specialized publicationssuch as Chemical Engineering and Coal Age. A public service film was produced by the Environmental ProtectionAgency of Dr. Meyers’ chemical desulfurization invention for air pollution control.

Scientific Books

Dr. Meyers is the author or Editor-in-Chief of 12 technical books one of which won the Association of American Pub-lishers Award as the best book in technology and engineering.

Encyclopedias

Dr. Meyers conceived and has served as Editor-in-Chief of the Academic Press (now Elsevier) Encyclopedia of PhysicalScience and Technology. This is an 18-volume publication of 780 twenty-page articles written to an audience of univer-sity students and practicing professionals. This encyclopedia, first published in 1987, was very successful, and becauseof this, was revised and reissued in 1992 as a second edition. The Third Edition was published in 2001 and is now on-line. Dr. Meyers has completed two editions of the Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine forWiley VCH publishers (1995 and 2004). These cover molecular and cellular level genetics, biochemistry, pharmacology,diseases and structure determination as well as cell biology. His eight-volume Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysisand Remediation was published in 1998 by JohnWiley & Sons and his 15-volume Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistrywas published in 2000, also by John Wiley & Sons, all of which are available on-line.

Editorial Board Members

PROFESSOR MANFRED EIGEN *of the MPI for Biophysical Chemistry1967 Nobel Prize in chemistryCurrent interests include:molecular self-organizationand evolutionary biotechnology.* Informal Advisor

LEROY HOODInstitute for Systems Biology1987 Lasker Award2002 Kyoto Prize and2003 Lemelson-MIT PrizeCurrent interests include: systems approachesto biology and medicine.

PAUL C. LAUTERBUR† (1929–2007)2003 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiologyfor magnetic resonance imagingCurrent interests include:molecular imprints,origin of life, and complexity versus determinism.

PIERRE-LOUIS LIONS1994 Fields MedalCurrent interests include: nonlinear partial differentialequations and applications

XXVI Editorial Board Members

PROFESSOR BENOIT B. MANDELBROTSterling Professor Emeritus of Mathematical Sciences atYale University1993 Wolf Prize for Physics and the2003 Japan Prize for Science and TechnologyCurrent interests include: seeking a measure of order inphysical, mathematical or social phenomena that arecharacterized by abundant data but wild variability.

MARIO J. MOLINA1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for atmosphericchemistry, particularly the formation and decompositionof ozoneCurrent interests include: atmospheric chemical processes,and science-policy issues related to urban and regional airpollution and to global change.

THOMAS C. SCHELLINGDistinguished University Professor, University ofMaryland, Emeritus2005 Nobel Prize in Economics for understanding ofconflict and cooperation through game-theory analysisCurrent interests include: applications of complexity ineconomics and political science.

RICHARD E. STEARNS1993 Turing Award for foundationsof computational complexityCurrent interests include: computational complexity,automata theory, analysis of algorithms, and game theory.

STEPHEN WOLFRAMFounder and CEO, Wolfram ResearchCreator, Mathematica®Author, A New Kind of Science

LOTFI A. ZADEHProfessor in the Graduate School,Computer Science DivisionDepartment of Electrical Engineeringand Computer SciencesUniversity of California, Berkeley

Editorial Board Members XXVII

AHMED ZEWAIL1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pioneeringdevelopments in the field of femtoscienceCurrent interests include: physical biology and complexity

JOSEPH P. S. KUNGProfessorDepartment of MathematicsUniversity of North Texas

WILLIAM H. K. LEEScientist EmeritusUS Geological SurveyMenlo Park, CA 94025, USA

JERROLD E. MARSDENProfessor of Control & Dynamical SystemsCalifornia Institute of Technology

JOHN SCOTTProfessorDepartment of SociologyUniversity of Essex

STEVE N. SHOREProfessor of AstrophysicsUniversity of Pisa and Indiana University

Section Editors

Agent BasedModeling and Simulation

FILIPPO CASTIGLIONEResearch ScientistInstitute for Computing Applications (IAC) “M. Picone”National Research Council (CNR), Italy

Autonomous Robotics, Complexityand Nonlinearity in

WARREN DIXONProfessorDepartment of Mechanical and AerospaceEngineering Department, University of Florida

Cellular Automata, Mathematical Basis of

ANDREW ADAMATZKYProfessorFaculty of Computing, Engineeringand Mathematical ScienceUniversity of the West of England

Chaos and Complexity in Astrophysics

STEVE N. SHOREProfessor of AstrophysicsUniversity of Pisa and Indiana University

XXX Section Editors

Climate Modeling, Global WarmingandWeather Prediction

HARTMUT GRASSLProfessor emeritus, Hamburg UniversityFormer Director of the Max Planck Institute ofMeteorology, HamburgFormer Director World Climate Research Program1994�1999

Complex Networks and Graph Theory

GEOFFREY CANRIGHTSenior Research ScientistTelenor Research and InnovationFornebu, Norway

Complexity in Computational Chemistry

DANAIL BONCHEVProfessor of MathematicsSenior Fellow and Director of Research, Networks andPathways Center for the Study of Biological ComplexityVirginia Commonwealth University

Complexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamisand Volcanoes and Forecast

WILLIAM H. K. LEEScientist Emeritus, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park

Computational and TheoreticalNanoscience

YONG SUK JOEProfessor and Director of Centerfor Computational NanoscienceDepartment of Physics and AstronomyBall State University

Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery

PETER KOKOLProfessorDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Maribor, Slovenia

Section Editors XXXI

Ecological Complexity

BAI-LIAN (LARRY) LIProfessor of EcologyUniversity of California, Riverside

Ergodic Theory

BRYNA KRAProfessorDepartment of MathematicsNorthwestern University

Finance and Econometrics

BRUCE MIZRACHProfessorDepartment of EconomicsRutgers University

Fractals andMultifractals

SHLOMO HAVLINProfessorDepartment of PhysicsBar Ilan University

and

DANIEL BEN-AVRAHAMProfessorDepartment of PhysicsClarkson University

Game Theory

MARILDA SOTOMAYORProfessorDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of São Paulo, BrazilDepartment of EconomicsBrown University, Providence

XXXII Section Editors

Granular Computing

TSAU Y. LINProfessorComputer Science DepartmentSan Jose State University

Intelligent Systems

JAMES A. HENDLERSenior Constellation Professor of the Tetherless WorldResearch ConstellationRensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Non-linear Ordinary DifferentialEquations and Dynamical Systems

FERDINAND VERHULSTProfessorMathematisch InstitutUniversity of Utrecht

Non-linear Partial Differential Equations

ITALO CAPUZZO DOLCETTAProfessorDipartimento di Matematica “Guido Castelnuovo”Università Roma La Sapienza

Percolation

MUHAMMAD SAHIMIProfessor of Chemical Engineeringand Materials ScienceUniversity of Southern California

Perturbation Theory

GIUSEPPE GAETAProfessor in Mathematical PhysicsDipartimento di MatematicaUniversità di Milano, Italy

Section Editors XXXIII

Probability and Statisticsin Complex Systems

HENRIK JELDTOFT JENSENProfessor of Mathematical PhysicsDepartment of Mathematics and Institute forMathematical SciencesImperial College London

Quantum Information Science

JOSEPH F. TRAUBEdwin Howard Armstrong Professorof Computer ScienceComputer Science DepartmentColumbia University

Social Network Analysis

JOHN SCOTTProfessor of SociologySchool of Social Science and LawUniversity of Plymouth

Social Science, Physics andMathematicsApplications in

ANDRZEJ NOWAKDirector of the Center for Complex SystemsUniversity of WarsawAssistant Professor, Psychology DepartmentFlorida Atlantic University

Soft Computing

JANUSZ KACPRZYKDeputy Director for Scientific Affairs, ProfessorSystems Research InstitutePolish Academy of Sciences

Solitons

MOHAMED A. HELALProfessorDepartment of MathematicsFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Cairo

XXXIV Section Editors

Statistical and Nonlinear Physics

M. CRISTINA MARCHETTIWilliam R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of PhysicsPhysics DepartmentSyracuse University

Synergetics

HERMANN HAKENProfessorCenter for SynergeticsUniversität Stuttgart

SystemDynamics

BRIAN DANGERFIELDProfessor of Systems Modelling & Executive EditorSystem Dynamics Review Centre for OR & AppliedStatistics Salford Business SchoolFaculty of Business, Law & the Built EnvironmentUniversity of Salford

Systems and Control Theory

MATTHIAS KAWSKIProfessor, Department of Mathematics and StatisticsArizona State University

Systems Biology

TIMOTHY P. GALITSKIAssociate ProfessorInstitute for Systems BiologySeattle, Washington

Traffic Management,Complex Dynamics of

BORIS KERNERHead of “Traffic”DaimlerChrysler AG

Section Editors XXXV

Unconventional Computing

ANDREW ADAMATZKYProfessorFaculty of Computing, Engineeringand Mathematical ScienceUniversity of the West of England

Wavelets

EDWARD ABOUFADELProfessor of MathematicsGrand Valley State University

Contributors

ABELSON, HALMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUSA

ABE, SUMIYOSHIMie UniversityTsuJapanInstitut Supérieur des Matériaux et MécaniquesLe MansFrance

ABOU-DINA, MOUSTAFA S.Cairo UniversityGizaEgypt

ABOUFADEL, EDWARDGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleUSA

ABRAMSKY, SAMSONOxford University Computing LaboratoryOxfordUK

ACHÚCARRO, ANAUniversity of LeidenLeidenThe NetherlandsUniversity of the Basque Country UPV-EHULeioaSpain

ACKERMANN, FRANUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK

ADAMATZKY, ANDREWUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK

ADAMI, CHRISTOPHState University of New YorkClaremontUSA

ADAMIC, LADA A.University of MichiganAnn ArborUSA

ADEOYE, MOSOBALAJE O.Obafemi Awolowo UniversityIle-IfeNigeria

ADLER, PIERRE M.UPMC-SisypheParisFrance

AHMED, SHAIKHPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSASouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleUSA

AKIN, ETHANThe City CollegeNew York CityUSA

AKTOSUN, TUNCAYUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonUSA

ALABAU-BOUSSOUIRA, FATIHAUniversité de MetzMetzFrance

XXXVIII Contributors

ALAVA, MIKKO J.Espoo University of TechnologyEspooFinland

ALBANO, EZEQUIEL V.Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas yAplicadas (INIFTA) CCT La PlataLa PlataArgentina

ALONSO-SANZ, RAMÓNUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain

ALOUGES, FRANÇOISUniversité Paris-SudOrsay cedexFrance

AMOS, MARTYNManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK

ANDERSEN, DAVID F.University at AlbanyAlbanyUSA

ANDERSEN, JØRGEN VITTINGUniversité de Nice-Sophia AntipolisValbonneFrance

ANDERSEN, TORBEN G.Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUSANBERCambridgeUSACREATESAarhusDenmark

ANDREWS, STEVEN S.Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUSA

ÁNGELES GIL, MARÍAUniversity of OviedoOviedoSpain

ANGELOV, PLAMENLancaster UniversityLancasterUK

AON, MIGUEL ANTONIOThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUSA

ARAÚJO, VITORCMUPPortoPortugalIM-UFRJRio de JaneiroBrazil

ARKIN, ADAM P.Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUSAUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA

ARNEODO, ALAINENS-Lyon CNRSLyon CedexFrance

ASAI, TETSUYAHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan

AUDIT, BENJAMINENS-Lyon CNRSLyon CedexFrance

AVENHAUS, RUDOLFArmed Forces University MunichNeubibergGermany

AVISHAI, YSHAIBen-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsraelRTRA-Triangle de la Physique, LPS (Orsay)and CEA-SPHT (Saclay)Gif sur YvetteFrance

Contributors XXXIX

BAE, HANSANGPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA

BAGNOLI, FRANCOUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly

BALABAN, ALEXANDRU T.Texas A&M UniversityGalvestonUSA

BALBERG, ISAACThe Hebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael

BAMBUSI, DARIOUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItalia

BANDINI, STEFANIAUniversity of Milan-BicoccaMilanItaly

BANZHAF, WOLFGANGMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sCanada

BARMIN, ALEXEI A.Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia

BARRY, ROGER G.University of ColoradoBoulderUSA

BASCOMPTE, JORDIEstación Biológica de Doñana, CSICSevilleSpain

BATAGELJ, VLADIMIRUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia

BATTY, MICHAELUniversity College LondonLondonUK

BAYS, CARTERUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaUSA

BAZZANI, ARMANDOPhysics Department and INFN Sezione di BolognaBolognaItaly

BEAL, JACOBMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUSA

BEAUBOUEF, THERESASoutheastern Louisiana UniversityHammondUSA

BEBBINGTON, MARK S.Massey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand

BEER, MICHAELNational University of SingaporeKent RidgeSingapore

BEHN, MARKWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleUSA

BEHRINGER, BOBDuke UniversityDurhamUSA

BELLEMANS, T.Hasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium

BEN-AVRAHAM, DANIELClarkson UniversityPotsdamUSA

XL Contributors

BENEDETTO, D.Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma ‘LaSapienza’RomaItaly

BENI, GERARDOUniversity of California RiversideRiversideUSA

BEN-ZION, YEHUDAUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA

BENZONI, LUCAFederal Reserve Bank of ChicagoChicagoUSA

BERGER, MITCHELL A.University of ExeterDevonUKUCLLondonUK

BERGSTRÖM, LENNARTStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden

BERKHIN, PAVELeBay Inc.San JoseUSA

BERMAN, ABRAHAMTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael

BERTHIER, LUDOVICUniversité Montpellier II and CNRSMontpellierFrance

BERTONI, ANDREACNR-INFM National Research Center onNanoStructures and BioSystems at Surfaces (S3)ModenaItaly

BESTEHORN, MICHAELBrandenburg University of TechnologyCottbusGermany

BIALEK, WILLIAMPrinceton UniversityPrincetonUSA

BINDER, KURTJohannes Gutenberg UniversitätMainzGermany

BIROLI, GIULIOIPhT, CNRS, MPPU, URA2306, SaclayGif-sur-YvetteFrance

BJELLAND, JOHANNESTelenor R&IFornebuNorway

BJORKLUND, DAVID F.Florida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonUSA

BOCCARA, NINOUniversity of IllinoisChicagoUSACE SaclayGif-sur-YvetteFrance

BODIN, ÖRJANStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden

BONČA, JANEZJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSloveniaUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia

BONCHEV, DANAIL G.Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondUSA

Contributors XLI

BORGATTI, STEPHEN P.University of KentuckyLexingtonUSA

BORMANN, PETERGeoForschungsZentrum PotsdamPotsdamGermany

BOYKIN, TIMOTHY B.The University of AlabamaHuntsvilleUSA

BRACCI, LUCIANOUniversità di PisaPisaItalySezione di PisaPisaItaly

BRAMEIER, MARKUSUniversity of AarhusÅrhusDenmark

BRAMS, STEVEN J.New York UniversityNew YorkUSA

BRANDENBURG, AXELAlbaNova University CenterStockholmSweden

BREIER, GEORGTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany

BRESSAN, ALBERTOPenn State UniversityUniversity ParkUSA

BRODIE OF BRODIE, EDWARD-BENEDICTENS-Lyon CNRSLyon CedexFrance

BROER, HENK W.University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands

BROOKS, BENJAMIN A.University of HawaiiHonoluluUSA

BROWNE, WILLThe University of ReadingReadingUK

BRUNEL, NICOLASUniversité Paris DescartesParisFranceCNRSParisFrance

BULDYREV, SERGEY V.Yeshiva UniversityNew YorkUSA

BULLO, FRANCESCOUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraUSA

BUNDE, ARMINJustus-Liebig-UniversitätGiessenGermany

BUZZI, JÉRÔMEC.N.R.S. and Université Paris-SudOrsayFrance

BYRNE, RAYMOND H.Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueUSA

CAMPS, OCTAVIANortheastern UniversityBostonUSA

CANNARSA, PIERMARCOUniversità di Roma “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly

CANRIGHT, GEOFFREYTelenor R&IFornebuNorway

XLII Contributors

CANTY, MORTON J.Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany

CARBÓ-DORCA, RAMONUniversitat de GironaGironaSpain

CARBONE, VINCENZOUniversità della CalabriaArcavacata di RendeItaly

CARRIÓN-VÁZQUEZ, MARIANOCSIC & CIBERNED (Network on Degenerative Deseases)MadridSpain

CARTER, GREGORY W.Institute for Systems BiologySeattleUSA

CASATI, GIULIOUniversita dell’InsubriaComoItaly

CASTELLANO, CLAUDIO“Sapienza” Università di RomaRomaItaly

CASTIGLIONE, FILIPPOInstitute for Computing Applications (IAC) – NationalResearch Council (CNR)RomeItaly

CASTILLO, OSCARTijuana Institute of TechnologyTijuanaMexico

CASTRO NETO, ANTONIO H.Boston UniversityBostonUSA

CAULFIELD, H. JOHNFisk UniversityNashvilleUSA

CAVERLEE, JAMESTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationUSA

CECCHERINI-SILBERSTEIN, TULLIOUniversità del SannioBeneventoItaly

CELLETTI, ALESSANDRAUniversità di Roma Tor VergataRomaItaly

CENEK, MARTINPortland State UniversityPortlandUSA

CERCONE, NICKYork UniversityTorontoCanada

CERVELLE, JULIENUniversité Paris-EstMarne la ValléeFrance

CHAISSON, ERIC J.Tufts UniversityMassachusettsUSA

CHAKRABORTY, BULBULBrandeis UniversityWalthamUSA

CHAMPNEYS, ALANUniversity of BristolBristolUK

CHANG, KOW-LUNGNational Taiwan UniversityTaipehTaiwan

CHANG, TOMMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUSA

Contributors XLIII

CHAN, TONY F.University of CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA

CHATTERJEE, KALYANThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUSA

CHAZOTTES, JEAN-RENÉCNRS/École PolytechniquePalaiseauFrance

CHECHKIN, ALEKSEI V.Institute for Theoretical Physics NSC KIPTKharkovUkraine

CHEN, CHUN-HAONational Cheng–Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan

CHEN, GUANRONGCity University of Hong KongHong KongChina

CHEN, ZHENGXINUniversity of Nebraska at OmahaOmahaUSA

CHICONE, CARMENUniversity of Missouri-ColumbiaColumbiaUSA

CHIELENS, KLAASVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium

CHIERCHIA, LUIGIUniversità “Roma Tre”RomaItaly

CHIRIKJIAN, GREGORY S.Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUSA

CHOPARD, BASTIENUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland

CHOUET, BERNARDUS Geological SurveyMenlo ParkUSA

CHUNG, FANUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoUSA

CIEPLAK, MAREKPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland

CLARKE, FRANCISInstitut universitaire de France et Université de LyonLyonFrance

CLARK, STEVEPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA

COHEN, REUVENBar-Ilan UniversityRamat-GanIsrael

CONIGLIO, ANTONIOUniversità di Napoli “Federico II”, ComplessoUniversitario di Monte Sant’AngeloNaplesItaly

CONTE, ROSARIACNRRomeItaly

CONTOPOULOS, GEORGEResearch Center for AstronomyAthensGreece

CONVERTITO, VINCENZOIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia(RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly

XLIV Contributors

COORNAERT, MICHELUniversité Louis Pasteur et CNRSStrasbourgFrance

CORCHÓN, LUIS C.Universidad Carlos IIIMadridSpain

CORTASSA, SONIAThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUSA

CORTÉS, JORGEUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoUSA

COSTA, ANTONIOUniversity of BristolBristolUKIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaNaplesItaly

CPAŁKA, KRZYSZTOFCzęstochowa University of TechnologyCzęstochowaPolandAcademy of Humanities and EconomicsLodzPoland

CRANE III, CARL D.University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA

CREUTZ, MICHAELBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonUSA

CRILLY, TONYMiddlesex UniversityLondonUK

CULCER, DIMITRIEArgonne National LaboratoryArgonneUSANorthern Illinois UniversityDe KalbUSA

CURTIS, ANDREWThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK

DAHMEN, KARIN A.University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUSA

D’ANCONA, PIEROUnversità di Roma “La Sapienza”RomaItaly

DANGERFIELD, BRIANUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK

DANILENKO, ALEXANDRE I.Ukrainian National Academy of SciencesKharkovUkraine

DA PRATO, GIUSEPPEScuola Normale SuperiorePisaItaly

DARDZINSKA, AGNIESZKABiałystok Technical UniversityBiałystokPoland

D’AUBENTON-CARAFA, YVESCNRSGif-sur-YvetteFrance

D’AURIA, LUCAIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione diNapoliNaplesItaly

Contributors XLV

DAVIDSSON, PAULBlekinge Institute of TechnologyRonnebySweden

DAWSON, KENNETH A.University College DublinDublinIreland

DEBNATH, LOKENATHUniversity of Texas – Pan AmericanEdinburgUSA

DE GREGORIO, PAOLOCornell UniversityIthacaUSA

DE LA RUE, THIERRYCNRS – Université de RouenSaint Étienne du RouvrayFrance

D’EMILIO, EMILIOUniversità di PisaPisaItaly

DEL JUNCO, ANDRÉSUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada

DEMURJIAN, STEVEN A.The University of ConnecticutStorrsUSA

DENNUNZIO, ALBERTOUniversità degli Studi di Milano-BicoccaMilanItaly

DE NOOY, WOUTERUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands

DERCOLE, FABIOPolitecnico di MilanoMilanoItaly

DERKS, GIANNEUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK

DE SCHUTTER, B.TU DelftDelftThe Netherlands

DE SILVA, CLARENCE W.University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada

DESIMONE, ANTONIOSISSA-International School for Advanced StudiesTriesteItaly

DEUTSCH, ANDREASTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany

DEUTSCHBAUER, ADAM M.Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUSA

DHARMA-WARDANA, M.W. CHANDRENational Research Council of CanadaOttawaCanada

DHILLON, INDERJIT S.University of TexasAustinUSA

DIKS, CEESUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands

DING, BAOQUANLawrence Berkeley National LabBerkeleyUSA

DINH, TUANLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUSA

XLVI Contributors

DITTRICH, PETERFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany

DIXON, WARREN E.University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA

DOLCETTA, ITALO CAPUZZOSapienza Universita’ di RomaRomeItaly

DOMOTOR, ZOLTANUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA

DOREIAN, PATRICKUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUSA

DORFMAN, J. ROBERTUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkUSA

DOROGOVTSEV, SERGEY N.Universidade de AveiroAveiroPortugalA. F. Ioffe Physico-Technical InstituteSt. PetersburgRussia

DRAPER, DAVIDUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzUSA

DRENNER, ANDREWUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisUSA

DUBEY, ATULRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayUSA

DUBOIS, DIDIERUniversite Paul SabatierToulouse CedexFrance

DUDLEY, AIMÉE M.Institute for Systems BiologySeattleUSA

DUFTY, JAMES W.University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA

DUNNE, JENNIFER A.Santa Fe InstituteSanta FeUSAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology LabBerkeleyUSA

DURAND-LOSE, JÉRÔMEUniversité d’OrléansOrléansFrance

DUTTA, PRAJIT K.Columbia UniversityNew YorkUSA

DUXBURY, PHILLIP M.Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUSA

DŽEROSKI, SAŠOJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia

DZHEPAROV, FRIDRIKH S.Institute for Theoretical and Experimental PhysicsMoscowRussia

DZWINEL, WITOLDAGH University of Sci. and Technol.KrakówPoland

EDDY, JAMES A.University of IllinoisUrbana-ChampaignUSA

EDELMAN, GERALD M.The Neurosciences InstituteSan DiegoUSA

Contributors XLVII

EDEN, COLINUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK

ELIA, LUCAIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia(RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly

ENGØ-MONSEN, KENTHTelenor R&IFornebuNorway

ERGÜN, GÜLERUniversity of BathBathUK

ESCANCIANO, JUAN-CARLOSIndiana UniversityBloomingtonUSA

ESCRIBANO, ALVAROUniversidad Carlos III de MadridMadridSpain

FADILI, JALALEcole Nationale Supèrieure d’Ingènieurs de CaenCaen CedexFrance

FALOUTSOS, MICHALISUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideUSA

FEDDEMA, JOHN T.Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueUSA

FEIL-SEIFER, DAVIDUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA

FIERRO, ANNALISAUniversità di Napoli “Federico II”NaplesItaly

FOGEDBY, HANS C.University of AarhusAarhusDenmarkNiels Bohr InstituteCopenhagenDenmark

FORD, ANDREWWashington State University, PullmanWashingtonUSA

FORGACS, GABORUniversity of MissouriColumbiaUSA

FORGES, FRANÇOISEUniversité Paris-DauphineParisFrance

FORMENTI, ENRICOUniversité de Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia AntipolisFrance

FORTUNATO, SANTOISI FoundationTorinoItaly

FOSTER, JAMES H.University of HawaiiHonoluluUSA

FRANK, OVEStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden

FRANK, TILL D.University of ConnecticutStorrsUSA

FRANTZIKINAKIS, NIKOSUniversity of MemphisMemphisUSA

FREEMAN, LINTON C.University of CaliforniaIrvineUSA

XLVIII Contributors

FRENKEL, ANATOLY I.Yeshiva UniversityNew YorkUSA

FRIEDRICH, RUDOLFUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany

FUCHS, ARMINFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonUSA

GABRIELOV, ANDREIPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA

GAETA, GIUSEPPEUniversità di MilanoMilanItaly

GALDI, GIOVANNI P.University of PittsburghPittsburghUSA

GALLAVOTTI, GIOVANNIUniversità di Roma I “La Sapienza”RomaItaly

GALLEGATI, MAUROUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly

GALLEGOS, ANAUniversitat de GironaGironaSpain

GALLOS, LAZAROS K.City College of New YorkNew YorkUSA

GANS, NICHOLASUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleUSA

GARCES, MILTONHIGP, SOEST, University of Hawaii, ManoaKailua–KonaUSA

GARDINER, AMY K.Florida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonUSA

GARTNER, NATHAN H.University of MassachusettsLowellUSA

GASPARINI, PAOLOUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” (RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly

GAUTHIER, JEAN-PAUL ANDRÉUniversity of ToulonToulonFrance

GENTILE, GUIDOUniversità di Roma TreRomaItaly

GEORGANTZAS, NICHOLAS C.Fordham University Business SchoolsNew YorkUSA

GHOSAL, SANDIPNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonUSA

GIAMARCHI, THIERRYUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland

GIORGINI, BRUNOPhysics Department and INFN Sezione di BolognaBolognaItaly

GLASS, OLIVIERUniversité Pierre et Marie CurieParisFrance

Contributors XLIX

GLUSMAN, GUSTAVOInstitute for Systems BiologySeattleUSA

GOEBEL, RAFALLoyola UniversityChicagoUSA

GOLDENBERG, JACOBHebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael

GONZÁLEZ-RIVERA, GLORIAUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideUSA

GORECKA, JOANNA NATALIAPolish Academy of ScienceWarsawPoland

GORECKI, JERZYPolish Academy of ScienceWarsawPolandCardinal Stefan Wyszynski UniversityWarsawPoland

GOSSNER, OLIVIERNorthwestern UniversityParisFrance

GOUDIE, DOUGLASJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleAustralia

GOULIAS, KONSTADINOS G.University of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUSA

GRAMCHEV, TODORUniversità di CagliariCagliariItaly

GRASMAN, JOHANWageningen University and Research CentreWageningenThe Netherlands

GRASSL, HARTMUTMax Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany

GRASSL, MARKUSAustrian Academy of SciencesInnsbruckAustria

GRAVNER, JANKOUniversity of CaliforniaDavisUSA

GRECO, SALVATOREUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly

GREEN, KEITH E.Clemson UniversityClemsonUSA

GROESSER, STEFANUniversity of St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland

GRZYMALA-BUSSE, JERZY W.University of KansasLawrenceUSAPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland

HAAS, MARKUSUniversity of MunichMunichGermany

HADJIDEMETRIOU, JOHN D.University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece

HAFNER, CHRISTIAN M.Université catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-NeuveBelgium

L Contributors

HAINZL, SEBASTIANGFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesPotsdamGermany

HAKEN, HERMANNUniversität StuttgartStuttgartGermany

HAKIM, VINCENTCNRSParisFrance

HALEY, BENJAMINPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA

HALL, WENDYUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK

HAN, BINUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada

HÄNGGI, PETERUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany

HAN, JIANCHAOCalifornia State UniversityDominguez Hills, CarsonUSA

HANSON, JAMES E.IBM T.J. Watson Research CenterYorktown HeightsUSA

HANSSMANN, HEINZUniversiteit UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands

HARDING, SIMONMemorial UniversitySt. John’sCanada

HATZIKIROU, HARALAMBOSTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany

HAUPTMAN, AMIBen-Gurion UniversityBeer-ShevaIsrael

HAUPTMANN, CHRISTIANResearch Center JülichJülichGermany

HAVLIN, SHLOMOBar-Ilan UniversityRamat-GanIsrael

HEDIN, ERIC R.Ball State UniversityMuncieUSA

HEGSELMANN, RAINERBayreuth UniversityBayreuthGermany

HEGYI, A.TU DelftDelftThe Netherlands

HE, JIANGHENGGeological Survey of CanadaSidneyCanada

HE, JI-HUANDonghua UniversityShanghaiChina

HE, YIHUAUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideUSA

HELAL, MOHAMED A.Cairo UniversityGizaEgypt

Contributors LI

HELBING, DIRKETH ZurichZurichSwitzerlandCollegium BudapestBudapestHungary

HENDLER, JAMESRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyUSA

HEREMAN, WILLYColorado School of MinesGoldenUSA

HEYLIGHEN, FRANCISVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium

HILL, DAVID P.Volcano Hazards ProgramMenlo ParkUSA

HIRANO, SHOJIShimane University, School of MedicineEnya-cho Izumo City, ShimaneJapan

HIRSCH, GARYIndependent ConsultantWaylandUSA

HIRSHORN, BARRYNOAA/NWS/Pacific TsunamiWarning CenterEwa BeachUSA

HOFFMAN, CHRISTOPHERUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUSA

HO, KAI-MINGIowa State UniversityAmesUSA

HOLLIDAY, JAMES R.University of CaliforniaDavisUSA

HOLSCHNEIDER, MATTHIASUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany

HOLTSLAG, ALBERT A. M.Wageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands

HOMER, JACKIndependent ConsultantVoorheesUSA

HONG, TZUNG-PEINational University of KaohsiungKaohsiungTaiwan

HOWICK, SUSANUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK

HRYNIEWICZ, OLGIERDSystems Research InstituteWarsawPoland

HUANG, SUIDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada

HUBER, DAVID E.University of CaliforniaSan DiegoUSA

HUDRY, OLIVIERÉcole Nationale Supérieure des TélécommunicationsParisFrance

HUGHES, BARRY D.University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia

HU, GUOQIANGUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleUSA

LII Contributors

HUVET, MAXIMECNRSGif-sur-YvetteFrance

HU, YANUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaCanada

IANNACCONE, GIOVANNIIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia(RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly

ICHIHARA, MIEUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan

IERVOLINO, IUNIOUniversità di Napoli “Federico II”NapoliItaly

IGEL, HEINERLudwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunichGermany

IIO, YOSHIHISAKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan

ILACHINSKI, ANDREWCenter for Naval AnalysesAlexandriaUSA

INC, MUSTAFAFırat UniversityElazığTurkey

ISIDORI, ALBERTOUniversity of RomeLa SapienzaItaly

IVANCIUC, OVIDIUUniversity of Texas, Medical BranchGalvestonUSA

JACOB, DANIELAMax-Planck-Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany

JAMES, MICHAEL R.Lancaster UniversityLancasterUK

JAMSHIDI, NEEMAUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego, La JollaUSA

JANEŽIČ, DUŠANKANational Institute of ChemistryLjubljanaSlovenia

JANSSEN, MICHAELUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisUSA

JARRAH, ABDUL S.Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityVirginiaUSA

JENSEN, ARNEAalborg UniversityAalborg EastDenmark

JENSEN, HENRIK JELDTOFTImperial College LondonLondonUK

JOE, YONG S.Ball State UniversityMuncieUSA

JOHANSSON, ANDERSETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland

JOHN, ROBERT I.De Montfort UniversityLeicesterUK

Contributors LIII

JOHNSON, DUANE D.University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUSA

JORGENSEN, PALLE E. T.The University of IowaIowa CityUSA

JURDJEVIC, VELIMIRUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada

KACPRZYK, JANUSZPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland

KADLEC, BENUniversity of ColoradoBoulderUSA

KAMIGAICHI, OSAMUJapan Meteorological AgencyTokyoJapan

KAMOGAWA, MASASHITokyo Gakugei UniversityKoganei-shiJapan

KAMPMANN, CHRISTIAN ERIKCopenhagen Business SchoolCopenhagenDenmark

KAMSTRA, MARK J.York UniversityTorontoCanada

KANAMORI, H.CaltechPasadenaUSA

KANTELHARDT, JAN W.Martin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergHalleGermany

KARI, JARKKOUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland

KARLSSON, ANETTE M.University of DelawareNewarkUSA

KÄSER, MARTINLudwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunichGermany

KAUFFMAN, STUART A.Department of Biological Sciences, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada

KAWAMURA, KAZUHIKOVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUSA

KAWSKI, MATTHIASDepartment of Mathematics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUSA

KAYA, DOĞANFirat UniversityElazigTurkey

KEILIS-BOROK, VLADIMIRUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesUSARussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia

KEINERT, FRITZIowa State UniversityAmesUSA

KELLER, GERHARDUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergErlangenGermany

KELSO, JAMES A. S.Florida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonUSA

LIV Contributors

KENDON, VIVUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK

KENNEL, RICKPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA

KERNER, BORIS S.Daimler AGSindelfingenGermany

KHARCHE, NEERAVPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA

KIER, LEMONT B.Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondUSA

KIKOIN, KONSTANTINTel-Aviv UniversityTel-AvivIsrael

KING, JONATHAN L. F.University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA

KING, PETERImperial College LondonLondonUK

KLAFTER, JOSEPHTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsraelUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany

KLEINBOCK, DMITRYBrandeis UniversityWalthamUSA

KLENOV, SERGEY L.Moscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudnyRussia

KLIMECK, GERHARDPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSACalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUSA

KLINGSCH, WOLFRAMUniversity of WuppertalWuppertalGermany

KLÜPFEL, HUBERTTraffGo HT GmbHDuisburgGermany

KLÜVER, JÜRGENDuisburg-Essen UniversityEssenGermany

KNACKSTEDT, MARKAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralia

KOIJEN, RALPH S. J.Tilburg UniversityTilburgThe Netherlands

KOIKE, SHIGEAKISaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan

KOKALJ, ANTONJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia

KOKOL, PETERUniversity of MariborMariborSlovenia

KOLNER, BRIAN H.University of CaliforniaDavisUSA

Contributors LV

KORENOK, OLEGVCU School of BusinessRichmondUSA

KORKUSINSKI, MAREKNational Research Council of CanadaOttawaCanada

KOSTER, MAURICEUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands

KRA, BRYNANorthwestern UniversityEvanstonUSA

KRAMER, LISA A.University of TorontoTorontoCanada

KRAWITZ, PETERLudwig Maximilians UniversitätMünchenGermany

KRETZ, TOBIASPTV Planung Transport Verkehr AGKarlsruheGermany

KUMAGAI, HIROYUKINational Research Institute for Earth Science and DisasterPreventionTsukubaJapanIAVCEI/IASPEI Joint Commission on VolcanoSeismologyTsukubaJapan

KŮRKA, PETRUniversité de Nice Sophia AntipolisNiceFranceAcademy of Sciences and Charles UniversityPragueCzechia

KUTER, UGURUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkUSA

KUTRIB, MARTINUniversität GiessenGiessenGermany

LAAKSONEN, AATTOStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden

LA COUR–HARBO, ANDERSAalborg UniversityAalborg EastDenmark

LAI, MING-JUNThe University of GeorgiaAthensUSA

LAKSHMANAN, M.Bharathidasan UniversityTiruchirapalliIndia

LANCIERI, MARIAIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia(RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly

LANE, STEPHEN J.Lancaster UniversityLancasterUK

LANGE, WOLFGANGUniversity of SussexBrightonUK

LAUBENBACHER, REINHARDVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityVirginiaUSA

LAURITSEN, KENT BÆKGAARDDanish Meteorological InstituteCopenhagenDenmark

LVI Contributors

LAVI, RONThe Technion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael

LAWLOR, AONGHUSUniversity College DublinDublinIreland

LEBURTON, JEAN-PIERREUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaUSA

LEE, GUN-DOSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea

LEE, SUNHEEPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA

LEE, TAE-HWYUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideUSA

LEE, TAEYOUNGUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUSA

LEE, WILLIAM H. K.US Geological SurveyMenlo ParkUSA

LEFEBVRE, ALINEUniversité Paris-SudOrsay cedexFrance

LEMAŃCZYK, MARIUSZNicolaus Copernicus UniversityToruńPoland

LEOK, MELVINPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA

LE PICHON, ALEXISCEA/DASE/LDBruyères-le-ChâtelFrance

LEPRETI, FABIOUniversità della CalabriaArcavacata di RendeItaly

LEVY, MOSHEThe Hebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael

LEWIS, FRANK L.University of Texas at ArlingtonFort WorthUSA

LEWIS, NATHAN E.University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La JollaUSA

LIAU, CHURN-JUNGAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan

LICHTMAN, ALLANAmerican UniversityWashington D.C.USA

LILJEROS, FREDRIKStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden

LIN, TSAU YOUNGSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseUSA

LIU, HUANArizona State UniversityTempeUSA

LIU, YANArizona State UniversityTempeUSA

Contributors LVII

LLOYD, SETHMITCambridgeUSA

LODWICK, WELDON A.University of Colorado DenverDenverUSA

LOHMANN, GERRITAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine ResearchBremerhavenGermany

LOHMAN, ROWENACornell UniversityIthacaUSA

LO, HOI-KWONGUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada

LOMAX, ANTHONYALomax ScientificMouans-SartouxFrance

LYNEIS, JAMES M.Worcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcesterUSA

LYNETT, PATRICK J.Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUSA

MAANI, KAMBIZThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia

MACAL, CHARLES M.Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation(CAS2)ArgonneUSA

MACDONALD, JOANNEColumbia UniversityNew YorkUSA

MACDONALD, RODERICKUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyUSA

MACHO-STADLER, INÉSUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain

MACLENNAN, BRUCE J.University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUSA

MAC NAMEE, BRIANDublin Institute of TechnologyDublinIreland

MADARIAGA, RAULLaboratoire de GéologieParisFrance

MAIER, FRANK H.International University in GermanyBruchsalGermany

MAILATH, GEORGE J.University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA

MAI, P. MARTINInstitute of Geophysics, ETHZürichSwitzerland

MAKINO, JUNICHIRONational Astronomical Observatory of JapanTokyoJapan

MAKSE, HERNÁN A.City College of New YorkNew YorkUSA

MANGE, DANIELEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland

LVIII Contributors

MANZAN, SEBASTIANOBaruch College CUNYNew YorkUSA

MANZONI, SARAUniversity of Milan-BicoccaMilanItaly

MARCHETTI, M. CRISTINASyracuse UniversitySyracuseUSA

MARCONI, LORENZOUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly

MARCUS, BRIANUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada

MARGENSTERN, MAURICEUniversité Paul VerlaineMetzFrance

MARIN, FRANÇOISLaboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes, Fre CNRS 3102Le Havre CedexFrance

MARION, RUSSClemson UniversityClemsonUSA

MARKELLOS, RAPHAEL N.Loughborough UniversityLoughboroughUKAthens University of Economics and BusinessAthensGreece

MARSDEN, JERROLD E.California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUSA

MARTÍNEZ, SONIAUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoUSA

MARTINI, MARCELLOIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione diNapoliNaplesItaly

MARTINO, CLAUDIOUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” (RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly

MARTINS, CARLOS J. A. P.Universidade do PortoCentro de Física do PortoPortoPortugalUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK

MASIHI, MOHSENSharif University of TechnologyTehranIran

MATARAZZO, BENEDETTOUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly

MATARIĆ, MAJA J.University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA

MATHEY, LUDWIGHarvard UniversityCambridgeUSA

MAURER, BRIAN A.Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUSA

MAWHIN, JEANUniversité Catholique de LouvainMarylandUSA

MCCLAMROCH, HARRISUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUSA

Contributors LIX

MCCUTCHEON, RANDALLUniversity of MemphisMemphisUSA

MCGUIRE, JEFFREY J.Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleUSA

MCKANE, ALAN J.University of ManchesterManchesterUK

MCLEISH, T.C.B.University of LeedsLeedsUK

MCLENNAN, MICHAELPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA

MEIJER, HILUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands

MELIN, PATRICIATijuana Institute of TechnologyTijuanaMexico

MELNIK, OLEGMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussiaUniversity of BristolBristolUK

MELNIKOV, DMITRIY V.University of IllinoisUrbanaUSA

MELNIK, RODERICKWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooCanadaUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooCanada

MELROSE, DON B.University of SydneySydneyAustralia

MENASALVAS, ERNESTINAFacultad de InformaticaMadridSpain

MENDEL, JERRY M.University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA

METZLER, RALFTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany

MEYERS, ROBERT A.Ramtech LimitedLarkspurUSA

MICHELINI, ALBERTOIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomaItaly

MILBURN, GERARD J.The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia

MILIČEVIĆ, ANTEThe Institute of Medical Research and OccupationalHealthZagrebCroatia

MILLER, CHRISTIAN S.Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve SystemWashington DCUSA

MILLER, JULIAN F.University of YorkHeslingtonUK

MILLING, PETER M.Mannheim UniversityMannheimGermany

LX Contributors

MILLS, TERENCE C.Loughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK

MITCHELL, MELANIEPortland State UniversityPortlandUSA

MIZRACH, BRUCERutgers UniversityNew BrunswickUSA

MORITA, KENICHIHiroshima UniversityHigashi-HiroshimaJapan

MORLEY, JAMESWashington UniversitySt. LouisUSA

MORTVEIT, HENNING S.Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityVirginiaUSA

MOSCA, MICHELEUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooCanadaSt. Jerome’s UniversityWaterlooCanadaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical PhysicsWaterlooCanada

MOSES, MATTHEWJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUSA

MOSS, SCOTTManchester Metropolitan University Business SchoolManchesterUK

MOURZENKO, VALERI V.CNRS-LCDChasseneuil du PoitouFrance

MURRAY-MORALEDA, JESSICAUS Geological SurveyMenlo ParkUSA

MUTO, SHIGEOInstitute of TechnologyTokyoJapan

MUZY, ALEXANDREUniversità di CorsicaCorteFrance

NACHBAR, JOHNWashington UniversitySt. LouisUSA

NAGAO, TOSHIYASUTokai UniversityShizuokaJapan

NAKAYAMA, TSUNEYOSHIToyota Physical and Chemical Research InstituteNagakuteJapan

NAUGHTON, THOMAS J.National University of IrelandMaynooth County KildareIrelandUniversity of Oulu, RFMedia LaboratoryYlivieskaFinland

NAUMOV, MAXIMPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA

NEELY, CHRISTOPHER J.Federal Reserve Bank of St. LouisSt. LouisUSA

NEWMAN, LENORE LAURIRoyal Roads UniversityVictoriaCanada

NEWMAN, STUART A.New York Medical CollegeValhallaUSA

Contributors LXI

NICODEMI, MARIOUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK

NICOLAY, SAMUELUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium

NICOL, MATTHEWUniversity of HoustonHoustonUSA

NIEDERMAN, LAURENTUniversité ParisParisFranceIMCCEParisFrance

NIGRO, GIUSYUniversità della CalabriaArcavacata di RendeItaly

NIKOLIĆ, SONJAThe Rugjer Bošković InstituteZagrebCroatia

NILSSON JACOBI, MARTINChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden

NISHIMURA, TAKESHITohoku UniversitySendaiJapan

NIŢICĂ, VIORELWest Chester UniversityWest ChesterUSAInstitute of MathematicsBucharestRomania

NITTA, KOH-HEIGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology,Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan

NOLFI, STEFANONational Research Council (CNR)RomeItaly

NORTH, MICHAEL J.Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation(CAS2)ArgonneUSA

NOTTALE, LAURENTParis Observatory and Paris Diderot UniversityParisFrance

NOWAK, ANDRZEJUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland

NOWICKI, ROBERTCzęstochowa University of TechnologyCzęstochowaPoland

NUZZO, RALPH G.University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUSA

OBERHAUSER, ANDRÉS F.University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonUSA

O’HARA, KIERONUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK

OLAYA, CAMILOUniversidad de Los AndesBogotáColombia

OLDEMAN, BARTConcordia UniversityMontrealCanada

OLHEDE, SOFIAUniversity College LondonLondonUK

LXII Contributors

OLIVA, ROGELIOTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationUSA

ORBACH, RAYMOND L.University of CaliforniaRiversideUSA

ORLOV, MICHAELBen-Gurion UniversityBeer-ShevaIsrael

OSIPENKO, GEORGEState Polytechnic UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia

OSLER, CAROLBrandeis UniversityWalthamUSA

OULLIER, OLIVIERAix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFranceFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonUSA

ÖZAK, ÖMERBrown UniversityProvidenceUSA

PAGE JR., FRANK H.Indiana UniversityBloomingtonUSAUniversite Paris 1Pantheon–SorbonneFrance

PALSSON, BERNHARD Ø.University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La JollaUSA

PANATI, GIANLUCAUniversità di Roma “La Sapienza”RomaItaly

PANOV, PANČEJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia

PAPAGEORGIOU, ANARGYROSColumbia UniversityNew YorkUSA

PAPANIKOLOPOULOS, NIKOLAOSUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisUSA

PARKER, LYNNE E.University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUSA

PARK, MICHAELUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA

PARRY, HAZEL R.Central Science LaboratoryYorkUK

PATERSON, LINCOLNCSIRO PetroleumClaytonAustralia

PATTISON, PHILIPPAUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia

PĂUN, GHEORGHEInstitute of Mathematics of the Romanian AcademyBucureştiRomania

PEDRYCZ, WITOLDUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanadaPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland

PEINKE, JOACHIMCarl-von-Ossietzky University OldenburgOldenburgGermany

Contributors LXIII

PENTA, ANTONIOUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA

PEPER, FERDINANDNational Institute of Information and CommunicationsTechnologyKobeJapan

PÉREZ-CASTRILLO, DAVIDUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBa