EncyclopediaofComplexityandSystemsScience...Encyclopediaof Complexity andSystemsScience...
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Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science
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Robert A. Meyers (Ed.)
Encyclopedia of Complexityand Systems Science
With 4300 Figures and 420 Tables
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ROBERT A. MEYERS, Ph. D.Editor-in-ChiefRAMTECH LIMITED122 Escalle LaneLarkspur, CA [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008933604
ISBN: 978-0-387-30440-3
This publication is available also as:Print publication under ISBN: 978-0-387-75888-6 andPrint and electronic bundle under ISBN: 978-0-387-69572-3
© 2009 SpringerScience+BuisinessMedia, LLC.
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Preface
The Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science is an authoritative single source for understanding and applyingthe basic tenets of complexity and systems theory as well as the tools and measures for analyzing complex systemsin science, engineering and many areas of social, financial and business interactions. It is written for an audience ofadvanced university undergraduate and graduate students, professors, and professionals in a wide range of fields whomust manage complexity on scales ranging from the atomic and molecular to the societal and global. Each article wasselected and peer reviewed by one of our 36 Section Editors with advice and consultation provided by our 15 BoardMembers and Editor-in-Chief. This level of coordination assures that the reader can have a level of confidence in therelevance and accuracy of the information far exceeding that generally found on the World Wide Web. Accessabliltyis also a priority and for this reason each article includes a glossary of important terms and a concise definition of thesubject.
Complex systems are systems that comprise many interacting parts with the ability to generate a new quality of col-lective behavior through self-organization, e. g. the spontaneous formation of temporal, spatial or functional structures.They are therefore adaptive as they evolve and may contain self-driving feedback loops. Thus, complex systems aremuch more than a sum of their parts. Complex systems are often characterized as having extreme sensitivity to initialconditions as well as emergent behavior that are not readily predictable or even completely deterministic. The conclu-sion is that a reductionist (bottom-up) approach is often an incomplete description of a phenomenon. This recognition,that the collective behavior of the whole system cannot be simply inferred from the understanding of the behavior ofthe individual components, has led to many new concepts and sophisticated mathematical andmodeling tools for appli-cation to many scientific, engineering, and societal issues that can be adequately described only in terms of complexityand complex systems.
Examples of Grand Scientific Challenges which can be approached through complexity and systems science include:the structure, history and future of the universe; the biological basis of consciousness; the true complexity of the geneticmakeup and molecular functioning of humans (genetics and epigenetics) and other life forms; human longevity limits;unification of the laws of physics; the dynamics and extent of climate change and the effects of climate change; extendingthe boundaries of and understanding the theoretical limits of computing; sustainability of life on the earth; workingsof the interior of the earth; predictability, dynamics and extent of earthquakes, tsunamis, and other natural disasters;dynamics of turbulent flows and the motion of granular materials; the structure of atoms as expressed in the StandardModel and the formulation of the Standard Model and gravity into a Unified Theory; the structure of water; control ofglobal infectious diseases and also evolution and quantification of (ultimately) human cooperative behavior in politics,economics, business systems and social interactions. In fact, most of these issues have identified nonlinearities and arebeginning to be addressedwith nonlinear techniques – e. g. human longevity limits; the StandardModel; climate change,earthquake prediction, workings of the earth’s interior, natural disaster prediction, etc.
The complex systems mathematical and modeling tools and scientific and engineering applications that comprisethe Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science are as follows:
� Agent Based Modeling and Simulation� Applications of Physics and Mathematics to Social Science� Cellular Automata, Mathematical Basis of� Chaos and Complexity in Astrophysics� Climate Modeling, Global Warming andWeather Prediction� Complex Networks and Graph Theory
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� Complexity and Nonlinearity in Autonomous Robotics� Complexity in Computational Chemistry� Complexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes, and Forecasting and Early Warning of their Hazards� Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience� Control and Dynamical Systems� Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery� Ecological Complexity� Ergodic Theory� Finance and Econometrics� Fractals and Multifractals� Game Theory� Granular Computing� Intelligent Systems� Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems� Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations� Percolation� Perturbation Theory� Probability and Statistics in Complex Systems� Quantum Information Science� Social Network Analysis� Soft Computing� Solitons� Statistical and Nonlinear Physics� Synergetics� System Dynamics� Systems Biology� Traffic Management, Complex Dynamics of� Unconventional Computing� Wavelets
The 15 members of our Editorial Advisory Board include: Ahmed Zewail of Caltech, Nobel Prize in chemistry, whoprovided guidance in chemistry and physical biology applications of complexity and systems science; Thomas Schelling,Nobel Prize in Economics, provided guidance in economics and political science applications; Mario J. Molina, NobelPrize in Chemistry, whose current interests include: atmospheric chemical processes and science-policy issues relatedto urban and regional air pollution and to global change; Manfred Eigen, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, who is expertin molecular self-organization and evolutionary biotechnology; Benoit B. Mandelbrot of Yale University and BattellePacific Northwest Laboratories, Wolf Prize for Physics, who provided guidance in physical, mathematical or social phe-nomena that are characterized by abundant data but wild variability; Richard E. Stearns, 1993 Turing Award, whose cur-rent interests include computational complexity, automata theory, analysis of algorithms and game theory; Pierre-LouisLions, 1994 Fields Medal, whose interests are nonlinear partial differential equations and applications; Leroy Hood ofthe Institute for Systems Biology, Lasker Award, whose specialty is systems approaches to biology and medicine; StevenWolfram, creator of Mathematica®; and Lotfi Zadeh, Honda and Okawa Prizes and IEEE Medal of Honor, whose cur-rent interests are fuzzy logic and soft computing. Sadly, Paul Lauterbur, Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology, whoprovided guidance in evolution and origin of life and overall relationship of determinism to complexity passed awayduring the project. A complete listing of our Board is presented immediately following this Preface.
Our 36 Section Editors, who supervised the 35 Sections, represent some of the best and brightest in their respectivefields. It is notable that some are rather young, and yet are highly accomplished, as seems appropriate for the verymodern scientific approach inherent in complexity and systems science. The Section Editors have selected both thearticles (described below) and also nominated our authors and either provided peer review or supervised outside peerreviewers. A complete listing of the Section Editors is presented immediately following this Preface.
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The efforts of the 41 members of our Board and Section Editor team have resulted in near 300 articles on the math-ematical and modeling basis of complexity, e. g. fractals and multifractals, cellular automata, game theory, quantuminformation processing, unconventional computing, ergodic theory, percolation, non-linear ordinary differential equa-tions, non-linear partial differential equations, perturbation theory, probability and statistics, solitons, wavelets, agentbased modeling and simulation, complex networks and graph theory, data mining and knowledge discovery, granularcomputing and soft computing; as well as near 300 articles describing progress using these tools in physics, economet-rics, ecosystems, climate prediction, nanoelectronics, complex networks, quantum computing, chemistry, astrophysics,geophysics, systems biology, bioinformatics, medicine, system dynamics, engineering, control and dynamical systems,traffic management, and robotics as well as social, economics and political sciences.
This Encyclopedia in total comprises 592 peer-reviewed, in-depth, 15–20 page articles presented alphabetically asprepared by more than 700 authors. The result is a carefully organized, accessible, and easily searchable 11,000-pagereference work that places complexity and systems science at the center of modern scientific, engineering, and societalproblems and potential solutions. A complete alphabetized listing of articles, extensive cross-references, glossaries ofterms, and a detailed index are all included. We believe that there is no other treatment of this field with near thedepth and authority of that prepared by our team of prize winning Board members, Section Editors and authors. Thisnew publication will extend the influence of complexity and systems science to a much wider audience than has beenpossible up until now.
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank, David Packer, Executive Editor, who proposed the project to me and then provided invaluable counselin performance of many elements of the publication process.
I wish to express our profound gratitude to Kerstin Kindler, Reference Publisher and Julia Koerting, Editorial Assis-tant for their outstanding editorial efforts in producing this Encyclopedia. Their interaction with our team of over 700authors, 36 section editors and 15 board members was highly professional, courteous, pleasant and yet firm, which wasintegral in obtaining high quality and timely delivery of our manuscripts. Their mastery of formal as well as idiomaticEnglish facilitated many of these interactions.
Robert A. MeyersEditor in Chief
Larkspur, CaliforniaMarch 2009
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Topical Table of Contents
Agent BasedModeling and Simulation, Section Editor: Filippo CastiglioneAgent Based Computational EconomicsAgent Based Modeling and Artificial LifeAgent Based Modeling and Computer LanguagesAgent Based Modeling and Simulation, Introduction toAgent Based Modeling, Large Scale SimulationsAgent Based Modeling, Mathematical Formalism forAgent-Based Modeling and SimulationCellular Automaton Modeling of Tumor InvasionComputer Graphics and Games, Agent Based Modeling inEmbodied and Situated Agents, Adaptive Behavior inInteraction Based Computing in PhysicsLogic and Geometry of Agents in Agent-Based ModelingSocial Phenomena SimulationSwarm Intelligence
Autonomous Robotics, Complexity and Nonlinearity in, Section Editor: Warren DixonAdaptive Visual Servo ControlCognitive RoboticsComplexity and Non-Linearity in Autonomous Robotics, Introduction toContinuum RobotsDistributed Controls of Multiple Robotic Systems, An Optimization ApproachDistributed Robotic Teams: A Framework for Simulated and Real-World ModelingForaging RobotsHuman Robot InteractionImage Based State EstimationModular Self-Reconfigurable RobotsMotion Prediction for Continued AutonomyMultiple Mobile Robot Teams, Path Planning and Motion Coordination inNeuro-fuzzy Control of Autonomous RoboticsSelf-replicating Robotic SystemsSoftware Architectures for Autonomy
Cellular Automata,Mathematical Basis of, Section Editor: AndrewAdamatzkyAdditive Cellular AutomataAlgorithmic Complexity and Cellular AutomataCellular Automata and GroupsCellular Automata and Language TheoryCellular Automata as Models of Parallel ComputationCellular Automata in Hyperbolic Spaces
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Cellular Automata Modeling of Physical SystemsCellular Automata on Triangular, Pentagonal and Hexagonal TessellationsCellular Automata with MemoryCellular Automata, Classification ofCellular Automata, Emergent Phenomena inCellular Automata, Universality ofChaotic Behavior of Cellular AutomataDynamics of Cellular Automata in Non-compact SpacesErgodic Theory of Cellular AutomataEvolving Cellular AutomataFiring Squad Synchronization Problem in Cellular AutomataGliders in Cellular AutomataGrowth Phenomena in Cellular AutomataIdentification of Cellular AutomataMathematical Basis of Cellular Automata, Introduction toPhase Transitions in Cellular AutomataQuantum Cellular AutomataReversible Cellular AutomataSelf-organised Criticality and Cellular AutomataSelf-Replication and Cellular AutomataStructurally Dynamic Cellular AutomataTiling Problem and Undecidability in Cellular AutomataTopological Dynamics of Cellular Automata
Chaos and Complexity in Astrophysics, Section Editor: Steve N. Shore
Acceleration MechanismsAstronomical Time Series, Complexity inAstrophysics, Chaos and Complexity inAstrophysics: Dynamical SystemsChaos and Complexity in Astrophysics, Introduction toCosmic Gravitational Background, StochasticCosmic StringsExobiology (theoretical), Complexity inExobiology and ComplexityOrbital Dynamics, Chaos inSelf-Organization in Magnetohydrodynamic TurbulenceSpace Plasmas, Dynamical Complexity inStellar Dynamics, N-body Methods forTopological Magnetohydrodynamics and Astrophysics
ClimateModeling, Global Warming andWeather Prediction, Section Editor: Hartmut Grassl
Abrupt Climate Change ModelingClimate Change and AgricultureClimate Change and Human HealthClimate Change, Economic Costs ofClimate Modeling, Global Warming and Weather Prediction, Introduction toCryosphere ModelsRegional Climate Models: Linking Global Climate Change to Local ImpactsSingle Column Modeling of Atmospheric Boundary Layers
and the Complex Interactions with the Land Surface
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Complex Networks and Graph Theory, Section Editor: Geoffrey Canright
Community Structure in GraphsComplex Gene Regulatory Networks – From Structure to Biological Observables: Cell Fate DeterminationComplex Networks and Graph TheoryComplex Networks, Visualization ofFood WebsGrowth Models for NetworksHuman Sexual NetworksInternet TopologyLink Analysis andWeb SearchMotifs in GraphsNon-negative Matrices and DigraphsRandom Graphs, AWhirlwind Tour ofSynchronization Phenomena on NetworksWorld WideWeb, Graph Structure
Complexity in Computational Chemistry, Section Editor: Danail Bonchev
Biochemistry, Chaotic Dynamics, Noise, and Fractal Space inBiological Complexity and Biochemical InformationBiological Development and Evolution, Complexity and Self-Organization inCellular Automata Modeling of Complex Biochemical SystemsComposites, MultifunctionalComputational Chemistry, Introduction to Complexity inComputer-Aided Design of the Reaction Site in Heterogeneous CatalysisDNA-templated Self-assembly of Protein Arrays and Highly Conductive NanowiresDrug Design with Artificial Intelligence MethodsDrug Design with Artificial Neural NetworksDrug Design with Machine LearningDrug Design, Molecular Descriptors inInformation Theoretic Complexity MeasuresMolecular Evolution, Networks inNanoscale Atomic Clusters, Complexity ofPolymers, Nonlinearity inQSAR Modeling and QSAR Based Virtual Screening, Complexity and Challenges of ModernQuantum Similarity and Quantum Quantitative Structure-Properties Relationships (QQSPR)Self-assembled MaterialsTopological Complexity of Molecules
Complexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes, and Forecast, Section Editor:WilliamH. K. Lee
Brittle Tectonics: A Non-linear Dynamical SystemComplexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes, and Forecast, Introduction toCrustal Deformation During the Seismic Cycle, Interpreting Geodetic Observations ofEarthquake Clusters over Multi-dimensional Space, Visualization ofEarthquake Damage: Detection and Early Warning in Man-Made StructuresEarthquake Early Warning System in Southern ItalyEarthquake Engineering, Non-linear Problems inEarthquake Forecasting and VerificationEarthquake Location, Direct, Global-Search MethodsEarthquake MagnitudeEarthquake Monitoring and Early Warning Systems
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Earthquake Networks, ComplexEarthquake Nucleation ProcessEarthquake Occurrence and Mechanisms, Stochastic Models forEarthquake Scaling LawsEarthquake Source Parameters, Rapid Estimates for TsunamiWarningEarthquake Source: Asymmetry and Rotation EffectsEarthquakes, Dynamic Triggering ofEarthquakes, Electromagnetic Signals ofEarth’s Crust and Upper Mantle, Dynamics of Solid-Liquid Systems inGeo-Complexity and Earthquake PredictionGPS: Applications in Crustal Deformation MonitoringGround Motion: Complexity and Scaling in the Near Field of Earthquake RupturesInfrasound from Earthquakes, Tsunamis and VolcanoesPressure Impulses Generated by Bubbles Interacting with Ambient PerturbationSeismic Wave Propagation in Media with Complex Geometries, Simulation ofSeismic Waves in Heterogeneous Earth, Scattering ofSeismicity, Critical States of: From Models to Practical Seismic Hazard Estimates SpaceSeismicity, Statistical Physics Approaches toSlug Flow: Modeling in a Conduit and Associated Elastic RadiationSubmarine Landslides and Slow Earthquakes: Monitoring Motion with GPS and Seafloor GeodesyTomography, SeismicTsunami EarthquakesTsunami Forecasting andWarningTsunami Inundation, Modeling ofTsunamis, Inverse Problem ofVolcanic Eruptions, Explosive: Experimental InsightsVolcanic Eruptions: Cyclicity During Lava Dome GrowthVolcanic Eruptions: Stochastic Models of Occurrence PatternsVolcanic Hazards and Early WarningVolcano Seismic Signals, Source Quantification ofVolcanoes, Non-linear Processes inWedge Mechanics: RelationWith Subduction Zone Earthquakes and Tsunamis
Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, Section Editor: Yong Suk JoeCarbon Nanotubes, Thermo-mechanical and Transport Properties ofCharge Based Solid-State Flying QubitsComputational and Theoretical Nanoscience, Introduction toField Computation in Natural and Artificial IntelligenceGeometric Phase and Related Phenomena in QuantumNanosystemsMultimillion Atom Simulations with Nemo3DNanoscale Processes, Modeling Coupled and Transport Phenomena in NanotechnologyQuantum Dot Spin Transistors, Self-consistent Simulation ofQuantum Dots: Fano Resonances in Aharonov–Bohm RingQuantum Impurity Physics in Coupled Quantum DotsQuantum Phenomena in Semiconductor NanostructuresQuantum Simulations of Ballistic Nanowire Field Effect TransistorsResonances in Electronic Transport Through QuantumWires and RingsSemiclassical Spin Transport in Spin-Orbit Coupled SystemsSpin Dependent Exchange and Correlation in Two-Dimensional Electron LayersSpin Dynamics in Disordered SolidsSpin-polarized Quantum Transport in Mesoscopic Conductors: Computational Concepts and Physical Phenomena
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Tight-Binding Molecular Dynamics for Carbon and Applications to Nanostructure FormationTunneling Through Quantum Dots with Discrete SymmetriesViral Protein Nano-Actuators, Computational Studies of Bio-nanomachines
DataMining and Knowledge Discovery, Section Editor: Peter Kokol
Data and Dimensionality Reduction in Data Analysis and System ModelingData-Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Introduction toData-Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Neural Networks inData-Mining and Knowledge Discovery: Case Based Reasoning, Nearest Neighbor and Rough SetsDecision TreesDiscovery SystemsGenetic and Evolutionary Algorithms and Programming: General Introduction and Application to Game PlayingKnowledge Discovery: ClusteringMachine Learning, Ensemble Methods inManipulating Data and Dimension Reduction Methods: Feature Selection
Ecological Complexity, Section Editor: Bai-Lian Li
Ecological ComplexityEcological Topology and NetworksEntropy Maximization and Species AbundanceHuman-Environment Interactions, Complex Systems Approaches for Dynamic Sustainable Development
EiC Selections, Section Editor: Robert A. Meyers
Catastrophe TheoryCoordination DynamicsInfinite Dimensional ControllabilityPhilosophy of Science, Mathematical Models inSelf-organizing Systems
Ergodic Theory, Section Editor: Bryna Kra
Chaos and Ergodic TheoryEntropy in Ergodic TheoryErgodic TheoremsErgodic Theory on Homogeneous Spaces and Metric Number TheoryErgodic Theory, Introduction toErgodic Theory: Basic Examples and ConstructionsErgodic Theory: Fractal GeometryErgodic Theory: Interactions with Combinatorics and Number TheoryErgodic Theory: Non-singular TransformationsErgodic Theory: RecurrenceErgodic Theory: RigidityErgodicity and Mixing PropertiesIsomorphism Theory in Ergodic TheoryJoinings in Ergodic TheoryMeasure Preserving SystemsPressure and Equilibrium States in Ergodic TheorySmooth Ergodic TheorySpectral Theory of Dynamical SystemsSymbolic DynamicsTopological Dynamics
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Finance and Econometrics, Section Editor: BruceMizrach
Bayesian Methods in Non-linear Time SeriesCorporate and Municipal Bond Market Microstructure in the U.S.Econometrics: Models of Regime ChangesEconometrics: Nonlinear CointegrationEconometrics: Panel Data MethodsEconophysics, ObservationalFinance and Econometrics, Introduction toFinance, Agent Based Modeling inFinancial Economics, Fat-Tailed DistributionsFinancial Economics, Non-linear Time Series inFinancial Economics, Return Predictability and Market EfficiencyFinancial Economics, The Cross-Section of Stock Returns and the Fama-French Three Factor ModelFinancial Economics, Time Variation in the Market ReturnFinancial Forecasting, Non-linear Time Series inFinancial Forecasting, Sensitive DependenceGARCH ModelingMacroeconomics, Nonlinear Time Series inMarket MicrostructureMarket Microstructure, Foreign ExchangeMicroeconometricsNonparametric Tests for IndependenceStochastic VolatilityTreasury Market, Microstrucuture of the U.S.
Fractals andMultifractals, Section Editor: Daniel ben-Avraham and ShlomoHavlin
Anomalous Diffusion on Fractal NetworksDynamics on FractalsFractal and Multifractal Scaling of Electrical Conduction in Random Resistor NetworksFractal and Multifractal Time SeriesFractal and Transfractal Scale-Free NetworksFractal Geometry, A Brief Introduction toFractal Growth ProcessesFractal Structures in Condensed Matter PhysicsFractals and EconomicsFractals and Multifractals, Introduction toFractals and PercolationFractals andWavelets: What can we Learn on Transcription and Replication
fromWavelet-BasedMultifractal Analysis of DNA Sequences?Fractals in BiologyFractals in Geology and GeophysicsFractals in the Quantum Theory of SpacetimeFractals Meet ChaosPhase Transitions on Fractals and NetworksReaction Kinetics in Fractals
Game Theory, Section Editor: Marilda Sotomayor
Bayesian Games: Games with Incomplete InformationCooperative GamesCooperative Games (Von Neumann–Morgenstern Stable Sets)
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Correlated Equilibria and Communication in GamesCost SharingDifferential GamesDynamic Games with an Application to Climate Change ModelsEvolutionary Game TheoryFair DivisionGame Theory and Strategic ComplexityGame Theory, Introduction toImplementation TheoryInspection GamesLearning in GamesMarket Games and ClubsMechanism DesignNetworks and StabilityPrincipal-Agent ModelsRepeated Games with Complete InformationRepeated Games with Incomplete InformationReputation EffectsSignaling GamesStatic GamesStochastic GamesTwo-Sided Matching ModelsVotingVoting Procedures, Complexity ofZero-sum Two Person Games
Granular Computing, Section Editor: Tsau Y. Lin
Cooperative Multi-Hierarchical Query Answering SystemsDependency and Granularity in Data MiningFuzzy LogicFuzzy Probability TheoryFuzzy System Models Evolution from Fuzzy Rulebases to Fuzzy FunctionsGenetic-Fuzzy Data Mining TechniquesGranular Model for Data MiningGranular Computing and Data Mining for Ordered Data: The Dominance-Based Rough Set ApproachGranular Computing and Modeling of the Uncertainty in QuantumMechanicsGranular Computing System Vulnerabilities: Exploring the Dark Side of Social Networking CommunitiesGranular Computing, Information Models forGranular Computing, Introduction toGranular Computing, Philosophical Foundation forGranular Computing, Principles and Perspectives ofGranular Computing: Practices, Theories and Future DirectionsGranular Neural NetworkGranulation of Knowledge: Similarity Based Approach in Information and Decision SystemsMulti-Granular Computing and Quotient StructureNon-standard Analysis, An Invitation toRough and Rough-Fuzzy Sets in Design of Information SystemsRough Set Data AnalysisRule Induction, Missing Attribute Values and DiscretizationSocial Networks and Granular Computing
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Intelligent Systems, Section Editor: James A. Hendler
Artificial Intelligence in Modeling and SimulationIntelligent ControlIntelligent Systems, Introduction toLearning and Planning (Intelligent Systems)Mobile AgentsSemantic Web
Non-Linear Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, Section Editor: Ferdinand Verhulst
Center ManifoldsDynamics of Hamiltonian SystemsDynamics of Parametric ExcitationExistence and Uniqueness of Solutions of Initial Value ProblemsHyperbolic Dynamical SystemsLyapunov–Schmidt Method for Dynamical SystemsNon-linear Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, Introduction toNumerical Bifurcation AnalysisPeriodic Orbits of Hamiltonian SystemsPeriodic Solutions of Non-autonomous Ordinary Differential EquationsRelaxation OscillationsStability Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations
Non-Linear Partial Differential Equations, Section Editor: Italo Capuzzo Dolcetta
Biological Fluid Dynamics, Non-linear Partial Differential EquationsControl of Nonlinear Partial Differential EquationsDispersion Phenomena in Partial Differential EquationsHamilton-Jacobi Equations and weak KAM TheoryHyperbolic Conservation LawsNavier-Stokes Equations: A Mathematical AnalysisNon-linear Partial Differential Equations, Introduction toNon-linear Partial Differential Equations, Viscosity Solution Method inNon-linear Stochastic Partial Differential EquationsScaling Limits of Large Systems of Nonlinear Partial Differential EquationsVehicular Traffic: A Review of Continuum Mathematical Models
Percolation, Section Editor: Muhammad Sahimi
Bootstrap PercolationConduction and Diffusion in Percolating SystemsContinuum PercolationCorrelated PercolationElastic Percolation NetworksInvasion PercolationNetworks, Flexibility and Mobility inPercolation and Polymer Morphology and RheologyPercolation in Complex NetworksPercolation in Porous MediaPercolation Lattices, Efficient Simulation of LargePercolation Phase TransitionPercolation Thresholds, ExactPercolation, and Faults and Fractures in Rock
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Percolation, Introduction toScaling Properties, Fractals, and the Renormalization Group Approach to Percolation
Perturbation Theory, Section Editor: Giuseppe Gaeta
Diagrammatic Methods in Classical Perturbation TheoryHamiltonian Perturbation Theory (and Transition to Chaos)Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) TheoryN-body Problem and ChoreographiesNekhoroshev TheoryNon-linear Dynamics, Symmetry and Perturbation Theory inNormal Forms in Perturbation TheoryPerturbation Analysis of Parametric ResonancePerturbation of Equilibria in the Mathematical Theory of EvolutionPerturbation of Systems with Nilpotent Real PartPerturbation TheoryPerturbation Theory and Molecular DynamicsPerturbation Theory for Non-smooth SystemsPerturbation Theory for PDEsPerturbation Theory in Celestial MechanicsPerturbation Theory in QuantumMechanicsPerturbation Theory, Introduction toPerturbation Theory, SemiclassicalPerturbative Expansions, Convergence ofQuantum Bifurcations
Probability and Statistics in Complex Systems, Section Editor: Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen
Bayesian StatisticsBranching ProcessesComplexity in Systems Level Biology and Genetics: Statistical PerspectivesCorrelations in Complex SystemsEntropyExtreme Value StatisticsField Theoretic MethodsFluctuations, Importance of: Complexity in the View of Stochastic ProcessesHierarchical DynamicsLevy Statistics and Anomalous Transport: Levy Flights and SubdiffusionProbability and Statistics in Complex Systems, Introduction toProbability Densities in Complex Systems, MeasuringProbability Distributions in Complex SystemsRandomMatrix TheoryRandomWalks in Random EnvironmentRecord Statistics and DynamicsStochastic Loewner Evolution: Linking Universality, Criticality and Conformal Invariance in Complex SystemsStochastic Processes
Quantum Information Science, Section Editor: Joseph F. Traub
Quantum AlgorithmsQuantum Algorithms and Complexity for Continuous ProblemsQuantum Computational ComplexityQuantum Computing Using Optics
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Quantum Computing with Trapped IonsQuantum CryptographyQuantum Error Correction and Fault Tolerant Quantum ComputingQuantum Information ProcessingQuantum Information Science, Introduction to
Social Network Analysis, Section Editor: John ScottNetwork Analysis, Longitudinal Methods ofPositional Analysis and BlockmodellingSocial Network Analysis, Estimation and Sampling inSocial Network Analysis, Graph Theoretical Approaches toSocial Network Analysis, Large-ScaleSocial Network Analysis, Overwiew ofSocial Network Analysis, Two-Mode Concepts inSocial Network Visualization, Methods ofSocial Networks, Algebraic Models forSocial Networks, Diffusion Processes inSocial Networks, Exponential Random Graph (p*) Models for
Social Science, Physics andMathematics Applications in, Section Editor: Andrzej NowakAgent Based Modeling and Neoclassical Economics: A Critical PerspectiveAgent Based Models in Economics and ComplexityApplications of Physics and Mathematics to Social Science, Introduction toCities as Complex Systems: Scaling, Interaction, Networks, Dynamics and Urban MorphologiesConsciousness and ComplexityDevelopment, Complex Dynamic Systems ofDevelopment, Evolution, and the Emergence of Novel BehaviorDynamics and Evaluation: The Warm Glow of Processing FluencyDynamics of LanguageEvolution of Culture, MemeticsExtreme Events in Socio-economic and Political Complex Systems, Predictability ofHuman Behavior, Dynamics ofIntermittency and LocalizationInvestment Decision Making in Finance, Models ofMarketing: Complexity Modeling, Theory and Applications inMinority GamesMoral DynamicsOpinions Dynamics and SociophysicsPhysics and Mathematics Applications in Social ScienceRational, Goal-Oriented AgentsSocial Cognitive ComplexitySocial Coordination, from the Perspective of Coordination DynamicsSocial Organizations with Complexity Theory: A Dramatically Different Lens for the Knowledge EconomySocial Processes, Physical Models ofSocial Processes, Simulation Models ofSocial Psychology, Applications of Complexity toTraffic and Crowd Dynamics: The Physics of the City
Soft Computing, Section Editor: Janusz KacprzykAggregation Operators and Soft ComputingEvolving Fuzzy Systems
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Fuzzy Logic, Type-2 and UncertaintyFuzzy OptimizationFuzzy Sets Theory, Foundations ofHybrid Soft Computing Models for Systems Modeling and ControlNeuro-fuzzy SystemsPossibility TheoryRough Sets in Decision MakingRough Sets: Foundations and PerspectivesSoft Computing, Introduction toStatistics with Imprecise Data
Solitons, Section Editor: Mohamed A. HelalAdomian Decomposition Method Applied to Non-linear Evolution Equations in Soliton TheoryInverse Scattering Transform and the Theory of SolitonsKorteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV), Different Analytical Methods for Solving theKorteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV) and Modified Korteweg–de Vries Equations (mKdV),
Semi-analytical Methods for Solving theKorteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV), Some Numerical Methods for Solving theKorteweg–de Vries Equation (KdV) History, Exact N-Soliton Solutions and Further PropertiesNon-linear Internal WavesPartial Differential Equations that Lead to SolitonsShallow Water Waves and Solitary WavesSoliton PerturbationSolitons and CompactonsSolitons InteractionsSolitons, Introduction toSolitons, Tsunamis and Oceanographical Applications ofSolitons: Historical and Physical IntroductionWater Waves and the Korteweg–de Vries Equation
Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Section Editor: M. CristinaMarchettiAnisotropic Networks, Elastomers and GelsCell Biology: Networks, Regulation and PathwaysChaotic Dynamics in Nonequilibrium Statistical MechanicsCollective Transport and DepinningComplex Systems and Emergent PhenomenaCytoskeleton and Cell MotilityDisordered Elastic MediaEconophysics, Statistical Mechanics Approach toFluctuation Theorems, Brownian Motors and Thermodynamics of Small SystemsGlasses and Aging, A Statistical Mechanics Perspective onGranular FlowsJamming of Granular MatterJerky Motion in Slowly Driven Magnetic and Earthquake Fault Systems, Physics ofMicrofluidicsMonte Carlo Simulations in Statistical PhysicsNetworks: Structure and DynamicsNeuronal DynamicsNoise and Stability in Modelocked Soliton LasersNon-linear Fluid Flow, Pattern Formation, Mixing and TurbulenceOptimization Problems and Algorithms from Computer Science
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Polymer PhysicsProtein Mechanics at the Single-Molecule LevelQuantum ChaosStatistical and Non-linear Physics, Introduction toUltracold Atomic Gases: Novel States of Matter
Synergetics, Section Editor: Hermann Haken
Brain PacemakerFluid Dynamics, Pattern FormationFluid Dynamics, TurbulenceIntentionality: A Naturalization Proposal on the Basis of Complex Dynamical SystemsLinear and Non-linear Fokker–Planck EquationsMovement CoordinationPatterns and Interfaces in Dissipative DynamicsSelf-Organization and Clinical PsychologySelf-Organization and the CitySynergetics, Introduction toSynergetics: Basic Concepts
System Dynamics, Section Editor: Brian Dangerfield
Business Policy and Strategy, System Dynamics Applications toDelay and Disruption in Complex ProjectsDiffusion of Innovations, System Dynamics Analysis of theDynamics of Income Distribution in a Market Economy: Possibilities for Poverty AllevationGroup Model BuildingHealth Care in the United Kingdom and Europe, System Dynamics Applications toHealth Care in the United States, System Dynamics Applications toPublic Policy, System Dynamics Applications toScenario-Driven Planning with System DynamicsSystem Dynamics and Its Contribution to Economics and Economic ModelingSystem Dynamics and Organizational LearningSystem Dynamics in the Evolution of the Systems ApproachSystem Dynamics Modeling: Validation for Quality AssuranceSystem Dynamics Models of Environment, Energy and Climate ChangeSystem Dynamics Models, Optimization ofSystem Dynamics Philosophical Background and UnderpinningsSystem Dynamics, Analytical Methods for Structural Dominance Analysis inSystem Dynamics, Introduction toSystem Dynamics, The Basic Elements of
Systems and Control Theory, Section Editor: Matthias Kawski
Chronological Calculus in Systems and Control TheoryDiscrete Control SystemsFinite Dimensional ControllabilityHybrid Control SystemsLearning, System Identification, and ComplexityMaximum Principle in Optimal ControlMechanical Systems: Symmetries and ReductionNonsmooth Analysis in Systems and Control TheoryObservability (Deterministic Systems) and Realization Theory
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Robotic Networks, Distributed Algorithms forStability and Feedback StabilizationStochastic Noises, Observation, Identification and Realization withSystem Regulation and Design, Geometric and Algebraic Methods inSystems and Control, Introduction to
Systems Biology, Section Editor: Timothy P. Galitski
Biological Data Integration and Model BuildingBiological Models of Molecular Network DynamicsBiomolecular Network Structure and FunctionBoolean Modeling of Biological NetworksEcological SystemsFunctional Genomics for Characterization of Genome SequencesGenome OrganizationMetabolic Systems BiologyStochastic Models of Biological ProcessesSystems Biology of Human Immunity and DiseaseSystems Biology, Introduction toSystems Genetics and Complex Traits
Traffic Management, ComplexDynamics of, Section Editor: Boris Kerner
Air Traffic Control, Complex Dynamics ofComplex Dynamics of TrafficManagement, Introduction toEvacuation as a Communication and Social PhenomenonEvacuation Dynamics: Empirical Results, Modeling and ApplicationsFreeway TrafficManagement and ControlPedestrian, Crowd and Evacuation DynamicsTraffic Breakdown, Probabilistic Theory ofTraffic Congestion, Modeling Approaches toTraffic Congestion, Spatiotemporal Features ofTraffic Networks, Optimization and Control of UrbanTraffic Networks: Dynamic Traffic Routing, Assignment, and AssessmentTraffic Prediction of Congested PatternsTravel Behaviour and Demand Analysis and Prediction
Unconventional Computing, Section Editor: AndrewAdamatzky
Amorphous ComputingAnalog ComputationArtificial ChemistryBacterial ComputingCellular ComputingComputing in Geometrical Constrained Excitable Chemical SystemsComputing with SolitonsDNA ComputingEvolution in MaterioImmunecomputingMechanical Computing: The Computational Complexity of Physical DevicesMembrane ComputingMolecular AutomataNanocomputers
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XXII Topical Table of Contents
Optical ComputingQuantum ComputingReaction-Diffusion ComputingReversible ComputingThermodynamics of ComputationUnconventional Computing, Introduction toUnconventional Computing, Novel Hardware for
Wavelets, Section Editor: Edward Aboufadel
Bivariate (Two-dimensional) WaveletsComparison of Discrete and Continuous Wavelet TransformsCurvelets and RidgeletsMultivariate Splines and Their ApplictionsMultiwaveletsNumerical Issues When Using WaveletsPopular Wavelet Families and Filters and Their UseStatistical Applications of WaveletsWavelets and PDE Techniques in Image Processing, A Quick Tour ofWavelets and the Lifting SchemeWavelets, Introduction to
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About the Editor-in-Chief
Robert A. Meyers
President: RAMTECH LimitedManager, Chemical Process Technology, TRW Inc.Post-doctoral Fellow: California Institute of TechnologyPh.D. Chemistry, University of California at Los AngelesB. A., Chemistry, California State University, San Diego
Biography
Dr. Meyers has worked with more than 25 Nobel laureates during his career.
Research
Dr. Meyers was Manager of Chemical Technology at TRW (now Northrop Grumman) in Redondo Beach, CA and isnow President of RAMTECH Limited. He is co-inventor of the Gravimelt process for desulfurization and demineraliza-tion of coal for air pollution and water pollution control. Dr. Meyers is the inventor of and was project manager for theDOE-sponsoredMagnetohydrodynamics Seed Regeneration Project which has resulted in the construction and success-ful operation of a pilot plant for production of potassium formate, a chemical utilized for plasma electricity generationand air pollution control. Dr. Meyers managed the pilot-scale DoE project for determining the hydrodynamics of syn-thetic fuels. He is a co-inventor of several thermo-oxidative stable polymers which have achieved commercial success asthe GE PEI, Upjohn Polyimides and Rhone-Polenc bismaleimide resins. He has also managed projects for photochem-istry, chemical lasers, flue gas scrubbing, oil shale analysis and refining, petroleum analysis and refining, global changemeasurement from space satellites, analysis and mitigation (carbon dioxide and ozone), hydrometallurgical refining,soil and hazardous waste remediation, novel polymers synthesis, modeling of the economics of space transportationsystems, space rigidizable structures and chemiluminescence-based devices.
He is a senior member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, member of the American Physical Society,member of the American Chemical Society and serves on the UCLA Chemistry Department Advisory Board. He wasa member of the joint USA-Russia working group on air pollution control and the EPA-sponsored Waste ReductionInstitute for Scientists and Engineers.
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XXIV About the Editor-in-Chief
Dr. Meyers has more than 20 patents and 50 technical papers. He has published in primary literature journals includingScience and the Journal of the American Chemical Society, and is listed in Who’s Who in America and Who’s Who intheWorld. Dr.Meyers’ scientific achievements have been reviewed in feature articles in the popular press in publicationssuch as The New York Times Science Supplement and The Wall Street Journal as well as more specialized publicationssuch as Chemical Engineering and Coal Age. A public service film was produced by the Environmental ProtectionAgency of Dr. Meyers’ chemical desulfurization invention for air pollution control.
Scientific Books
Dr. Meyers is the author or Editor-in-Chief of 12 technical books one of which won the Association of American Pub-lishers Award as the best book in technology and engineering.
Encyclopedias
Dr. Meyers conceived and has served as Editor-in-Chief of the Academic Press (now Elsevier) Encyclopedia of PhysicalScience and Technology. This is an 18-volume publication of 780 twenty-page articles written to an audience of univer-sity students and practicing professionals. This encyclopedia, first published in 1987, was very successful, and becauseof this, was revised and reissued in 1992 as a second edition. The Third Edition was published in 2001 and is now on-line. Dr. Meyers has completed two editions of the Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine forWiley VCH publishers (1995 and 2004). These cover molecular and cellular level genetics, biochemistry, pharmacology,diseases and structure determination as well as cell biology. His eight-volume Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysisand Remediation was published in 1998 by JohnWiley & Sons and his 15-volume Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistrywas published in 2000, also by John Wiley & Sons, all of which are available on-line.
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Editorial Board Members
PROFESSOR MANFRED EIGEN *of the MPI for Biophysical Chemistry1967 Nobel Prize in chemistryCurrent interests include:molecular self-organizationand evolutionary biotechnology.* Informal Advisor
LEROY HOODInstitute for Systems Biology1987 Lasker Award2002 Kyoto Prize and2003 Lemelson-MIT PrizeCurrent interests include: systems approachesto biology and medicine.
PAUL C. LAUTERBUR† (1929–2007)2003 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiologyfor magnetic resonance imagingCurrent interests include:molecular imprints,origin of life, and complexity versus determinism.
PIERRE-LOUIS LIONS1994 Fields MedalCurrent interests include: nonlinear partial differentialequations and applications
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XXVI Editorial Board Members
PROFESSOR BENOIT B. MANDELBROTSterling Professor Emeritus of Mathematical Sciences atYale University1993 Wolf Prize for Physics and the2003 Japan Prize for Science and TechnologyCurrent interests include: seeking a measure of order inphysical, mathematical or social phenomena that arecharacterized by abundant data but wild variability.
MARIO J. MOLINA1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for atmosphericchemistry, particularly the formation and decompositionof ozoneCurrent interests include: atmospheric chemical processes,and science-policy issues related to urban and regional airpollution and to global change.
THOMAS C. SCHELLINGDistinguished University Professor, University ofMaryland, Emeritus2005 Nobel Prize in Economics for understanding ofconflict and cooperation through game-theory analysisCurrent interests include: applications of complexity ineconomics and political science.
RICHARD E. STEARNS1993 Turing Award for foundationsof computational complexityCurrent interests include: computational complexity,automata theory, analysis of algorithms, and game theory.
STEPHEN WOLFRAMFounder and CEO, Wolfram ResearchCreator, Mathematica®Author, A New Kind of Science
LOTFI A. ZADEHProfessor in the Graduate School,Computer Science DivisionDepartment of Electrical Engineeringand Computer SciencesUniversity of California, Berkeley
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Editorial Board Members XXVII
AHMED ZEWAIL1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pioneeringdevelopments in the field of femtoscienceCurrent interests include: physical biology and complexity
JOSEPH P. S. KUNGProfessorDepartment of MathematicsUniversity of North Texas
WILLIAM H. K. LEEScientist EmeritusUS Geological SurveyMenlo Park, CA 94025, USA
JERROLD E. MARSDENProfessor of Control & Dynamical SystemsCalifornia Institute of Technology
JOHN SCOTTProfessorDepartment of SociologyUniversity of Essex
STEVE N. SHOREProfessor of AstrophysicsUniversity of Pisa and Indiana University
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Section Editors
Agent BasedModeling and Simulation
FILIPPO CASTIGLIONEResearch ScientistInstitute for Computing Applications (IAC) “M. Picone”National Research Council (CNR), Italy
Autonomous Robotics, Complexityand Nonlinearity in
WARREN DIXONProfessorDepartment of Mechanical and AerospaceEngineering Department, University of Florida
Cellular Automata, Mathematical Basis of
ANDREW ADAMATZKYProfessorFaculty of Computing, Engineeringand Mathematical ScienceUniversity of the West of England
Chaos and Complexity in Astrophysics
STEVE N. SHOREProfessor of AstrophysicsUniversity of Pisa and Indiana University
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XXX Section Editors
Climate Modeling, Global WarmingandWeather Prediction
HARTMUT GRASSLProfessor emeritus, Hamburg UniversityFormer Director of the Max Planck Institute ofMeteorology, HamburgFormer Director World Climate Research Program1994�1999
Complex Networks and Graph Theory
GEOFFREY CANRIGHTSenior Research ScientistTelenor Research and InnovationFornebu, Norway
Complexity in Computational Chemistry
DANAIL BONCHEVProfessor of MathematicsSenior Fellow and Director of Research, Networks andPathways Center for the Study of Biological ComplexityVirginia Commonwealth University
Complexity in Earthquakes, Tsunamisand Volcanoes and Forecast
WILLIAM H. K. LEEScientist Emeritus, US Geological Survey, Menlo Park
Computational and TheoreticalNanoscience
YONG SUK JOEProfessor and Director of Centerfor Computational NanoscienceDepartment of Physics and AstronomyBall State University
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
PETER KOKOLProfessorDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Maribor, Slovenia
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Section Editors XXXI
Ecological Complexity
BAI-LIAN (LARRY) LIProfessor of EcologyUniversity of California, Riverside
Ergodic Theory
BRYNA KRAProfessorDepartment of MathematicsNorthwestern University
Finance and Econometrics
BRUCE MIZRACHProfessorDepartment of EconomicsRutgers University
Fractals andMultifractals
SHLOMO HAVLINProfessorDepartment of PhysicsBar Ilan University
and
DANIEL BEN-AVRAHAMProfessorDepartment of PhysicsClarkson University
Game Theory
MARILDA SOTOMAYORProfessorDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of São Paulo, BrazilDepartment of EconomicsBrown University, Providence
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XXXII Section Editors
Granular Computing
TSAU Y. LINProfessorComputer Science DepartmentSan Jose State University
Intelligent Systems
JAMES A. HENDLERSenior Constellation Professor of the Tetherless WorldResearch ConstellationRensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Non-linear Ordinary DifferentialEquations and Dynamical Systems
FERDINAND VERHULSTProfessorMathematisch InstitutUniversity of Utrecht
Non-linear Partial Differential Equations
ITALO CAPUZZO DOLCETTAProfessorDipartimento di Matematica “Guido Castelnuovo”Università Roma La Sapienza
Percolation
MUHAMMAD SAHIMIProfessor of Chemical Engineeringand Materials ScienceUniversity of Southern California
Perturbation Theory
GIUSEPPE GAETAProfessor in Mathematical PhysicsDipartimento di MatematicaUniversità di Milano, Italy
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Section Editors XXXIII
Probability and Statisticsin Complex Systems
HENRIK JELDTOFT JENSENProfessor of Mathematical PhysicsDepartment of Mathematics and Institute forMathematical SciencesImperial College London
Quantum Information Science
JOSEPH F. TRAUBEdwin Howard Armstrong Professorof Computer ScienceComputer Science DepartmentColumbia University
Social Network Analysis
JOHN SCOTTProfessor of SociologySchool of Social Science and LawUniversity of Plymouth
Social Science, Physics andMathematicsApplications in
ANDRZEJ NOWAKDirector of the Center for Complex SystemsUniversity of WarsawAssistant Professor, Psychology DepartmentFlorida Atlantic University
Soft Computing
JANUSZ KACPRZYKDeputy Director for Scientific Affairs, ProfessorSystems Research InstitutePolish Academy of Sciences
Solitons
MOHAMED A. HELALProfessorDepartment of MathematicsFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Cairo
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XXXIV Section Editors
Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
M. CRISTINA MARCHETTIWilliam R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of PhysicsPhysics DepartmentSyracuse University
Synergetics
HERMANN HAKENProfessorCenter for SynergeticsUniversität Stuttgart
SystemDynamics
BRIAN DANGERFIELDProfessor of Systems Modelling & Executive EditorSystem Dynamics Review Centre for OR & AppliedStatistics Salford Business SchoolFaculty of Business, Law & the Built EnvironmentUniversity of Salford
Systems and Control Theory
MATTHIAS KAWSKIProfessor, Department of Mathematics and StatisticsArizona State University
Systems Biology
TIMOTHY P. GALITSKIAssociate ProfessorInstitute for Systems BiologySeattle, Washington
Traffic Management,Complex Dynamics of
BORIS KERNERHead of “Traffic”DaimlerChrysler AG
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Section Editors XXXV
Unconventional Computing
ANDREW ADAMATZKYProfessorFaculty of Computing, Engineeringand Mathematical ScienceUniversity of the West of England
Wavelets
EDWARD ABOUFADELProfessor of MathematicsGrand Valley State University
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Contributors
ABELSON, HALMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUSA
ABE, SUMIYOSHIMie UniversityTsuJapanInstitut Supérieur des Matériaux et MécaniquesLe MansFrance
ABOU-DINA, MOUSTAFA S.Cairo UniversityGizaEgypt
ABOUFADEL, EDWARDGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleUSA
ABRAMSKY, SAMSONOxford University Computing LaboratoryOxfordUK
ACHÚCARRO, ANAUniversity of LeidenLeidenThe NetherlandsUniversity of the Basque Country UPV-EHULeioaSpain
ACKERMANN, FRANUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
ADAMATZKY, ANDREWUniversity of the West of EnglandBristolUK
ADAMI, CHRISTOPHState University of New YorkClaremontUSA
ADAMIC, LADA A.University of MichiganAnn ArborUSA
ADEOYE, MOSOBALAJE O.Obafemi Awolowo UniversityIle-IfeNigeria
ADLER, PIERRE M.UPMC-SisypheParisFrance
AHMED, SHAIKHPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSASouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleUSA
AKIN, ETHANThe City CollegeNew York CityUSA
AKTOSUN, TUNCAYUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonUSA
ALABAU-BOUSSOUIRA, FATIHAUniversité de MetzMetzFrance
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XXXVIII Contributors
ALAVA, MIKKO J.Espoo University of TechnologyEspooFinland
ALBANO, EZEQUIEL V.Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas yAplicadas (INIFTA) CCT La PlataLa PlataArgentina
ALONSO-SANZ, RAMÓNUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain
ALOUGES, FRANÇOISUniversité Paris-SudOrsay cedexFrance
AMOS, MARTYNManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
ANDERSEN, DAVID F.University at AlbanyAlbanyUSA
ANDERSEN, JØRGEN VITTINGUniversité de Nice-Sophia AntipolisValbonneFrance
ANDERSEN, TORBEN G.Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUSANBERCambridgeUSACREATESAarhusDenmark
ANDREWS, STEVEN S.Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUSA
ÁNGELES GIL, MARÍAUniversity of OviedoOviedoSpain
ANGELOV, PLAMENLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
AON, MIGUEL ANTONIOThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUSA
ARAÚJO, VITORCMUPPortoPortugalIM-UFRJRio de JaneiroBrazil
ARKIN, ADAM P.Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUSAUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA
ARNEODO, ALAINENS-Lyon CNRSLyon CedexFrance
ASAI, TETSUYAHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
AUDIT, BENJAMINENS-Lyon CNRSLyon CedexFrance
AVENHAUS, RUDOLFArmed Forces University MunichNeubibergGermany
AVISHAI, YSHAIBen-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsraelRTRA-Triangle de la Physique, LPS (Orsay)and CEA-SPHT (Saclay)Gif sur YvetteFrance
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Contributors XXXIX
BAE, HANSANGPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA
BAGNOLI, FRANCOUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
BALABAN, ALEXANDRU T.Texas A&M UniversityGalvestonUSA
BALBERG, ISAACThe Hebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael
BAMBUSI, DARIOUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItalia
BANDINI, STEFANIAUniversity of Milan-BicoccaMilanItaly
BANZHAF, WOLFGANGMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’sCanada
BARMIN, ALEXEI A.Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
BARRY, ROGER G.University of ColoradoBoulderUSA
BASCOMPTE, JORDIEstación Biológica de Doñana, CSICSevilleSpain
BATAGELJ, VLADIMIRUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
BATTY, MICHAELUniversity College LondonLondonUK
BAYS, CARTERUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaUSA
BAZZANI, ARMANDOPhysics Department and INFN Sezione di BolognaBolognaItaly
BEAL, JACOBMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUSA
BEAUBOUEF, THERESASoutheastern Louisiana UniversityHammondUSA
BEBBINGTON, MARK S.Massey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
BEER, MICHAELNational University of SingaporeKent RidgeSingapore
BEHN, MARKWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleUSA
BEHRINGER, BOBDuke UniversityDurhamUSA
BELLEMANS, T.Hasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
BEN-AVRAHAM, DANIELClarkson UniversityPotsdamUSA
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XL Contributors
BENEDETTO, D.Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma ‘LaSapienza’RomaItaly
BENI, GERARDOUniversity of California RiversideRiversideUSA
BEN-ZION, YEHUDAUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
BENZONI, LUCAFederal Reserve Bank of ChicagoChicagoUSA
BERGER, MITCHELL A.University of ExeterDevonUKUCLLondonUK
BERGSTRÖM, LENNARTStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
BERKHIN, PAVELeBay Inc.San JoseUSA
BERMAN, ABRAHAMTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
BERTHIER, LUDOVICUniversité Montpellier II and CNRSMontpellierFrance
BERTONI, ANDREACNR-INFM National Research Center onNanoStructures and BioSystems at Surfaces (S3)ModenaItaly
BESTEHORN, MICHAELBrandenburg University of TechnologyCottbusGermany
BIALEK, WILLIAMPrinceton UniversityPrincetonUSA
BINDER, KURTJohannes Gutenberg UniversitätMainzGermany
BIROLI, GIULIOIPhT, CNRS, MPPU, URA2306, SaclayGif-sur-YvetteFrance
BJELLAND, JOHANNESTelenor R&IFornebuNorway
BJORKLUND, DAVID F.Florida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonUSA
BOCCARA, NINOUniversity of IllinoisChicagoUSACE SaclayGif-sur-YvetteFrance
BODIN, ÖRJANStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
BONČA, JANEZJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSloveniaUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
BONCHEV, DANAIL G.Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondUSA
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Contributors XLI
BORGATTI, STEPHEN P.University of KentuckyLexingtonUSA
BORMANN, PETERGeoForschungsZentrum PotsdamPotsdamGermany
BOYKIN, TIMOTHY B.The University of AlabamaHuntsvilleUSA
BRACCI, LUCIANOUniversità di PisaPisaItalySezione di PisaPisaItaly
BRAMEIER, MARKUSUniversity of AarhusÅrhusDenmark
BRAMS, STEVEN J.New York UniversityNew YorkUSA
BRANDENBURG, AXELAlbaNova University CenterStockholmSweden
BREIER, GEORGTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
BRESSAN, ALBERTOPenn State UniversityUniversity ParkUSA
BRODIE OF BRODIE, EDWARD-BENEDICTENS-Lyon CNRSLyon CedexFrance
BROER, HENK W.University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
BROOKS, BENJAMIN A.University of HawaiiHonoluluUSA
BROWNE, WILLThe University of ReadingReadingUK
BRUNEL, NICOLASUniversité Paris DescartesParisFranceCNRSParisFrance
BULDYREV, SERGEY V.Yeshiva UniversityNew YorkUSA
BULLO, FRANCESCOUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraUSA
BUNDE, ARMINJustus-Liebig-UniversitätGiessenGermany
BUZZI, JÉRÔMEC.N.R.S. and Université Paris-SudOrsayFrance
BYRNE, RAYMOND H.Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueUSA
CAMPS, OCTAVIANortheastern UniversityBostonUSA
CANNARSA, PIERMARCOUniversità di Roma “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
CANRIGHT, GEOFFREYTelenor R&IFornebuNorway
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XLII Contributors
CANTY, MORTON J.Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
CARBÓ-DORCA, RAMONUniversitat de GironaGironaSpain
CARBONE, VINCENZOUniversità della CalabriaArcavacata di RendeItaly
CARRIÓN-VÁZQUEZ, MARIANOCSIC & CIBERNED (Network on Degenerative Deseases)MadridSpain
CARTER, GREGORY W.Institute for Systems BiologySeattleUSA
CASATI, GIULIOUniversita dell’InsubriaComoItaly
CASTELLANO, CLAUDIO“Sapienza” Università di RomaRomaItaly
CASTIGLIONE, FILIPPOInstitute for Computing Applications (IAC) – NationalResearch Council (CNR)RomeItaly
CASTILLO, OSCARTijuana Institute of TechnologyTijuanaMexico
CASTRO NETO, ANTONIO H.Boston UniversityBostonUSA
CAULFIELD, H. JOHNFisk UniversityNashvilleUSA
CAVERLEE, JAMESTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationUSA
CECCHERINI-SILBERSTEIN, TULLIOUniversità del SannioBeneventoItaly
CELLETTI, ALESSANDRAUniversità di Roma Tor VergataRomaItaly
CENEK, MARTINPortland State UniversityPortlandUSA
CERCONE, NICKYork UniversityTorontoCanada
CERVELLE, JULIENUniversité Paris-EstMarne la ValléeFrance
CHAISSON, ERIC J.Tufts UniversityMassachusettsUSA
CHAKRABORTY, BULBULBrandeis UniversityWalthamUSA
CHAMPNEYS, ALANUniversity of BristolBristolUK
CHANG, KOW-LUNGNational Taiwan UniversityTaipehTaiwan
CHANG, TOMMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUSA
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Contributors XLIII
CHAN, TONY F.University of CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
CHATTERJEE, KALYANThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUSA
CHAZOTTES, JEAN-RENÉCNRS/École PolytechniquePalaiseauFrance
CHECHKIN, ALEKSEI V.Institute for Theoretical Physics NSC KIPTKharkovUkraine
CHEN, CHUN-HAONational Cheng–Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
CHEN, GUANRONGCity University of Hong KongHong KongChina
CHEN, ZHENGXINUniversity of Nebraska at OmahaOmahaUSA
CHICONE, CARMENUniversity of Missouri-ColumbiaColumbiaUSA
CHIELENS, KLAASVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
CHIERCHIA, LUIGIUniversità “Roma Tre”RomaItaly
CHIRIKJIAN, GREGORY S.Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUSA
CHOPARD, BASTIENUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
CHOUET, BERNARDUS Geological SurveyMenlo ParkUSA
CHUNG, FANUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoUSA
CIEPLAK, MAREKPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
CLARKE, FRANCISInstitut universitaire de France et Université de LyonLyonFrance
CLARK, STEVEPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA
COHEN, REUVENBar-Ilan UniversityRamat-GanIsrael
CONIGLIO, ANTONIOUniversità di Napoli “Federico II”, ComplessoUniversitario di Monte Sant’AngeloNaplesItaly
CONTE, ROSARIACNRRomeItaly
CONTOPOULOS, GEORGEResearch Center for AstronomyAthensGreece
CONVERTITO, VINCENZOIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia(RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly
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XLIV Contributors
COORNAERT, MICHELUniversité Louis Pasteur et CNRSStrasbourgFrance
CORCHÓN, LUIS C.Universidad Carlos IIIMadridSpain
CORTASSA, SONIAThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUSA
CORTÉS, JORGEUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoUSA
COSTA, ANTONIOUniversity of BristolBristolUKIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaNaplesItaly
CPAŁKA, KRZYSZTOFCzęstochowa University of TechnologyCzęstochowaPolandAcademy of Humanities and EconomicsLodzPoland
CRANE III, CARL D.University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA
CREUTZ, MICHAELBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonUSA
CRILLY, TONYMiddlesex UniversityLondonUK
CULCER, DIMITRIEArgonne National LaboratoryArgonneUSANorthern Illinois UniversityDe KalbUSA
CURTIS, ANDREWThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
DAHMEN, KARIN A.University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUSA
D’ANCONA, PIEROUnversità di Roma “La Sapienza”RomaItaly
DANGERFIELD, BRIANUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
DANILENKO, ALEXANDRE I.Ukrainian National Academy of SciencesKharkovUkraine
DA PRATO, GIUSEPPEScuola Normale SuperiorePisaItaly
DARDZINSKA, AGNIESZKABiałystok Technical UniversityBiałystokPoland
D’AUBENTON-CARAFA, YVESCNRSGif-sur-YvetteFrance
D’AURIA, LUCAIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione diNapoliNaplesItaly
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Contributors XLV
DAVIDSSON, PAULBlekinge Institute of TechnologyRonnebySweden
DAWSON, KENNETH A.University College DublinDublinIreland
DEBNATH, LOKENATHUniversity of Texas – Pan AmericanEdinburgUSA
DE GREGORIO, PAOLOCornell UniversityIthacaUSA
DE LA RUE, THIERRYCNRS – Université de RouenSaint Étienne du RouvrayFrance
D’EMILIO, EMILIOUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
DEL JUNCO, ANDRÉSUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
DEMURJIAN, STEVEN A.The University of ConnecticutStorrsUSA
DENNUNZIO, ALBERTOUniversità degli Studi di Milano-BicoccaMilanItaly
DE NOOY, WOUTERUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
DERCOLE, FABIOPolitecnico di MilanoMilanoItaly
DERKS, GIANNEUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
DE SCHUTTER, B.TU DelftDelftThe Netherlands
DE SILVA, CLARENCE W.University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
DESIMONE, ANTONIOSISSA-International School for Advanced StudiesTriesteItaly
DEUTSCH, ANDREASTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
DEUTSCHBAUER, ADAM M.Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUSA
DHARMA-WARDANA, M.W. CHANDRENational Research Council of CanadaOttawaCanada
DHILLON, INDERJIT S.University of TexasAustinUSA
DIKS, CEESUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
DING, BAOQUANLawrence Berkeley National LabBerkeleyUSA
DINH, TUANLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUSA
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XLVI Contributors
DITTRICH, PETERFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
DIXON, WARREN E.University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA
DOLCETTA, ITALO CAPUZZOSapienza Universita’ di RomaRomeItaly
DOMOTOR, ZOLTANUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
DOREIAN, PATRICKUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUSA
DORFMAN, J. ROBERTUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkUSA
DOROGOVTSEV, SERGEY N.Universidade de AveiroAveiroPortugalA. F. Ioffe Physico-Technical InstituteSt. PetersburgRussia
DRAPER, DAVIDUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzUSA
DRENNER, ANDREWUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisUSA
DUBEY, ATULRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayUSA
DUBOIS, DIDIERUniversite Paul SabatierToulouse CedexFrance
DUDLEY, AIMÉE M.Institute for Systems BiologySeattleUSA
DUFTY, JAMES W.University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA
DUNNE, JENNIFER A.Santa Fe InstituteSanta FeUSAPacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology LabBerkeleyUSA
DURAND-LOSE, JÉRÔMEUniversité d’OrléansOrléansFrance
DUTTA, PRAJIT K.Columbia UniversityNew YorkUSA
DUXBURY, PHILLIP M.Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUSA
DŽEROSKI, SAŠOJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia
DZHEPAROV, FRIDRIKH S.Institute for Theoretical and Experimental PhysicsMoscowRussia
DZWINEL, WITOLDAGH University of Sci. and Technol.KrakówPoland
EDDY, JAMES A.University of IllinoisUrbana-ChampaignUSA
EDELMAN, GERALD M.The Neurosciences InstituteSan DiegoUSA
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Contributors XLVII
EDEN, COLINUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
ELIA, LUCAIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia(RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly
ENGØ-MONSEN, KENTHTelenor R&IFornebuNorway
ERGÜN, GÜLERUniversity of BathBathUK
ESCANCIANO, JUAN-CARLOSIndiana UniversityBloomingtonUSA
ESCRIBANO, ALVAROUniversidad Carlos III de MadridMadridSpain
FADILI, JALALEcole Nationale Supèrieure d’Ingènieurs de CaenCaen CedexFrance
FALOUTSOS, MICHALISUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideUSA
FEDDEMA, JOHN T.Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueUSA
FEIL-SEIFER, DAVIDUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
FIERRO, ANNALISAUniversità di Napoli “Federico II”NaplesItaly
FOGEDBY, HANS C.University of AarhusAarhusDenmarkNiels Bohr InstituteCopenhagenDenmark
FORD, ANDREWWashington State University, PullmanWashingtonUSA
FORGACS, GABORUniversity of MissouriColumbiaUSA
FORGES, FRANÇOISEUniversité Paris-DauphineParisFrance
FORMENTI, ENRICOUniversité de Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia AntipolisFrance
FORTUNATO, SANTOISI FoundationTorinoItaly
FOSTER, JAMES H.University of HawaiiHonoluluUSA
FRANK, OVEStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
FRANK, TILL D.University of ConnecticutStorrsUSA
FRANTZIKINAKIS, NIKOSUniversity of MemphisMemphisUSA
FREEMAN, LINTON C.University of CaliforniaIrvineUSA
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XLVIII Contributors
FRENKEL, ANATOLY I.Yeshiva UniversityNew YorkUSA
FRIEDRICH, RUDOLFUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
FUCHS, ARMINFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonUSA
GABRIELOV, ANDREIPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA
GAETA, GIUSEPPEUniversità di MilanoMilanItaly
GALDI, GIOVANNI P.University of PittsburghPittsburghUSA
GALLAVOTTI, GIOVANNIUniversità di Roma I “La Sapienza”RomaItaly
GALLEGATI, MAUROUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly
GALLEGOS, ANAUniversitat de GironaGironaSpain
GALLOS, LAZAROS K.City College of New YorkNew YorkUSA
GANS, NICHOLASUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleUSA
GARCES, MILTONHIGP, SOEST, University of Hawaii, ManoaKailua–KonaUSA
GARDINER, AMY K.Florida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonUSA
GARTNER, NATHAN H.University of MassachusettsLowellUSA
GASPARINI, PAOLOUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” (RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly
GAUTHIER, JEAN-PAUL ANDRÉUniversity of ToulonToulonFrance
GENTILE, GUIDOUniversità di Roma TreRomaItaly
GEORGANTZAS, NICHOLAS C.Fordham University Business SchoolsNew YorkUSA
GHOSAL, SANDIPNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonUSA
GIAMARCHI, THIERRYUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
GIORGINI, BRUNOPhysics Department and INFN Sezione di BolognaBolognaItaly
GLASS, OLIVIERUniversité Pierre et Marie CurieParisFrance
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Contributors XLIX
GLUSMAN, GUSTAVOInstitute for Systems BiologySeattleUSA
GOEBEL, RAFALLoyola UniversityChicagoUSA
GOLDENBERG, JACOBHebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael
GONZÁLEZ-RIVERA, GLORIAUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideUSA
GORECKA, JOANNA NATALIAPolish Academy of ScienceWarsawPoland
GORECKI, JERZYPolish Academy of ScienceWarsawPolandCardinal Stefan Wyszynski UniversityWarsawPoland
GOSSNER, OLIVIERNorthwestern UniversityParisFrance
GOUDIE, DOUGLASJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleAustralia
GOULIAS, KONSTADINOS G.University of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraUSA
GRAMCHEV, TODORUniversità di CagliariCagliariItaly
GRASMAN, JOHANWageningen University and Research CentreWageningenThe Netherlands
GRASSL, HARTMUTMax Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
GRASSL, MARKUSAustrian Academy of SciencesInnsbruckAustria
GRAVNER, JANKOUniversity of CaliforniaDavisUSA
GRECO, SALVATOREUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
GREEN, KEITH E.Clemson UniversityClemsonUSA
GROESSER, STEFANUniversity of St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
GRZYMALA-BUSSE, JERZY W.University of KansasLawrenceUSAPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
HAAS, MARKUSUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
HADJIDEMETRIOU, JOHN D.University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
HAFNER, CHRISTIAN M.Université catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-NeuveBelgium
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L Contributors
HAINZL, SEBASTIANGFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesPotsdamGermany
HAKEN, HERMANNUniversität StuttgartStuttgartGermany
HAKIM, VINCENTCNRSParisFrance
HALEY, BENJAMINPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA
HALL, WENDYUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
HAN, BINUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
HÄNGGI, PETERUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
HAN, JIANCHAOCalifornia State UniversityDominguez Hills, CarsonUSA
HANSON, JAMES E.IBM T.J. Watson Research CenterYorktown HeightsUSA
HANSSMANN, HEINZUniversiteit UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
HARDING, SIMONMemorial UniversitySt. John’sCanada
HATZIKIROU, HARALAMBOSTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
HAUPTMAN, AMIBen-Gurion UniversityBeer-ShevaIsrael
HAUPTMANN, CHRISTIANResearch Center JülichJülichGermany
HAVLIN, SHLOMOBar-Ilan UniversityRamat-GanIsrael
HEDIN, ERIC R.Ball State UniversityMuncieUSA
HEGSELMANN, RAINERBayreuth UniversityBayreuthGermany
HEGYI, A.TU DelftDelftThe Netherlands
HE, JIANGHENGGeological Survey of CanadaSidneyCanada
HE, JI-HUANDonghua UniversityShanghaiChina
HE, YIHUAUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideUSA
HELAL, MOHAMED A.Cairo UniversityGizaEgypt
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Contributors LI
HELBING, DIRKETH ZurichZurichSwitzerlandCollegium BudapestBudapestHungary
HENDLER, JAMESRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyUSA
HEREMAN, WILLYColorado School of MinesGoldenUSA
HEYLIGHEN, FRANCISVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
HILL, DAVID P.Volcano Hazards ProgramMenlo ParkUSA
HIRANO, SHOJIShimane University, School of MedicineEnya-cho Izumo City, ShimaneJapan
HIRSCH, GARYIndependent ConsultantWaylandUSA
HIRSHORN, BARRYNOAA/NWS/Pacific TsunamiWarning CenterEwa BeachUSA
HOFFMAN, CHRISTOPHERUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUSA
HO, KAI-MINGIowa State UniversityAmesUSA
HOLLIDAY, JAMES R.University of CaliforniaDavisUSA
HOLSCHNEIDER, MATTHIASUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
HOLTSLAG, ALBERT A. M.Wageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
HOMER, JACKIndependent ConsultantVoorheesUSA
HONG, TZUNG-PEINational University of KaohsiungKaohsiungTaiwan
HOWICK, SUSANUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
HRYNIEWICZ, OLGIERDSystems Research InstituteWarsawPoland
HUANG, SUIDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
HUBER, DAVID E.University of CaliforniaSan DiegoUSA
HUDRY, OLIVIERÉcole Nationale Supérieure des TélécommunicationsParisFrance
HUGHES, BARRY D.University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
HU, GUOQIANGUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleUSA
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LII Contributors
HUVET, MAXIMECNRSGif-sur-YvetteFrance
HU, YANUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaCanada
IANNACCONE, GIOVANNIIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia(RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly
ICHIHARA, MIEUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
IERVOLINO, IUNIOUniversità di Napoli “Federico II”NapoliItaly
IGEL, HEINERLudwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunichGermany
IIO, YOSHIHISAKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
ILACHINSKI, ANDREWCenter for Naval AnalysesAlexandriaUSA
INC, MUSTAFAFırat UniversityElazığTurkey
ISIDORI, ALBERTOUniversity of RomeLa SapienzaItaly
IVANCIUC, OVIDIUUniversity of Texas, Medical BranchGalvestonUSA
JACOB, DANIELAMax-Planck-Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
JAMES, MICHAEL R.Lancaster UniversityLancasterUK
JAMSHIDI, NEEMAUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego, La JollaUSA
JANEŽIČ, DUŠANKANational Institute of ChemistryLjubljanaSlovenia
JANSSEN, MICHAELUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisUSA
JARRAH, ABDUL S.Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityVirginiaUSA
JENSEN, ARNEAalborg UniversityAalborg EastDenmark
JENSEN, HENRIK JELDTOFTImperial College LondonLondonUK
JOE, YONG S.Ball State UniversityMuncieUSA
JOHANSSON, ANDERSETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
JOHN, ROBERT I.De Montfort UniversityLeicesterUK
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Contributors LIII
JOHNSON, DUANE D.University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUSA
JORGENSEN, PALLE E. T.The University of IowaIowa CityUSA
JURDJEVIC, VELIMIRUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
KACPRZYK, JANUSZPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
KADLEC, BENUniversity of ColoradoBoulderUSA
KAMIGAICHI, OSAMUJapan Meteorological AgencyTokyoJapan
KAMOGAWA, MASASHITokyo Gakugei UniversityKoganei-shiJapan
KAMPMANN, CHRISTIAN ERIKCopenhagen Business SchoolCopenhagenDenmark
KAMSTRA, MARK J.York UniversityTorontoCanada
KANAMORI, H.CaltechPasadenaUSA
KANTELHARDT, JAN W.Martin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergHalleGermany
KARI, JARKKOUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
KARLSSON, ANETTE M.University of DelawareNewarkUSA
KÄSER, MARTINLudwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunichGermany
KAUFFMAN, STUART A.Department of Biological Sciences, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
KAWAMURA, KAZUHIKOVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUSA
KAWSKI, MATTHIASDepartment of Mathematics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUSA
KAYA, DOĞANFirat UniversityElazigTurkey
KEILIS-BOROK, VLADIMIRUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesUSARussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
KEINERT, FRITZIowa State UniversityAmesUSA
KELLER, GERHARDUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergErlangenGermany
KELSO, JAMES A. S.Florida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonUSA
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LIV Contributors
KENDON, VIVUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
KENNEL, RICKPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA
KERNER, BORIS S.Daimler AGSindelfingenGermany
KHARCHE, NEERAVPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA
KIER, LEMONT B.Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondUSA
KIKOIN, KONSTANTINTel-Aviv UniversityTel-AvivIsrael
KING, JONATHAN L. F.University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA
KING, PETERImperial College LondonLondonUK
KLAFTER, JOSEPHTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsraelUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
KLEINBOCK, DMITRYBrandeis UniversityWalthamUSA
KLENOV, SERGEY L.Moscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyDolgoprudnyRussia
KLIMECK, GERHARDPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSACalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUSA
KLINGSCH, WOLFRAMUniversity of WuppertalWuppertalGermany
KLÜPFEL, HUBERTTraffGo HT GmbHDuisburgGermany
KLÜVER, JÜRGENDuisburg-Essen UniversityEssenGermany
KNACKSTEDT, MARKAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
KOIJEN, RALPH S. J.Tilburg UniversityTilburgThe Netherlands
KOIKE, SHIGEAKISaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan
KOKALJ, ANTONJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia
KOKOL, PETERUniversity of MariborMariborSlovenia
KOLNER, BRIAN H.University of CaliforniaDavisUSA
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Contributors LV
KORENOK, OLEGVCU School of BusinessRichmondUSA
KORKUSINSKI, MAREKNational Research Council of CanadaOttawaCanada
KOSTER, MAURICEUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
KRA, BRYNANorthwestern UniversityEvanstonUSA
KRAMER, LISA A.University of TorontoTorontoCanada
KRAWITZ, PETERLudwig Maximilians UniversitätMünchenGermany
KRETZ, TOBIASPTV Planung Transport Verkehr AGKarlsruheGermany
KUMAGAI, HIROYUKINational Research Institute for Earth Science and DisasterPreventionTsukubaJapanIAVCEI/IASPEI Joint Commission on VolcanoSeismologyTsukubaJapan
KŮRKA, PETRUniversité de Nice Sophia AntipolisNiceFranceAcademy of Sciences and Charles UniversityPragueCzechia
KUTER, UGURUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkUSA
KUTRIB, MARTINUniversität GiessenGiessenGermany
LAAKSONEN, AATTOStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
LA COUR–HARBO, ANDERSAalborg UniversityAalborg EastDenmark
LAI, MING-JUNThe University of GeorgiaAthensUSA
LAKSHMANAN, M.Bharathidasan UniversityTiruchirapalliIndia
LANCIERI, MARIAIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia(RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly
LANE, STEPHEN J.Lancaster UniversityLancasterUK
LANGE, WOLFGANGUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
LAUBENBACHER, REINHARDVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityVirginiaUSA
LAURITSEN, KENT BÆKGAARDDanish Meteorological InstituteCopenhagenDenmark
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LVI Contributors
LAVI, RONThe Technion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
LAWLOR, AONGHUSUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
LEBURTON, JEAN-PIERREUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaUSA
LEE, GUN-DOSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
LEE, SUNHEEPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA
LEE, TAE-HWYUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideUSA
LEE, TAEYOUNGUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUSA
LEE, WILLIAM H. K.US Geological SurveyMenlo ParkUSA
LEFEBVRE, ALINEUniversité Paris-SudOrsay cedexFrance
LEMAŃCZYK, MARIUSZNicolaus Copernicus UniversityToruńPoland
LEOK, MELVINPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA
LE PICHON, ALEXISCEA/DASE/LDBruyères-le-ChâtelFrance
LEPRETI, FABIOUniversità della CalabriaArcavacata di RendeItaly
LEVY, MOSHEThe Hebrew UniversityJerusalemIsrael
LEWIS, FRANK L.University of Texas at ArlingtonFort WorthUSA
LEWIS, NATHAN E.University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La JollaUSA
LIAU, CHURN-JUNGAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
LICHTMAN, ALLANAmerican UniversityWashington D.C.USA
LILJEROS, FREDRIKStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
LIN, TSAU YOUNGSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseUSA
LIU, HUANArizona State UniversityTempeUSA
LIU, YANArizona State UniversityTempeUSA
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Contributors LVII
LLOYD, SETHMITCambridgeUSA
LODWICK, WELDON A.University of Colorado DenverDenverUSA
LOHMANN, GERRITAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine ResearchBremerhavenGermany
LOHMAN, ROWENACornell UniversityIthacaUSA
LO, HOI-KWONGUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
LOMAX, ANTHONYALomax ScientificMouans-SartouxFrance
LYNEIS, JAMES M.Worcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcesterUSA
LYNETT, PATRICK J.Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationUSA
MAANI, KAMBIZThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
MACAL, CHARLES M.Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation(CAS2)ArgonneUSA
MACDONALD, JOANNEColumbia UniversityNew YorkUSA
MACDONALD, RODERICKUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyUSA
MACHO-STADLER, INÉSUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
MACLENNAN, BRUCE J.University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUSA
MAC NAMEE, BRIANDublin Institute of TechnologyDublinIreland
MADARIAGA, RAULLaboratoire de GéologieParisFrance
MAIER, FRANK H.International University in GermanyBruchsalGermany
MAILATH, GEORGE J.University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
MAI, P. MARTINInstitute of Geophysics, ETHZürichSwitzerland
MAKINO, JUNICHIRONational Astronomical Observatory of JapanTokyoJapan
MAKSE, HERNÁN A.City College of New YorkNew YorkUSA
MANGE, DANIELEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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LVIII Contributors
MANZAN, SEBASTIANOBaruch College CUNYNew YorkUSA
MANZONI, SARAUniversity of Milan-BicoccaMilanItaly
MARCHETTI, M. CRISTINASyracuse UniversitySyracuseUSA
MARCONI, LORENZOUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
MARCUS, BRIANUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
MARGENSTERN, MAURICEUniversité Paul VerlaineMetzFrance
MARIN, FRANÇOISLaboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes, Fre CNRS 3102Le Havre CedexFrance
MARION, RUSSClemson UniversityClemsonUSA
MARKELLOS, RAPHAEL N.Loughborough UniversityLoughboroughUKAthens University of Economics and BusinessAthensGreece
MARSDEN, JERROLD E.California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUSA
MARTÍNEZ, SONIAUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoUSA
MARTINI, MARCELLOIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione diNapoliNaplesItaly
MARTINO, CLAUDIOUniversità di Napoli “Federico II” (RISSC-Lab)NapoliItaly
MARTINS, CARLOS J. A. P.Universidade do PortoCentro de Física do PortoPortoPortugalUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
MASIHI, MOHSENSharif University of TechnologyTehranIran
MATARAZZO, BENEDETTOUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
MATARIĆ, MAJA J.University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
MATHEY, LUDWIGHarvard UniversityCambridgeUSA
MAURER, BRIAN A.Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUSA
MAWHIN, JEANUniversité Catholique de LouvainMarylandUSA
MCCLAMROCH, HARRISUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborUSA
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Contributors LIX
MCCUTCHEON, RANDALLUniversity of MemphisMemphisUSA
MCGUIRE, JEFFREY J.Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleUSA
MCKANE, ALAN J.University of ManchesterManchesterUK
MCLEISH, T.C.B.University of LeedsLeedsUK
MCLENNAN, MICHAELPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA
MEIJER, HILUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
MELIN, PATRICIATijuana Institute of TechnologyTijuanaMexico
MELNIK, OLEGMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussiaUniversity of BristolBristolUK
MELNIKOV, DMITRIY V.University of IllinoisUrbanaUSA
MELNIK, RODERICKWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooCanadaUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooCanada
MELROSE, DON B.University of SydneySydneyAustralia
MENASALVAS, ERNESTINAFacultad de InformaticaMadridSpain
MENDEL, JERRY M.University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
METZLER, RALFTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
MEYERS, ROBERT A.Ramtech LimitedLarkspurUSA
MICHELINI, ALBERTOIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomaItaly
MILBURN, GERARD J.The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
MILIČEVIĆ, ANTEThe Institute of Medical Research and OccupationalHealthZagrebCroatia
MILLER, CHRISTIAN S.Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve SystemWashington DCUSA
MILLER, JULIAN F.University of YorkHeslingtonUK
MILLING, PETER M.Mannheim UniversityMannheimGermany
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LX Contributors
MILLS, TERENCE C.Loughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
MITCHELL, MELANIEPortland State UniversityPortlandUSA
MIZRACH, BRUCERutgers UniversityNew BrunswickUSA
MORITA, KENICHIHiroshima UniversityHigashi-HiroshimaJapan
MORLEY, JAMESWashington UniversitySt. LouisUSA
MORTVEIT, HENNING S.Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityVirginiaUSA
MOSCA, MICHELEUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooCanadaSt. Jerome’s UniversityWaterlooCanadaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical PhysicsWaterlooCanada
MOSES, MATTHEWJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUSA
MOSS, SCOTTManchester Metropolitan University Business SchoolManchesterUK
MOURZENKO, VALERI V.CNRS-LCDChasseneuil du PoitouFrance
MURRAY-MORALEDA, JESSICAUS Geological SurveyMenlo ParkUSA
MUTO, SHIGEOInstitute of TechnologyTokyoJapan
MUZY, ALEXANDREUniversità di CorsicaCorteFrance
NACHBAR, JOHNWashington UniversitySt. LouisUSA
NAGAO, TOSHIYASUTokai UniversityShizuokaJapan
NAKAYAMA, TSUNEYOSHIToyota Physical and Chemical Research InstituteNagakuteJapan
NAUGHTON, THOMAS J.National University of IrelandMaynooth County KildareIrelandUniversity of Oulu, RFMedia LaboratoryYlivieskaFinland
NAUMOV, MAXIMPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUSA
NEELY, CHRISTOPHER J.Federal Reserve Bank of St. LouisSt. LouisUSA
NEWMAN, LENORE LAURIRoyal Roads UniversityVictoriaCanada
NEWMAN, STUART A.New York Medical CollegeValhallaUSA
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Contributors LXI
NICODEMI, MARIOUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
NICOLAY, SAMUELUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
NICOL, MATTHEWUniversity of HoustonHoustonUSA
NIEDERMAN, LAURENTUniversité ParisParisFranceIMCCEParisFrance
NIGRO, GIUSYUniversità della CalabriaArcavacata di RendeItaly
NIKOLIĆ, SONJAThe Rugjer Bošković InstituteZagrebCroatia
NILSSON JACOBI, MARTINChalmers University of TechnologyGothenburgSweden
NISHIMURA, TAKESHITohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
NIŢICĂ, VIORELWest Chester UniversityWest ChesterUSAInstitute of MathematicsBucharestRomania
NITTA, KOH-HEIGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology,Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
NOLFI, STEFANONational Research Council (CNR)RomeItaly
NORTH, MICHAEL J.Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation(CAS2)ArgonneUSA
NOTTALE, LAURENTParis Observatory and Paris Diderot UniversityParisFrance
NOWAK, ANDRZEJUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
NOWICKI, ROBERTCzęstochowa University of TechnologyCzęstochowaPoland
NUZZO, RALPH G.University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUSA
OBERHAUSER, ANDRÉS F.University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonUSA
O’HARA, KIERONUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
OLAYA, CAMILOUniversidad de Los AndesBogotáColombia
OLDEMAN, BARTConcordia UniversityMontrealCanada
OLHEDE, SOFIAUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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LXII Contributors
OLIVA, ROGELIOTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationUSA
ORBACH, RAYMOND L.University of CaliforniaRiversideUSA
ORLOV, MICHAELBen-Gurion UniversityBeer-ShevaIsrael
OSIPENKO, GEORGEState Polytechnic UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
OSLER, CAROLBrandeis UniversityWalthamUSA
OULLIER, OLIVIERAix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFranceFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonUSA
ÖZAK, ÖMERBrown UniversityProvidenceUSA
PAGE JR., FRANK H.Indiana UniversityBloomingtonUSAUniversite Paris 1Pantheon–SorbonneFrance
PALSSON, BERNHARD Ø.University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La JollaUSA
PANATI, GIANLUCAUniversità di Roma “La Sapienza”RomaItaly
PANOV, PANČEJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia
PAPAGEORGIOU, ANARGYROSColumbia UniversityNew YorkUSA
PAPANIKOLOPOULOS, NIKOLAOSUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisUSA
PARKER, LYNNE E.University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUSA
PARK, MICHAELUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
PARRY, HAZEL R.Central Science LaboratoryYorkUK
PATERSON, LINCOLNCSIRO PetroleumClaytonAustralia
PATTISON, PHILIPPAUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
PĂUN, GHEORGHEInstitute of Mathematics of the Romanian AcademyBucureştiRomania
PEDRYCZ, WITOLDUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanadaPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
PEINKE, JOACHIMCarl-von-Ossietzky University OldenburgOldenburgGermany
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Contributors LXIII
PENTA, ANTONIOUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUSA
PEPER, FERDINANDNational Institute of Information and CommunicationsTechnologyKobeJapan
PÉREZ-CASTRILLO, DAVIDUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBa