EMPIRE AND BEYOND€¦ · READING IN THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND BEYOND O ering a comprehensive...

Cambridge University Press978-1-108-41841-6 — Reading in the Byzantine Empire and BeyondEdited by Teresa Shawcross , Ida Toth FrontmatterMore Information

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READING IN THE BYZANTINEEMPIRE AND BEYOND

Offering a comprehensive introduction to the history of books,readers and reading in the Byzantine Empire and its sphere of influ-ence, this volume addresses a paradox. Advanced literacy was rareamong imperial citizens, being restricted by gender and class. Yet thestate’s economic, religious and political institutions insisted onthe fundamental importance of the written record. Starting fromthe materiality of codices, documents and inscriptions, the volume’scontributors draw attention to the evidence for a range of interactionswith texts. They examine the role of authors, compilers and scribes.They look at practices such as the close perusal of texts in order toproduce excerpts, notes, commentaries and editions. But they alsoanalyse the social implications of the constant intersection of writingwith both image and speech. Showcasing current methodologicalapproaches, this collection of essays aims to place a discussion ofByzantium within the mainstream of medieval textual studies.

is Associate Professor of History and HellenicStudies at Princeton University. Interested in the pre-modern book,she has studied the materiality of manuscripts, the role of authors,translators and scribes, and the interplay between literacy and orality.Publications include: The Chronicle of Morea: Historiography inCrusader Greece ().

is Senior Instructor and Lecturer, and Research Fellow atOxford University. She convenes graduate courses in Medieval Latin,Byzantine Greek and Byzantine Epigraphy. She has published oninscriptional culture and court rhetoric, and on the transmission ofthe Life of Aesop and the Book of Syntipas the Philosopher.

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Fig. . Elizabeth and Michael Jeffreys about to join family and friends to celebrate theirGolden Wedding in the hall of Exeter College, July (photograph by © Katharine

Jeffreys)


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READING IN THE

BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND

BEYOND

TERESA SHAWCROSSPrinceton University

IDA TOTHUniversity of Oxford


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: Reading in the Byzantine Empire and Beyond / edited by Teresa Shawcross, Ida Toth.: Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, . |

Includes bibliographical references and index.: | (hardcover)

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To Elizabeth and Michael Jeffreys


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Contents

List of Figures page xiList of Contributors xiiiPreface xixList of Abbreviations xxii

,

Byzantium: a Bookish World

Teresa Shawcross

Modern Encounters with Byzantine Texts and their Reading Publics

Ida Toth

John Mauropous and the Benefits of Reading

Marina Bazzani

The Autobiographies of the Patriarch Gennadios II Scholarios

Michael Angold

The Role of the Speeches of John the Oxite inKomnenian Court Politics

Judith R. Ryder

The Liturgical Poetics of an Elite Religious Confraternity

Paul Magdalino

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Manuscript Notes and the Black Death in Rural Cyprus

Tassos Papacostas

Ancient Greek Rhetorical Theory and ByzantineDiscursive Politics: John Sikeliotes on Hermogenes

Panagiotis Roilos

Memoirs as Manifesto: the Rhetoric ofKatakalon Kekaumenos

Jonathan Shepard

Performative Reading in the Late Byzantine Theatron

Niels Gaul

The Religious World of John Malalas

David M. Gwynn

Oikonomia in the Hymns of Romanos the Melode

Johannes Koder

Quotation and Allusion in Symeon the New Theologian

Manolis S. Patedakis

Scriptural Citation in Andronikos Kamateros

Alessandra Bucossi

Aristocratic Family Narratives in Twelfth-century Byzantium

Peter Frankopan

Historiography, Epic and the Textual Transmissionof Imperial Values: Liudprand’s Antapodosisand Digenes Akrites

Günter Prinzing

Intertextuality in the Late Byzantine Romance Tale of Troy

Ulrich Moennig

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Late Byzantine School Teaching Through the IambicCanons and their Paraphrase

Dimitrios Skrekas

Eros, Literature and the Veroli Casket

Liz James

Object, Text and Performance in Four KomnenianTent Poems

Margaret Mullett

Textual and Visual Representations of the Antipodes fromByzantium and the Latin West

Maja Kominko

Basil I, Constantine VII and Armenian Literary Traditionin Byzantium

Tim Greenwood

Bilingual Reading, the Alexiad and the Gesta Roberti Wiscardi

James Howard-Johnston

Transplanting Culture: from Greek Novel toMedieval Romance

Roderick Beaton

Anonymous Textual Survivals from Late Antiquity

Fiona K. Haarer

Authorship and the Letters of Theodore Daphnopates

John Duffy

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Authorship Revisited: Language and Metre inthe Ptochoprodromika

Marjolijne C. Janssen and Marc D. Lauxtermann

The Lexicon of Horses’ Colours in Learned andVernacular Texts

Erich Trapp

Multilingualism and Translation in the Editionof Vernacular Texts

Manolis Papathomopoulos

Afterword: Reading and Hearing in Byzantium

Elizabeth Jeffreys and Michael Jeffreys

Bibliography

Index

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Figures

. Elizabeth and Michael Jeffreys about to join family andfriends to celebrate their Golden Wedding in the hall ofExeter College, July (photograph by © KatharineJeffreys) page ii

. Miniature depicting Alexios Komnenos offeringChrist the Dogmatic Panoply he commissioned fromEuthemios Zigabenos. Vaticanus gr. , fol. v,twelfth century (© Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana)

. Miniature from the Romance of Alexander in whichthe Amazons are depicted receiving a letter fromAlexander the Great. Istituto ellenico di studibizantini e post bizantini , fol. r., fourteenthcentury (© Istituto ellenico di studi bizantini epostbizantini, Venezia)

. Miniature from the Romance of Alexander in which theAmazons are depicted writing a letter of reply to Alexanderthe Great. Istituto ellenico di studi bizantini e postbizantini ,fol. v., fourteenth century. (© Istituto ellenico di studibizantini e postbizantini, Venezia)

. Girl reading. Symeon Axentis, Donor panel from theChurch of the Archangel (Theotokos) at Galata,Cyprus (). Courtesy of: Department of Antiquities,Cyprus, the Bishopric of Morphou, and Stella Frigerio-Zeniou(photograph by © Vassos Stylianou)

. Map of the area around the monastery of Hiereon, Cyprus(© Tassos Papacostas, based on the Topographical Map ofCyprus :, series K., Department of Landsand Surveys, Cyprus)

. Chart showing deaths per decade recorded in themargins of the Par. gr. (© Tassos Papacostas)

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. Chart showing donations and deaths perdecade recorded in the margins of the Par. gr. (© Tassos Papacostas)

. The Veroli Casket, lid and rear, Victoria andAlbert Museum, London (photograph by © Simon Lane)

. The Veroli casket, front, Victoria and AlbertMuseum, London (photograph by © Simon Lane)

. Table showing the basic structure of the poem(© Margaret Mullett)

. Analytical diagram of the poem (© Margaret Mullett)

. Table showing the percentage share ofthe total number of clausulae (© John Duffy)

. Table showing instances of synizesis and hiatus insamples of one hundred lines from the five poems(© Marjolijne C. Janssen and Marc D. Lauxtermann)

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Contributors

is Professor Emeritus of Byzantine History at theUniversity of Edinburgh.

is Lector in Greek and Latin at Oxford University. Hermain interest is Byzantine literature, especially poetry of the middle andlate periods. Her research has focused on the presence of autobiograph-ical elements in poetic texts, and on textual and linguistic analysis. She iscurrently working on the poems of Manuel Philes.

is Koraes Professor of Modern Greek and ByzantineHistory, Language and Literature at King’s College London. He haspublished widely on Greek literature and culture from the twelfthcentury to the present. His books include The Medieval Greek Romance(, nd edition. ).

is Research and Teaching Fellow and PrincipalInvestigator of the research project The Eleventh and Twelfth Centuriesas Forerunners of a United and Divided Europe at Università Ca’ Foscari,Venice. She is the editor of the editio princeps of the Sacrum Armament-arium by Andronikos Kamateros for the Corpus Christianorum SeriesGraeca ().

is the Emeritus Dumbarton Oaks Professor of ByzantinePhilology and Literature at Harvard University. His revised text andEnglish translation of the homilies of Sophronius of Jerusalem is forth-coming in the Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library series.

is Director of the Oxford Centre for ByzantineResearch at Oxford University and Senior Research Fellow at WorcesterCollege, Oxford. He works on the history of the Byzantine Empire,Russia, the Middle East, Iran and Central Asia. His most recent book isThe Silk Roads: A New History of the World ().

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is A.G. Leventis Professor of Byzantine Studies at theUniversityof Edinburgh. His publications include Thomas Magistros und die spätby-zantinische Sophistik. Studien zumHumanismus urbaner Eliten in der frühenPalaiologenzeit () and, edited jointly with Averil Cameron, Dialoguesand Debates from Late Antiquity to Late Byzantium ().

is Senior Lecturer in the Department of MediaevalHistory at the University of St Andrews. He has published widely onthe political, social and cultural history of late antique and medievalArmenia. He has recently completed a translation and commentary onthe eleventh-century Universal History by Step‘anos Tarōnec‘i’ (Stephenof Tarōn) ().

. is Reader in Ancient and Late Antique History at RoyalHolloway, University of London. He is the author of a number of recentbooks, includingAthanasius of Alexandria: Bishop, Theologian, Ascetic, Father() and Christianity in the Later Roman Empire: A Sourcebook ().

. teaches at King’s College London. Her work covers thehistory, literature, and culture of the fifth–sixth centuries and she haspublished a monograph, The Emperor Anastasius I: Politics and Empirein the late Roman World ().

- was University Lecturer in Byzantine Stud-ies at the University of Oxford (–). He is an emeritus fellow ofCorpus Christi College, Oxford. His publications include Witnesses to aWorld Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the SeventhCentury ().

is Professor of Art History at the University of Sussex.

. is Research Associate at the Grammar of Medi-eval Greek Project at Cambridge University.

is Emeritus Bywater and Sotheby Professor ofByzantine and Modern Greek Language and Literature in the Univer-sity of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Exeter College.

was successively Lecturer, Senior Lecturer and SirNicholas Laurantus Professor of Modern Greek in Sydney Universityfrom to .

is Professor Emeritus of the University of Vienna and aMember of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. His fields of researchinclude: Byzantine monasticism and ecclesiastical hymnography, issues

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surrounding historical geography and identity, and the culture of every-day life. His last publication was Die Byzantiner: Kultur und Alltag imMittelalter ().

works for the philanthropic foundation Arcadia and is anindependent scholar. Her publications include The World of Kosmas:Illustrated Byzantine Codices of the Christian Topography ().

. is Bywater and Sotheby Professor of Byzantineand Modern Greek Language and Literature in the University ofOxford and Fellow of Exeter College.

is Emeritus Professor of Byzantine History at theUniversity of St Andrews. He has published on many aspects of Byzan-tine history and literature from the sixth to the fourteenth centuries. Hisspecial interests have included the twelfth century, the city of Constan-tinople, prophecy and astrology. He recently edited, with Nevra Neci-poğlu, Trade in Byzantium ().

is Professor for Byzantine Studies and Modern GreekPhilology at the University of Hamburg. He wrote a monograph on alate Byzantine version of the Alexander Romance () and is the editorof two late Byzantine fictional texts: The Tale of Alexander and Semira-mis () and The Tale of the Hero Donkey ().

is Professor emerita of Byzantine Studies at Queen’sUniversity Belfast and Director of Byzantine Studies emerita atDumbarton Oaks. She is currently Visiting Professor of Byzantine Greekat the University of Uppsala.

is Lecturer in Byzantine material culture atKing’s College London. His current work focuses on archaeologyand architecture from late antiquity to the early modern period,primarily on Cyprus. Recent publications include Identity/Identitiesin Late Medieval Cyprus. Papers Given at the ICS Byzantine Collo-quium, London – June (), edited with GuillaumeSaint-Guillain.

(–) was Professor of ClassicalPhilology at Ioannina University. He was the editor of many classicaland Byzantine texts, including Antoninus Liberalis’ Metamorphoses, theLife of Aesop, Oppian’s Cynegetica, Planudes’ translations of Augustine,On the Trinity and Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy, as well as theanonymous War of Troy (with Elizabeth Jeffreys).

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. is Assistant Professor in Byzantine Philology atthe University of Crete. His special interests focus on epigraphy andmanuscript culture from medieval and early modern Crete, and Symeonthe New Theologian. His publications include several editions of Greekliterary texts and inscriptions, including of the writings of PatriarchAthanasios of Constantinople.

ü is Emeritus Professor für Byzantinistik am Histor-ischen Seminar at the University of Mainz. His publications include theedition of Demetrii Chomateni Ponemata Diaphora ().

is the George Seferis Professor of Modern GreekStudies and of Comparative Literature at Harvard. His publicationsinclude Towards a Ritual Poetics (with Dimitrios Yatromanolakis);Amphoteroglossia: A Poetics of the Twelfth-century Medieval Greek Novel;and C. P. Cavafy: The Economics of Metonymy. He is currently complet-ing a book entitled Byzantine Imaginaries: A Cognitive Anthropology ofMedieval Greek Phantasia.

. is General Editor of the Liverpool University Pressseries Translated Texts for Byzantinists. After a degree in theology andpostgraduate work leading to a doctorate in Byzantine Studies inOxford, she was a researcher on the Prosopography of the ByzantineWorld and Junior Research Fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford.

is Associate Professor of History and Hellenic Stud-ies at Princeton University. Interested in the pre-modern book, she haswritten on the materiality of manuscripts, on the role of authors,translators and scribes, and on the interplay between literacy and orality.Her publications include The Chronicle of Morea: Historiography inCrusader Greece (). She is currently completing a study of the ideasand practices of empire – and its alternatives – during the late medievalperiod.

was University Lecturer in Russian History at theUniversity of Cambridge. Co-author with Simon Franklin of TheEmergence of Rus (), his edited volumes include The CambridgeHistory of the Byzantine Empire () and Byzantium and the VikingWorld (co-edited with Fedir Androshchuk and Monica White, ).

is Research Associate at the University of Oxford,where he is completing a catalogue of the Holkham Hall Collection ofGreek Manuscripts at the Bodleian Library. He has published on

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Byzantine prosopography and hymnography. His doctoral dissertationon the Three Iambic Canons attributed to John of Damascus is underrevision for publication.

holds the post of Senior Instructor and Lecturer and ResearchFellow at Oxford University, where she convenes graduate courses inMedieval Latin, Byzantine Greek, and Byzantine Epigraphy. She haspublished on late Byzantine imperial orations, on the medieval Greekand Slavonic transmission of wisdom literature, and on Byzantineinscriptional traditions in the seventh, eleventh and thirteenth centuries.

pursued classical and Byzantine studies at the University ofVienna and obtained his doctorate with a dissertation on Manuel IIPalaiologos’ Dialogue with a Persian. He was Lecturer for ByzantineStudies at the University of Vienna, and subsequently Professor at theUniversity of Bonn. Now emeritus, he continues his lexicographicalwork as an honorary member of the Institute for Medieval Studies at theAustrian Academy.

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Preface

If you desire to hear of the deeds of good soldiers,to learn and be instructed, perhaps you will make progress.If you know letters, start reading;if, on the other hand, you are illiterate, sit down by me and listen.And I hope, if you are sensible, that you will profit,since many of those who have come after them have made great progressbecause of the stories of those great men of old.

With these lines at the end of his preface, a fourteenth-century chroniclerimagines the fate of his work. There will be those who will pick up thebook for themselves and peruse it. But also those who will gather togetherto listen to its contents, which will be read either by the author himself orby another reader who assumes the authorial voice. At the heart of thisdual reception lies a paradox. As was true throughout the pre-modernworld, possession of an advanced level of literacy was extremely rare in theByzantine Empire. Only a handful of people were expected to attain highereducation. Books, due to the materials and labour involved, were prohibi-tively expensive. Moreover, deciphering texts from handwritten manu-scripts, despite the aid provided by the transition to the codex andpresence of rubrics and marginal symbols, remained a demanding business.Even so, this was a society that laid great store by the written word.It might be objected that ours is a distorted image of the past. After all,

our sources reflect the truth of the aphorism scripta manent. Yet it is clearthat medieval religion, government, and the economy all demanded ofimperial citizens that they participate to the best of their ability –andaccording to the expectations of their class and gender – in a literateculture. Their Christian faith was based on the authority of revealed

Translated in E. Jeffreys and M. Jeffreys, ‘The Oral Background of Byzantine Popular Poetry’, OralTradition, (), –, at ; for the original, see J. J. Schmitt, ed., The Chronicle of Morea,A History in Political Verse (London, ), – (vv.–).

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Scripture. The grant of land, assessment of taxes, and deliberation of courtcases all involved the issuing of documents. The value of coins was meantto be guaranteed by their inscriptions. In these and other contexts, thewritten word was always a living thing: generative and transactional, itshaped individuals and bound them together in communities. Texts wereauthored, of course. But they were also copied and modified, as well astranslated and transposed across languages and into other media. Andabove all they were read – frequently although by no means exclusivelyaloud, whether in a private or public setting. Imperial orations, where acomplex relationship exists between what was delivered at court and whathas been transmitted in manuscript form, are a case in point; so too arevernacular epic and romance. If we are to understand how Byzantinesinteracted with writing, we need to address questions of materiality andlook for traces of transmission and circulation with the performative aspectof textuality kept firmly in mind.

The present volume showcases a range of critical approaches to the study ofbooks, readers and reading. A work of this size and scope represents aprotracted endeavour that accumulates many debts. The editors are deeplybeholden to the contributors for their commitment to the project, and theirwillingness to bring to bear their collective expertise on the topic it treats.We are also grateful to Joshua Birk, Emmanuel Bourbouhakis, LorenzoCalvelli, Averil Cameron, Surekha Davies, Charalambos Dendrinos, Law-rence Douglas, Joe Ellis and Ellen Wilkins-Ellis, Stella Frigerio-Zeniou,Sharon Gerstel, Dimitris Gondicas, Tony Grafton, Geoffrey Greatrex, MollyGreene, David Gwynn, John Haldon, Judith Herrin, David Holton, RuthMacrides, FredMcGinness, Leonora Neville, Paolo Odorico, Georgios Plou-midis, Charlotte Roueché, Carole Straw, and Christopher van den Berg fortheir help and encouragement, as well as to the anonymous readers and peerreviewers of both the individual chapters and the complete manuscript fortheir careful feedback. Sheila Marie Flaherty-Jones, Jonathan Martin, HollisShaul, Douglas Whalin, and most especially Randall Pippenger gave vitaltechnical assistance. Amherst College, Mount Holyoke College, OxfordUniversity, and Princeton University provided us with institutional homesand financial support. Our particular thanks go to Michael Sharp andCambridge University Press for making publication possible. And, as always,to our families – for being there.

Finally, we should like to dedicate this book to two scholars who havemade an unparalleled contribution to our knowledge of Byzantium’sliterary culture: Elizabeth and Michael Jeffreys. Drawing our attention tothe interplay between the written and the oral, the Jeffreys have shone a

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spotlight on previously ignored figures: the folk singer, the preacher, thebegging poet, the foreigner and the female patron. They have been staunchadvocates for the adoption of editorial practices and the creation ofdatabases that harness the potential of evolving technological platformsand allow us better to visualise the multiple layers of our evidence. Inretirement, they continue to be trailblazers, with recent publicationsincluding: E. M. Jeffreys, trans., Four Byzantine Novels, Translated withNotes () and M. J. Jeffreys and M. D. Lauxtermann, The Letters ofMichael Psellos: Cultural Networks and Historical Realities ().A Festschrift has already been published in the Southern Hemisphere:

Basileia: Essays on Imperium and Culture in Honour of E. M. and M. J.Jeffreys, ed. G. Nathan and L. Garland (). Our new volume bringstogether a number of colleagues and students of the Jeffreys’ from theNorthern Hemisphere, notably from Great Britain. With it, the editorsand contributors together offer a token of their deep gratitude for theintellectual guidance and personal friendship they have been sounstintingly given.

Finished on th December: Feast day of the patron saintof authors, publishers, and parchment makers.

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Abbreviations

AHR American Historical ReviewAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAnzWien Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der

Wissenschaften in WienArtBull Art BulletinBacBelg Bulletin de la Classe des lettres et des sciences morales et

politiquesBalkSt Balkan StudiesBCH Bulletin de correspondance helléniqueBMGS Byzantine and Modern Greek StudiesBSl ByzantinoslavicaBullBudé Bulletin de l’Association Guillaume BudéBullJRylandsLib Bulletin of the John Rylands LibraryByzSym Βυζαντινά Σύμμεικτα

ByzF Byzantinische ForschungenBZ Byzantinische ZeitschriftCahCM Cahiers de civilisation médiévale (e–e siècles)ClMed Classica et MediaevaliaClRev Classical ReviewCSCO Corpus scriptorum Christianorum orientaliumDChAE Δελτίον τῆς Χριστιανικῆς Ἀρχαιολογικῆς Ἑταιρείας

DOP Dumbarton Oaks PapersDTC Dictionnaire de théologie catholiqueEHR English Historical ReviewΕΕΒΣ Επετηρις Εταιρείας Βυζαντινων Σπουδων

EKEE Επετηρίδα Κέντρου Επιστημονικών Ερευνών

EO Échos d’OrientFHG Fragmenta historicorum graecorum, ed. K. MüllerFM Fontes minoresGRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies

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HA Հանդէս Ամսօրեայ (Handēs Amsōrya)ICS Illinois Classical StudiesIRAIK Известия Русского археологического

института в Константинополе (IzvestiiaRusskogo arkheologicheskogo instituta vKonstantinopole)

IstMitt Istanbuler MitteilungenJDAI Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen InsitutsJHS Journal of Hellenic StudiesJMedHist Journal of Medieval HistoryJÖB Jahrbuch der Österreichischen ByzantinistikJThSt Journal of Theological StudiesJWalt Journal of the Walters Art GalleryJWarb Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld InstitutesLetopis’ Летопись историко-филологического

общества при Императорском Новороссийском

Университете (Letopis’ Istoriko-filologicheskogoobshchestva pri Imperatorskom NovorossiiskomUniversitete: Vizantiiskoe otdelenie)

LSJ H. G. Liddell, R. Scott and H. S. Jones, A Greek–English Lexicon

MEFRA Mélanges de l’École française de Rome: AntiquitéMEFRM Mélanges de l’École française de Rome: Moyen âge–

Temps modernesMGH AA Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores antiquissimiMusHelv Museum helveticumNAMSL Nouvelles archives des missions scientifiques et littérairesNE Νέος Ἑλληνομνήμων

ODB Oxford Dictionary of ByzantiumOrChr Oriens christianusOrChrP Orientalia christiana periodicaPBE Prosopography of the Byzantine EmpirePBW Prosopography of the Byzantine WorldPG Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, ed.

J.‑P. MignePL Patrologiae cursus completus, Series latina, ed.

J.‑P. MignePLP Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, ed.

E. Trapp et al.PO Patrologia orientalis

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RA Revue archéologiqueRAC Reallexikon für Antike und ChristentumRBK Reallexikon zur byzantinischen KunstRE Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen

Altertumswissenschaft, new rev. ed. by G. Wissowaand W. Kroll

REArm Revue des études arméniennesREB Revue des études byzantinesREGr Revue des études grecquesRESEE Revue des études sud-est européennesRhM Rheinisches Museum für PhilologieRHE Revue d’histoire ecclésiastiqueRömHistMitt Römische historische MitteilungenRSBN Rivista di studi bizantini e neoelleniciSBN Studi bizantini e neoelleniciSC Sources chrétiennesSicGym Siculorum gymnasiumSIFC Studi italiani di filologia classicaSOsl Symbolae OsloensesStP Studia patristicaSVThQ St Vladimir’s Theological QuarterlyTAPhS Transactions of the American Philosophical SocietyTLG Thesaurus linguae graecaeTLS Times Literary SupplementTM Travaux et mémoiresVigChr Vigiliae ChristianaeVizVrem Византийский Временник (Vizantijskij Vremennik)YCS Yale Classical StudiesZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und EpigraphikZRVI Зборник радова Византолошког института

(Zbornik radova Vizantološkog Instituta)

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