Emotions

Emotions

What Are Emotions?

It is a strong feeling (such as love, anger, joy, hate,

or fear)

It is a strong feeling (such as love, anger, joy, hate,

or fear)

Emotion is often defined as a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior. 

Emotion is often defined as a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior. 

“Emotions are … short-lived, feeling-arousal-purposive-expressive phenomena that helps us

adapt to the opportunities and challenges we face during important life events.” 

Sources of EmotionPersonality

There is a trait component – affect intensity

Day and Time of the WeekThere is a common pattern for all of us:

Happier in the midpoint of the daily awake period Happier toward the end of the week Exhibits 8-3 & 8-4

WeatherIllusory correlation – no effect. Pschycological feeling of weather having impact on person moods

StressEven low levels of constant stress can worsen moods

Social ActivitiesPhysical, informal, and dining activities increase positive moods

Sources of EmotionSleep

Poor sleep quality increases negative affect

ExerciseDoes somewhat improve mood, especially for depressed people

AgeOlder folks experience fewer negative emotions

GenderWomen tend to be more emotionally expressive, feel emotions more intensely, have longer lasting moods, and express emotions more frequently than do menDue more to socialization than to biology

Component of Emotional Behavior

Physiological change

• In psychology emotion is considered a response to stimuli that involves characteristic physiological changes such as

Increase in pulse rate Rise in body temperature Change in breathing

Emotion and Physiology

Autonomic nervous system controlsphysiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Pupils dilate

Decreases

Perspires

Increases

Accelerates

Inhibits

Secrete stresshormones

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils contract

Increases

Dries

Decreases

Slows

Activates

Decreasessecretion of

stress hormones

EYES

SALIVATION

SKIN

RESPIRATION

HEART

DIGESTION

ADRENALGLANDS

Cognitive changes• The cognitive component is how we interpret certain situations or

stimulations.• This determines which emotion our body will feel. For example; For example; if you are alone, sitting in the dark, watching

scary movie, and You hear a loud noise, you may become scared... fearing that there is an immediate threat or that you are in danger. This emotional response to this imaginary threat is just as powerful as it would be to a real threat. Our perception to the imaginary threat is what makes it feel real to us and causes the emotion in our body

Behavioral changes

• This component has been called the outward expression of our emotions.

For example,

These display what emotions we are feeling

Functions of emotions

• They help us in communication with others e.g. facial expressions

• They regulate social behavior• They create cognitive bias and maintain self –

esteem• Emotion direct and energize individual’s

thoughts and behavior

Types of Emotions• Positive Human Emotions• Negative Human Emotions1)Positive Human Emotions; Positive emotions make

you feel good and offer a sense of comforta)Love - strong feeling of affection. It is an action and not just

feeling aloneb)Happiness – It is state of mind characterised by

love,satisfaction,pleasure or joyc)Appreciation – Gratitude,thankfulness or appreciation is a

positive emotion in acknowledgement of benefit that one has received or will receive

d)Hope - to want something to happen and think that it could happen

Types of Emotionsd )Enthusiasm – a feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or

activity and an eagerness to be involved in it.f)Optimistic - feeling or belief that good things will happen in the future . It is

the hopefulness and confidence about the future.

2)Negative Human Emotions: Amental state that arises spontaneously after being aware of any information or sensation. It include

a)Anger - Loss of control over others and yourselfb)Boredom – Not taking care of your own happiness ofr for your own

entertainmentc)Confusion - Laziness of mind to keep from taking action or making a decision

Types of Emotionsd)Fear - A fantasy of danger that is not going to

happen at the moment of feare)Embarrassment - Feeling that another will think

something about me that I would not want them to think.

f)Grief – Loss of opportunity to interact with a source of attention or love, often fear over undelivered communication

g)Guilt – Indulging in a concern over a past situation in order to avoid taking action now

h)Hate – Misplace expression of importance,protecting myself because of how a person have influence over

Types of Emotionsme or those whom I care. When I don’t feel safe

or when I feel hurt by anotheri)Hurt- Punishing Yourself when someone is not

doing what you want him or her to doj)Jealously – Feeling inadequate to a known or

unknown competitork) Loneliness – Placing responsibility for your

happiness on another personl) Regret – Feeling inferior because you believe

you have performed poorly.

Factors affecting Emotions1)Personality:• The personality is a main factor that affects how emotions are

experienced and communicated. For instance, people that are known as extraverted people who enjoy communication and social contact, experience more positive emotions than introverted people, and they can express them easier.

• Moreover, at the most physiological level, people who know how to express their emotions are more healthier than those who don't.

2)Culture • It plays a central role in emotional expression. This is due to

the fact that people all over the world have the same emotions; however, different cultures generate different feelings with same events.

Factors affecting Emotions• For instance, Americans are known to be over-enthusiastic

while English people are known as being reserved.3)Gender: Women were more emotionally reactive than men: They

demonstrated greater changes in electro dermal reactivity overall, they reported experiencing more intense emotion while relieving anger and love, and smiled more while reliving happiness and love.

Factors affecting Emotions4)Weather:Research show that there is no connection between emotions and weatherb but people thinkThat nice weather improves their mood.

5) Stress: Stress is a response that occurs in humans when faced with a

threatening situation, whether it is actual or just perceived.

For example, a person who is robbed at gunpoint is probably going to react to this stressor with an emotion of fear. The person may fear for their personal safety or even their life. This event may even lead to post traumatic stress disorder If the

person is not able to return their emotions to normal after a certain period of time. Post traumatic stress disorder can also affect one’s emotions well after an event.

Factors affecting Emotions6) Age: Negative Emotions seem to occur less as people grow older. Periods

of highly positive moods lasted longer for older individuals and bad moods faded more quickly.

7)Social Activities: Social activities increases positive mood and have little effect on

negative mood. Research show that the Informal meeting create positive mood than formal meeting

Eg for Informal meeting: going to party, eating with others etc Eg for formal meeting: attending a meeting, attending official

related matters etc

8) Exercise: Exercise improves positive moods. Research show that exercise

enhance people to positive mood.

Theory of Emotions1) James-Lange Theory2) Cannon-Bard Theory3) Schachter-Singer Theory4) Facial Feedback Theory

1James-Lange TheoryThe James-Lange theory of emotion argues that an event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret this arousal. Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion. If the arousal is not noticed or is not given any thought, then we will not experience any emotion based on this event.

EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body's preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear.

EVENT AROUSAL INTERPRETATION EMOTION

Cannon-Bard Theory

The Cannon-Bard theory argues that we experience physiological arousal and emotional at the same time, but gives no attention to the role of thoughts or outward behavior. EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear.

EVENTAROUSAL

EMOTION

2

Schachter-Singer Theory

According to this theory, an event causes physiological arousal first. You must then identify a reason for this arousal and then you are able to experience and label the emotion. EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.

3

EVENT AROUSAL REASONING EMOTION

Facial Feedback TheoryAccording to the facial feedback theory, emotion is the experience of changes in our facial muscles. In other words, when we smile, we then experience pleasure, or happiness. When we frown, we then experience sadness. it is the changes in our facial muscles that cue our brains and provide the basis of our emotions. Just as there are an unlimited number of muscle configurations in our face, so to are there a seemingly unlimited number of emotions. EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and your eyes widen, your teeth clench and your brain interprets these facial changes as the expression of fear. Therefore you experience the emotion of fear.

5EVENT FACIAL

CHANGESEMOTION

Emotions Influence on Organizations1) Intellectual Capital: In today’s Knowledge based Innovation driven economy, the

smart will survive. Emotions directly affect the amount of intellectual capital – How smart and innovative the workforce is because emotions directly affect the intellectual functioning

2) Customer Service: The connection between emotions and customer service is

clear. If service workers are angry or disinterested, no amount of training will offset the service climate

3) Organisational Responsiveness: Being responsive means fast and flexible. Emotions affect

how fast and flexible people are in their responses and therefore how fast and flexible the organization is

Emotions Influence on Organizations4) Productivity:

The happier the employee is with their work and their company more likely they will work hard

5) Enployee Attraction and Retention:

Organization’s ability is to attract and retain employees. The happier the employees the more likely to stay.

Emotional labor

• Emotional labor is a form of emotional regulation wherein workers are expected to display certain emotions as part of their job, and to promote organizational goals.

• The intended effects of these emotional displays are on other, targeted people, who can be clients, customers, subordinates or co-workers

DEFINITION According to Morris and Feldman, “ Emotional labour is the effort, planning and control needed to

express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions”

According to Arlie Hoschechild, Emotions are “ the management of feeling to create a publicity observable facial and bodily display”

Emotional labour

• According to Hochschild, jobs involving emotional labor are defined as those that:– require face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact with

the public– require the worker to produce an emotional state

in another person– allow the employer, through training and

supervision, to exercise a degree of control over the emotional activities of employees.

Forms of emotional labor

• Employees can display organizationally-desired emotions by acting out the emotion.

• Such acting can take two forms– Surface acting

• Surface acting involves an employee's presenting emotions on his or her "surface" without actually feeling them.

• The employee in this case puts on a facade as if the emotions are felt, like a "personal".

– Deep acting• wherein they modify their inner feelings to match the

emotion expressions the organization requires.

Emotional intelligence• Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to

identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups.

Four Components of Emotional Intelligence

• There are four fundamental aspects of EI – Self-Awareness, – Self-Management, – Social Awareness, and – Relationship Management.

Components of EI

• Self-awareness – The ability to recognize your own emotions and how they affect your thoughts and behavior, know your strengths and weaknesses, and have self-confidence.

• Self-management – The ability to control impulsive feelings and behaviors, manage your emotions in healthy ways, take initiative, follow through on commitments, and adapt to changing circumstances.

Components of EI

• Social awareness – The ability to understand the emotions, needs, and concerns of other people, pick up on emotional cues, feel comfortable socially, and recognize the power dynamics in a group or organization.

• Relationship management – The ability to develop and maintain good relationships, communicate clearly, inspire and influence others, work well in a team, and manage conflict.

Emotional Intelligence

EMOTIONAL SKILL MANAGER SHOULD LEARN 1)Emotional competency 2)Emotional maturity 3)Emotional sensitivity

Emotional Competency• Emotional competence refers to one's ability

to express or release one's inner feelings (emotions). It implies an ease around others and determines one's ability to effectively and successfully lead and express

To Overcome - Tackle Emotional Upsets - Handling Egoism - Handling Inferiority Complex

Emotional Maturity• Emotional maturity is (a) the ability to

differentiate and properly identify one’s emotions while (b) granting yourself the freedom to experience whatever emotion is appropriate to a given situation

- Self Awareness - Developing others - Adaptability and Flexibility

Emotional Sensitivity

• easily upset by the things that people think or say about you

• likely to cause people to become upsetTo Overcome - develop interpersonal relations - Understanding Emotion stimulation

Empathy - Emotions should be communicated

Importance of Emotional Intelligence1) Improve relationships: EI is helpful in improving relationship. EI is vitally important while

talking about working with colleagues, friendship or romantic relationships. Without the ability to empathise,to keep calm in the face of another person’s needs and wants, to be flexible enough to sustain a relationship things can go badly wrong.

2) Improves Communication with Others: When persons act with EI they are able to improve their

communications with others because they develop a whole set of skills and strategies that allow for more meaningful communications.

3) Better Empathy Skills: Empathy is a core EI skill in communication. Without the ability to

feel how the other person might be feeling, the persons are unlikely to have a close relationship or influence others effectively. They

Importance of Emotional Intelligence will always feel that they do not really understand them – and they will

be right.4) Acting with integrity: Integrity is another core of EI ability. It means being integrated,

behaving in a way that is consistent with his core beliefs, being true to himself and honest with others.

5) Respect from others: When the person act with EI and integrity,other people will respect

and trust them.6) Improved Career Prospects: All managers want to employ someone who is EI. They will not

necessarily call it that though. They will say they are looking for someone with

a) Good Communication skills

Importance of Emotional Intelligence b) Ability to work as a part of a team c) Creativity d) Flexibility e) Ability to work independently and proactively7) Manage change more confidently: People with low EI often find change difficult. They do not feel

confident enough in themselves to bend and adapt with the wind of change. This means they often turn their face against change, denying the need for it and eventually lose out as progress happens around them. Instead of embracing change and growing with it, they change only when forced to even then reluctantly with poor grace.

Advantages of EI

• Greater productivity• Improved job performance• Fewer grievances• Better conflict resolution• Increased creativity and innovation• Better teamwork• High motivation• Better employee retention