Emotions i
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Transcript of Emotions i
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Emotions I
Why Emotions?Classification of Emotions
Emotion and Reason
Why Emotions?
n Emotions seem to “take control” on occasion, biasing our perceptions and motivating us to behave in particular ways.
n We sometimes do things that seem irrational when under the influence of the “passions,” and we tend to hold a person less accountable for such acts.
n So why do we have emotions? What are they for?
What Emotions Are For
n Emotions are brain mechanisms that have evolved to promote the “right” behaviors under certain commonly encountered circumstances.
n Emotions add an evaluative dimension to experience, which turns out to be crucial for rational decision-making.
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Components of an Emotion
n Affectn This is subjective feeling: happiness, sadness,
anger, etc.n Cognitive reaction
n You recognize, or “know” what happened.n Physiological reaction
n Internal changes occur involving the autonomic nervous system and hormones.
n Behavioral reactionn You feel disposed to behave in particular ways,
depending on the emotion (e.g., lashing out at someone when angry).
Classifying the Emotions
n Several attempts have been made to classify emotions.
n Such schemes try to identify “primary” or “basic” emotions. Other emotions are then viewed as combinations of the primary emotions.
n Two such schemes were provided by Robert Plutchik and Richard Lazarus
Plutchik’s Classification
n Eight primary emotionsn Each emotion has associated with it a
n Common stimulusn Typical behavior
n Each emotion can vary in intensity; emotions we give different names may be the same emotion at various intensities.
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Plutchik’s Eight Primary Emotions (First Four)
Rejection; pushing away
Something gruesome or loathsome
Disgust
Search for help and comfort
Loss of something valued
Sadness
ProtectionThreat or dangerFear
Destruction of Obstacle
Blocking of goal-directed behavior
Anger
Plutchik’s Eight Primary Emotions (Last Four)
Reproduction; courting; mating
Potential mateJoy
Sharing; taking in; incorporating
A member of one’s own group; something of value
Acceptance
Exploration and searching
A new place or environment
Curiosity
Orientation; turning toward
A sudden, novel stimulus
Surprise
Lazarus’ Classification
n Richard Lazarus proposed a system of fifteen basic emotions.
n He associated each of these with a “relational theme” – a specific relationship or interaction between people and their environments.
n Examplesn Anger: Relational theme is a demeaning offense
against me and mine.
n Guilt: Having transgressed a moral imperative.
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Emotion and Reason
n Behavior promoted by emotions may not suit the current circumstances so that it appears irrational or produces undesirable effects.n Examples: Attacking the boss for not giving you
an expected raise; Poor public -speaking performance due to evaluation apprehension.
n Antonio Damasio proposed, based on clinical studies of brain-damaged individuals, that solid decision-making requires input from emotional-evaluative systems.