Emotions Defined II Class 5. Class Business PowerPoint Before Class, even if not final version? YES...
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Emotions Defined II
Class 5
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Class Business PowerPoint Before Class, even if not final version? YES
Quiz/Test Prep: Use PowerPoints as guide; then readings, class notes:
http://nwkpsych.rutgers.edu/~kharber/emotions/
Syllabus Updates – Next class
"Flat Face" Social Experiment. Anybody do this?
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Facial Expression of Emotion: Duchene SmileDuchene Smile: Genuine, real, non-fake smile.
Fake smile Duchene smile
Fake: Zygomatic (mouth) muscles only
Duchene: Zygomatic (mouth) + orbicularis oculi (eyes)
A B
Which is the Duchene (genuine) smile, A or B?
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What comes first, thinking or feeling?
Appraisal Theory: Thinking comes first
Example: Wake in panic, it’s 8:30, you have a 9:00 AM class, then you realize—it’s Saturday.
New thought (“Saturday”) new emotion?
Separate Systems Theory: Emotions can come first
Example: Your cousin say’s her new husband is great, she's so happy. He's so funny and silly especially after 4-5 whiskey and waters. You hang up, no problem. Then you feel unease. Why?
Relief
How many whiskeys?
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Thinking First vs. Feeling First
tied to
General Arousal vs. Specific Emotion
James: Every emotion tied to distinct body state,
Cannon-Bard: Central Nervous System model of emotions.
1. Emotions produced by brain, not body.
2. Same body change (high vs. low arousal) for all emotions.
3. Brain "labels" arousal as different emotions.
William James Walter Cannon
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Schachter & Singer Theory of Emotion
Emotion is arousal + cognition
Fits generally with Cannon-Bard Central Systems Theory
Emotion only occurs if:
a. Body is aroused
b. A reason for arousal is located
c. The labeling of arousal determines emotion
d. Arousal w/o cognition leads to no emotion
Stanley Schachter
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Emotion-producing event
Social / Environ-mental information
Physiological Response
Emotion
Schachter and Singer Model of Emotions
+Flowers Delivered
Because you’re special!
Love, Clark
Love, Jason
AffectionTerror
Neutral
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Schachter & Singer Experiment (1962)
1. Subject told study concerns effect of new vitamin
2. Given an injection:
a. Epinephrine (epi) or Placebo (saline)
b. Told that shot is arousing (informed) or not told (uninformed)
3. Told to wait in room, fill out survey
4. Also in room is confederate (poses as another subject)
a. Confed either very happy or very angry
5. Question: What emotion will the subject feel?
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Results of Schachter & Singer
Confederate’s Behavior
Happy Angry Neutral
Subject’s state
Epi, uninformed
Epi, informed
Placebo, uninformed
Placebo, informed
Happy
Angry
Afraid Neutral
Neutral
Neutral Neutral
Neutral
Neutral
Neutral
Neutral
Neutral
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Insomnia and the Attribution Process
Storms and Nisbett, 1970
Richard Nisbett
Idea: Would shifting explanation for night-time nervousness from anxious thoughts to a pill lead reduce insomnia?
Why would this happen? How is this related to Schachter & Singer?
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Study Design
Subjects: 42 insomniacs at Yale, all given placebo, but told:
"Arousing Drug Cond" "This drug....will increase your heart rate and...body temp., You may feel like your mind is racing. ..."
"Relaxing Drug Cond" "This drug...will lower your heart rate...body tem. And it will calm your mind ... "
Which condition will sleep better? Why?
"Arousing" Drug
"Relaxing" Drug
X
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Storms & Nisbett Study Results
Minutes to Falling Asleep
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Separate Systems Approach to Emotions
a. Affective reactions are primary
b. Affect is basic
c. Affect is inescapable
d. Affective reactions tend to be irrevocable, in contrast to cognitive judgments
e. Affect implicates the self: cognitive judgments center on features of objects.
f. Emotions are not always verbalizable
g. Affective reactions don't always depend on thinking
h. Affective reactions can be separated from content knowledge
Robert Zajonc1923-2008
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"Circumstantial" Evidence for
Separate Systems Theory of Emotions
1. Physiological:
a. Hemisphere Specificity: Emotional expressions flashed to R hemi. recalled better than to L hemi.
b. Amygdala -- direct link to sensorium, bypasses cortex
2. Developmental: Infants "know" emotions from birth.
3. Cross cultural: All cultures "know" same emotions.
4. Evolutionary: Emotion system existed long before neo-cortex
Amygdala
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Zajonc “Mere Exposure” Experiment
Subjects see many cards showing a Chinese character.
Some cards shown repeatedly, others shown only once.
After viewing many cards, subjects asked:
a. Which cards did were shown repeatedly?
b. Which cards they like the most.
X X
MEMORY ACCURACY
At chance level
Better than chance
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Mere Exposure Study Main Point
Things seen repeatedly are safe.
We like safe things.
Liking becomes an emotional memory for repeated exposure. Even when conscious memory fails us.
“Preferences” (liking/not liking) “need no inferences” (conscious judgments and evaluations).
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Role of Body in Emotion, and Thinking 1st vs. Feeling 1st Debate
If emotions can, sometimes, come first, then emotions should show up in bodily arousal.
Also, if emotions come first, each emotion should be distinct, rather than “general arousal” shaped by thinking.
Therefore, locating emotions in body would support Separate Systems approach.
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James’s Peripheral Theory of Emotion
1. Emotions are, literally, feelings.
2. Every emotion accompanied by corresponding change in bodily sensation.
3. Emotions are the sensation of what is going on in the body, arise from the body.
4. Therefore, each emotion is physiologically distinct.
5. Contrast to Cannon-Bard theory – emotions arise in brain, not body. All emotions are basically arousal + cognition.
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Testing James’ Peripheral Theory
If emotions require sensation from the body, what group of people might show reduced emotions?
Spinal cord injured. Less feeling in body, therefore (per James) less emotion.
Hohmann (1966): Spinal cord injured (SCI) report less sexual arousal, less fear, less anger.
Bermond (1991): No general loss of emotion.
Research problems? Memory-based research; age; injury emotional numbing
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Robt. Zajonc Blood-flow Theory
a. Changing bodily state change in emotion
b. Face is primary source of emotional change
* Umlaut study
* Pencil-in-mouth study
* Face-pose study and picture judgments
(Larson et al., 1992)Sad | | | | | Happy
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Ekman's Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
and Emotion Generation
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Ekman, et al.: Facial Poses and Emotional Arousal
Facial Pose Heart Rate Galvanic Skin
Response
Happy Low XXXX
Disgust Low XXXX
Surprise Low XXXX
Sadness High Low
Anger High High
Fear High High
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So, Are Emotions Distinct?
Cacioppo et al. (1993) conduct a major review of many studies on emotion and bodily change.
Jury is still out, results too conflicted.
Example: 10 comparisons of happiness and anger, 5 show differences, 5 do not.
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Separate Systems Hypothesis: Lang, 1985
1. Cognitive/verbal: Awareness
2. Body/physiological: Arousal
3. Behavioral/expressive: Expression
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Modes of Emotional Experience: Unified or Independent?
Unified model: [Cognitive and Physiological and Expressive] aspects of emotions must co-occur
Independent model: Cognitive or Physiological or Expressive aspects can occur in any combination
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Possible Combinations of Emotional Features as Independent
Awareness Y Y Y Y N N N
Expression Y Y N N Y N Y
Bodily Y N N Y Y Y N
Arousal
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Emotions and the Human DilemmaWe know enough to know we don’t know enough.
We need to act in order to survive
Acting requires making choices
Best choices based on complete information
We rarely have complete information
Yet we must chose anyway
Emotions: 1. Help us set priorities
2. Give us cues to action when we lack vital
information
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Emotions as Orienting Device: The Phineas Gage Story
Gage a railroad foreman
Blasts out prefrontal lobes with tamping tool
Survives injury, but
Behavior radically changed:
Can’t plan
Impulsive, short tempered, terrible social judgment
Other studies of frontal lobe damage show same pattern:
emotional blunting + poor planning + obsess on details
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Prefrontal Damage Sustained by Phineas Gage
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Thinking and Emotions
Emotions shift direction of thought:
Mental radar (Herbert Simon, 1967).
Emotions are thought-interrupters
Emotions focus attention on emotion-relevant things
Emotions focus attention on un-solved problems
BUT: Emotions can also be changed by changes in
thinking (in line with Appraisal Theory).
Herbert Simon