Positive Emotions (continued) Class 19. SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING.
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Transcript of Positive Emotions (continued) Class 19. SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING.
Positive Emotions (continued)
Class 19
SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING
Subjective Well Being: Ingredients? Pleasant
affectUnpleasant
affectLife
satisfactionDomain
satisfactionsJoy Guilt and
shameDesire to change life
Work
Elation Sadness Satisfaction w’ current life
Family
Contentment Anxiety and worry
Satisfaction with past
Leisure
Pride Anger Satisfaction with future
Health
Affection Stress Sig. others’ view of one’s life
Finances
Happiness Depression Self
Ecstacy Envy One’s group
What Does, and Doesn’t, Predict SWB?Does Not Predict SWB Does Predicts SWB
Income Social contacts, soc. integration
Age Goals:
IQ a. Congruent goals
Attractiveness b. Meeting goals Not having psychopathology Genes (40%-80%) Personality (+ extroversion,
optimism) - Neuroticism Culture (+ in Latin countries)
SWB and Income
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
1946 1963 1972 1980 1985 1989
Income
SWB
Goals and Subjective Well Being (SWB) SWB enhanced by pursuing intrinsically satisfying goals
Prison evidence:
I need self-acceptance, meaning Suffer more
I need biceps, abs Suffer less
Goals that meet fundamental needs happiness
Goals and culture
West promotes self-completion, pers. goals happy
East promotes community, social goals happy
Internally congruent goals
Likes activity, outdoors, excite. ___ Fireman? ___ CEO?
Strong Campbell Interests Inventory
Influencing: Leadership, law, etc.
Organizing: Supervision, admin, etc.
Helping: Counseling, medicine, etc.
Creating: Art/design, cooking, writing
Analyzing: Math, science
Producing: Mechanics, programming
Adventuring: Athletics, military, etc.
Happiness and Heath: The Nun StudyHappiness more Immunoglobulin A (S-igA) Longer life
Nun study * Sample = convent nuns
* Review convent applications, why want to be a nun* Rate applications for happy vs. negative tone
Happy: Glory of God, rapture, serenityUnhappy: Avoid sin, teach damnation
* Survival rates 60 years laterHappy nuns: 80% still aliveUnhappy nuns: 55% still alive
Self Structure and Well BeingActual Self: Who you truly are, heart of hearts, at your core. Values, likes, desires
Other selves: Self as student, friend, son/daughter, etc.
Self Congruence: Are all your various “selves” consistent with your “actual self”
Traits: Qualities that make up your selves: (pos. = skilled, kindly, competent; neg = selfish, lazy, jealous, etc.)
Negative Elaboration (NE): Degree that different kinds of negative traits apply to your different selves.
QUESTION: How do congruence and NE affect SWB?
Happy With Being a Mom (Reich, Harber, & Siegel, 2008)
Participants: 33 first time expectant mothers
Time 1: Self structure reporting BEFORE giving birth
a. Self-congruence: How much does “real me” fit with:
(1) me as a mother
(2) me with the father of my child
b. Neg. Elaboration (NE): How much are my various
selves (real me, me as mother, me with child’s father)
filled with negative traits?
Time 2: Feelings of depression AFTER giving birth
Depression Post-Childbirth
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
maternal self-congruence
LOW HIGH
Depr
essio
n
low NE
high NE
Note. NE: Negative elaboration. Amount of neg. traits w/n “selves”Maternal self-congruence: whether or not actual self contains me as an expecting mother and/or me with father of my child
The Mystery of Laughter
Laughter is essentially a social phenomenon
Other species “laugh”Chimp pantingRats chirping
Functions of laughter
Social bondingCoping
Dark side of laughing
Derision, in-group insularity & out-group rejectionGiggling enuresisLaughter in church phenomenon
Much still unknown
Down Side of Being Up?
Happiness leads to less careful thinking: heuristics, stereotypes. (But more creative!)
Unhappiness: more vigilant, more critical (but more rigid)
Feb. 2001: USS Greenville has civil. visitors, shows the fun of crash surface--sinks Japanese fishing boat!
Anger and Aggression
Class 20
Anger and Aggression
What gets us angry—what kinds of situations, people?
Is anger more common with friends, family, strangers, competitors/adversaries?
Is anger a positive or negative emotion?
Does anger ever do any good?
Would humans be better off without anger?
Causes of Aggression
Territoriality Impeding free action (B.F. Skinner, Behaviorism) Maintaining Social Hierarchies
Social hierarchies common across species, cultures
Hierarchies maintained by threats
Aggressive sequence: Aggression Surrender Reconciliation Frustration and Aggression
Frustration and Aggression TheoryBasic Idea: Aggression arises when basic goals, needs, desires are frustrated. Aggression a form of displacement
Lindzey, G. 1950: Frustration Prejudice
Frustrate subjects (40 Harvard males, 20 high anti-sem, 20 low anti-sem)
1. Can’t eat, drink 12 hrs before study
2. Drink 1 QT water, can’t pee
3. Clumsy blood test
4. Failure at group task
5. Outcome – anti-sem subs show increased anti-Semitism
Punishment and Rewards Due to Own Discomfort(Berkowitz, et al. 1981)
0
5
10
15
20
Cold Water Tepid Water
Rewards
Punishments
General Effect
Giving Punishment that Supposedly Helps Performancevs. Punishment that Hurts Performance,
Due to Own Discomfort (Berkowitz, et al. 1981)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Cold Water Tepid Water
Punishment hurts
Punishment Helps
Giving Punishment that Supposedly Helps Performancevs. Punishment that Hurts Performance,
Due to Own Discomfort (Berkowitz, et al. 1981)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Cold Water Tepid Water
Punishment hurts
Punishment Helps
Terror Management Theory and Aggression
Human Dilemma
Humans only species aware of its own mortality
Humans, like all animals, instinctively flee danger
BUT
Mortality awareness is danger humans can’t flee
Culture provides defense against “existential terror” of mortality awareness.
* Promise of immortality (e.g., religion)
* Promise of meaningful life, transcends mortality
Threat to Cultural Worldview and Violence
If mortality is greatest fear, and
If cultural worldview is my only defense against mortality fears,
Then how do I feel towards those who challenge my cultural worldview?
Murder for religious, ideological beliefs
Martyrdom for religious, ideological beliefs
Terror Mgt and Violence: Experimental Evidence
Mortality Salience Manipulation
Briefly write describe the emotions that the thought of your own death arouse in you.
Jot down, as specifically as you can, what you think will happen to you as you physically die.
Control Condition Neutral: Write about eating a meal, watching TV
Control Condition Negative: Dental pain, social rejection
Results of Terror Mgt ExperimentsHostile Attitudes
Increased Anti-Semitism
Harsher criminal sentences to repeat offenders
Harsher ratings of anti USA essay writer
Increased hostility to African Americans
Hostile Behavior
Distance from Turk vs. fellow German
Hot sauce administered to person with opposing views
Culture and Aggression:
Yanomamo and Inuit
Culture and Aggression
Interdependent Cultures: Utku Environ. requires cooperation and tolerance Adios to crazy, savage researcher
Individualistic/Pride Based Culture: Yanomamo
Environment more benign, cooperation less necessaryLet’s rip-off the sappy researcher
What is the MOST violent industrialized society? USA
Violence in the USA
Percent of adolescent boys involved in 1 + fights
Percent of adolescent girls involved in 1 + fights
Percent of adolescents who bring knife to school
Percent of adolescents who bring gun to school
50%
25%
23%
3-5%
Percent of men 12-19 encounter violent crime 8%
All stats under-reported
Individualistic vs. Collectivist Cultures
Individualistic: Self interest promoted
"I Self"
Collectivist: Group interest promoted"We self"
Individualist: Your gain can be my loss
Collectivist: Your gain is our gain is my gain
Violence in "we self" culture is bizarre; like self- mutilation.
BUT: Also authoritarian vs. libertarian societies
“Thanatos”: Instinct for Destruction (Freud)
Destruction, mayhem is fun
Movies, novels, plays, video games
“That dog is gonna die” movies—justify our blood lust.
Does anger do any good???
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, …., a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. ….But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, … . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.
Prisoners’ Dilemma Cooperation Game
Cooperate
Defect
Cooperate Both gainsmall reward
Player #1 gains big reward, #2
looses
Defect Player #2 gains big reward, #1
looses
Both playerloose
Player 1 Player 2
HOSTILE EMOTIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS: ANY GOOD ONES?
Contempt
Anger
Withdrawal
Whining
Not Good
Sometimes Good
Not Good
Not Good
Function of Anger in Interpersonal Relationships (Averill, 1981)
Subjects: 80 married, 80 singles
Subs complete daily emotion self-reports
Results: 66% report anger 1-2 a week
44% annoyance once a day
Anger due to: frustration, violation of expectation,
lost of pride, damage to property, self
Anger source: Most often someone known, liked
Why get angry? Assert authority, rights
Change the offender
Strengthen relationship
Does Anger do Any Good? Averill, continued
Feelings about being angry: most DON’T like it
Was expression of anger beneficial?
Percent of Expressers saying yes:
Percent of Targets saying yes:
62%
70%
Anger relationship readjustment
Anger is act of commitment, is pledge to see problem through
But, anger can lead to cycle of violence
Seeing Others' Emotions Through Body Movement
Chouchourelou, Matsuka, Harber, & Shiffrar, 2006