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Emissions of Organic Pollutants from Traffic and Roads: Priority Pollutants Selectionand Substance Flow Analysis

Markiewicz, A.; Strömvall, A.-M.; Björklund, K.; Kalmykova, Y.; Eriksson, Eva; Siopi, A.

Publication date:2015

Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Link back to DTU Orbit

Citation (APA):Markiewicz, A., Strömvall, A-M., Björklund, K., Kalmykova, Y., Eriksson, E., & Siopi, A. (2015). Emissions ofOrganic Pollutants from Traffic and Roads: Priority Pollutants Selection and Substance Flow Analysis. Postersession presented at 12th Urban Environment Symposium, Oslo, Norway.

Introduction Large quantities of organic pollutants (OPs) are emitted from vehicles, fuels, road and roadside construction materials and they are accumu-lated on road surfaces. Contaminated road runoff is transported to surface waters, where the OPs may pose a threat to aquatic ecosys-tems. Therefore, tools that facilitate the prioritization of hazardous compounds for further studies through substance flow analysis (SFA) need to be developed

Results: SFASFA is an analytical method developed for quantitative assess-ment of individual substances through a given system, specified in space and time. For this study, system boundaries are defined in Table 3.

Selection criteriaCriteria supporting evaluation of collected data and the choice of PPs include:

Risk of emission/leaching of pollutants from sources into stormwater systems.

Emission of specific substances or groups of substances from more than one source in road environments.

Estimation of use and quantities of OPs emitted from vehicles, fuels and construction materials in Sweden and in the EU.

Hazardous effects on aquatic environments and humans.

Availability of analysis methods for chosen substances.

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Further analysis and RICH filtration of OPs involved established selection criteria and resulted in PPs presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Examples of identified PPs

MethodsTo identify and classify possible sources of OPs from road environ-ments, as well as to perform the selection of PPs to be included in the SFA, the following methodology was implemented (Figure 1).

A. Markiewicz1, A-M. Strömvall1, K. Björklund1,2, Y. Kalmykova1, E. Eriksson3 and A. Siopi11Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 2University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada,

3Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Danmark

Emissions of Organic Pollutants from Traffic and Roads: Priority Pollutants Selection and Substance Flow Analysis

Literature/database

search

Workshop/opinion of

StormwaterAdvisoryGroup

MultipleRICH

filtration

Expertjudgement

Ecotoxsearch

Interviews with

authorities

Identi

ficatio

n of s

ource

s

Assessm

ent- s

electio

n

FinalPP list

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•

•

Aim and objectivesThe specific goals of this research were to:

Identify sources and quantify uses of OPs present in road runoff

Propose a list of Priority Pollutants (PPs) with contaminants in-tended to be studied further in investigations concerning their optimal elimination from road runoff

Compounds from the list of PPs is a subject for Substance Flow

SUBJECT SPACE FRAME TIME FRAMESOURCES

Vehicles,road surface

1 yearOrganic pollutants

Road areaGårda

ConclusionsTen groups of OPs to focus on in the further studies has been selected by the iterative PP evaluation method of around 1200 specific organic com-pounds likely to be emitted from the road and traffic environ-ment.

Each stage of methodology encountered limitations regarding availability of data

The SAF of PAHs showed that signif-icant amount of OPs are contin-uously emitted into aquatic environment

Figure 1. PP selection process

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So far, an SFA for PAHs have been performed. The PAHs are divided into low-, medium- and high- molecular weight com-pounds. Preliminary results are presented in Figure 4.

Table 3. The system boundaries for SFA

Table 1. Sources of OP emission identified in traffic environment

E-mail: Anna.Markiewicz@chalmers.se

undercarrigeplastic componentspaint/ lacquer DEHP, NP/EOs

brake lining

vehicle components

vehicle detergents/cleaning agents

fuels

cement/concrete

road dust (tires, fuel, oil, asphalt)

road paints

tires wear/debris

penetration grade bitumen/asphalt

lubricant oil (gear box, engine) hydraulic oil, chemical spillage

exhaust gases/ combustion of fuels (gasoline/diesel/LPG,CNG)

vehicle washing facilities

ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS/PARKING LOTS/TUNNELS/CAR WASH

VEHICLESphthalates, AP/EOs (alkylphenols/alkylphenols ethoxylates), n- alkanoic acids, n- alkanes, oleic acid, steranes, hopanes, natural resins, polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)PAHs, oxy- PAHs, polyglycol ethers, benzaldehydes, benzoic acids, oleic acids, n- alkanoic acidsbis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), PAHs

DEHP, NP/EOs (nonylphenol/nonylphenol ethoxylates), amines

phthalates, NP/EOs, naptha

PAHs , phthalates, NP/EOs, naptha, bisphenol A

PAHs and related substances, aldehydes, alkanes, phenols

phthalates, NP/EOs, PAHs, amides, amines

NP/EOs

phthalates, alkylphenols (APs), n- alkanals, n- alkanes, n- alkanoic acids, benzoic, oleic acids, PAHs, Oxy- PAHs, amides, amines, resin acidsphthalates, AP/EOsAP/EOs

Results: Selection of PPsThe first screening stage for PPs selection allowed to identify and classify the most important sources of OPs in road environment (Table 1).

PAH 16 Phthalates Amidesphenanthrene benzylbutylphthalate (BBP) behenamidefluoranthene dibutylphthalate (DBP) ethylenebis oleamidepyrene diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) n-stearyl erucamide

Oxy- PAH Phenols Alkane Aldehydes C1-C409,10-anthracenedione 4-nitrophenol crotonaldehyde

fluorenone 4-t-octylphenol formaldehyde

hydroquinone methylbenzaldehyde

Alkanes C1-C40 Amines Antioxidantseicosane bis(4-octylphenyl)amine 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP)

heptacosane

Naptha (petroleum)butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

hexacosane

bisphenol A

benzenamine

Gårda catchment area (5,5 ha)

inflow/sources stock outflow/load

tyres 27-7600 g/year

road surface wear 260-1100 g/year

brake linings 16-150 g/year

exhaus gas 62000-130000 g/year

motor oil leakage 4.5- 7600 g/year

LMW PAH(2,3 rings)

26700- 95000g/year

MMW PAH(4 rings)

35000- 45000g/year

HMW PAH(5,6 rings)550- 3600

g/year

WATER50- 114kg/year

other sinks13- 29

kg/year

RÖR & VÄRME

RICH The RICH (Ranking and Identification of Chemical Hazards) tool was used to provide information regarding physico- chemical and biological properties registered for a wide range of sub-stances occurring in stormwater. The Figure 2 presents sorting steps in the chemical hazards assessment, performed by RICH.

Figure 2. The RICH tool filtration process (adopted from Baun, Eriksson et al. 2006)

biodegradation/bioaccumulation

toxicity/long-term effects

susceptibility to water/sediment phase

tert-butylhydroquinone (4-TBP)

Figure 4. SFA of PAH in Gårda

Outflow to so

il,

evaporation

etc.

Outflow to stormwater

Road catchment area

Water Environment Technology Civil and Environmental Engineering