Ellery Santos Odie Jimenez

James Vietor Dustin Holmes

Biol 218 Anatomy 52999

Histology Compendium

XC XC XC XC

Tissue type Notes / Description / Size

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Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3Notes / Description / Size /

Differences between Normal and Pathological

Other Information /

Notes on Diseasae

Genetic Causes

Prevalence / Incidence

Other Information /

Notes on Therapies / Treatments

Medical Research

Alt

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ate

Imaging Technology or Magnification 1 Imaging Technology or Magnification 2 Imaging Technology or Magnification 3 Imaging Technology or Magnification 4 Imaging Technology or Magnification 5 Imaging Technology or Magnification 6

MAIN Sub Type Sub Type Sub Type Sub Type Sub TypeLabel

source / reference

Connective Fibrous Loose Areolar NA NA

These slides show loose (areolar) connective tissue, which is used

extensively throughout the body for fastening down the skin, membranes,

vessels and nerves as well as binding muscles and other tissues together.

The tissue consist of an extensive network of fibers secreted by cells called

fibroblasts.

Subcutaneous emphysema is a condition caused by the pathologic accumulation

of air underneath the skin of the skin or neck. The presence of air in the loose

subcutaneous areolar tissue and muscle.

Tumid lupus erythematosus is a cutaneous disorder.

Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the stratum corneum, often associated with a

qualitative abnormality of the keratin

Subcutaneous emphysema is sometimes caused by Facial bone

fracture, often occuring after ethmoid or maxillary sinus fractures.

Causes are UV light exposure. Several drugs may induce SCLE.

Hyperkeratosis is caused by a deficiency of vitamin A.

A person may use moisturizers to deal with thickened skin at home, but may need a

doctor's help for dealing with corns, calluses, and warts. A doctor may prescribe special

creams and ointments for dealing with this condition in some of its forms. Additionally,

bathing in bath oil may help improve minor forms of the condition

Skin lesions heal without scarring or atrophy but ay leave residual dyspigmentationn.

Treatment for subcutanewous emphysema is to remove the cause, such as removing or

repositioning the chest tube

Air can resolve in a matter of days.

.

Label Human Mediastinum Areolar Connective Tissue Skin AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUBCUTANEOUS Mucosa (containing Loose Areolar CT )Areolar Connective Tissue under the epithelium of the

epidermis in skinsubcutaneous tissue smeared 100x Subcutaneous emphysema Tumid lupus erythematosus Hyperkeratosis

source / reference w w w .biow eb.uw lax.edu/zoolab www.newarkcolleges.com/kponto/4081Slides/index.htmw w w .anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section03/Plate0327.sht

ml

w w w .cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab2connectivetissue/Lab2as52loo

se10x.htm

http://w w w 2.yvcc.edu/histologyzoomer/HistologyTutorials/histology_tuto

rials.htm

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Co

nnective_Tissues/Connective_Tissues.htm

w w w .gardenrain.w ordpress.com/2009/05/07/subcutaneous-

emphysema-crepitus-or-sub-q-air/w w w .dermpedia.org/baby-dermpedia-for-beginners/tumid-lupus-erythematosus http://uk.ask.com/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions

Adipose NA NA

Adipose tissue is found in the hypodermis of the skin, or surrounding many

organs muscles, nerves, etc.  It is made of  relatively large cells that are

distinguished by a thin process surrounding a large droplet  of fat.  The

nucleus is very thin and small. Thus, adipose tissue looks like a

"honeycomb"  with the cells being the walls of the chambers and the fat

droplets filling the center.  Adipose tissue is well-vascularized.

Lack of adipose tissue, either complete or partial, is the hallmark of disorders known as

lipodystrophies. Patients with lipodystrophies suffer from metabolic complications similar to

those associated with obesity, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes,

hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis. The loss of body fat in inherited lipodystrophies

can be caused by defects in the development and/or differentiation of adipose tissue as a

consequence of mutations in a number of genes, including PPARG (encoding a nuclear

hormone receptor), AGPAT2 (encoding an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of

triglyceride and phospholipids), AKT2 (encoding a protein involved in insulin signal

transduction), and BSCL2 (encoding seipin, whose role in the adipocyte biology remains

unclear). The loss of body fat can also be caused by the premature death of adipocytes due

to mutations in lamin A/C, nuclear lamina proteins, and ZMPSTE24, which modifies the

prelamin A post-translationally. In this review, we focus on the molecular basis of inherited

lipodystrophies as they relate to adipocyte biology and their associated phenotypic

manifestations.

Lipodystrophy is characterized by sunken cheeks, thinning

arms and legs, and fat accumulations in the abdomen,

jaws and the back of the neck ("buffalo hump").

HIV+ people with lipodystrophy can have both body shape changes and

metabolic problems. Some treatments can help with certain

lipodystrophy changes, but nothing has been proven to get rid of all

them

Hypodermis of the skin histological section of mammary tissue Components of connective tissue Hypodermis; Abdomen Adipose tissue: Fat tissue in the body White Adipose tissue/Fat cells lipodystrophies location buttocksAdipose-specific peroxisome proliferator-activ ated receptor γ knockout

causes insulin resistance in fat and liv er but not in muscleLipodystrophy in HIV-infected Patients Lipodystrophies Characterizations Treatments

http://w w w .cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/connective_tissue/loose_con

nective_tissue.htmhttp://classes.ansci.illinois.edu/ansc438/Mamdevelop/postpubertal.html

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Reticular+c

onnective+tissuew w w .biotutoronline.com/connectivetissue.html w w w .pennmedicine.org/health_info/w eightloss/000433.html

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/L

ab5/Lab5.htmw w w .trt-5.org/article127.html w w w .pnas.org/content/100/26/15712/F2.expansion w w w .utsouthw estern.edu/utsw /cda/dept105805/files/107020.html w w w .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16722806 http://aids.about.com/cs/conditions/a/lipodystrophy.htm

w w w .thew ellproject.org/en_US/Diseases_and_Conditions/Treatment_Related_Conditions/Lipodystrophy_Trea

tments_Part_II_Fat_Loss.jsp

Reticular NA NA

Reticular fibres are very delicate and form fine networks instead of thick

bundles. They are usually not visible in histological sections but can be

demonstrated by using special stains. For example, in silver stained sections

reticular fibres look like fine, black threads - coarse collagen fibres appear

reddish brown in the same type of preparation.

Extreme intracellular edema of epidermal cells, resulting in rupture and

multilocular intraepidermal vesicles with septae formed by the remaining cell

walls. Seen in acute inflammatory dermatoses.

shows stained reticular fibers in a lymph nodereticular fibers surrounding the venous sinuses

(spaces) in the spleen

The liver is one of the organs in which the cells are

supported by a network of reticular fibresreticular tissue of the lymph node/high power Lymph node of Dog Bronchial lymph node, Monkey (H & Azure II-Eosin)

prominent reticular degeneration (hematoxylin-

eosin stain, original magnification 200X).Biopsy Lesion reticular degeneration

http://w w w .google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/images/C%

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w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/connective/connect.htm w w w .up.ac.za/academic/medicine/telemed/Hist/bind/bind01e.htmlw w w .columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_2009/lab/lab09_lymph

nodes.html

w w w .columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_2009/lab/lab09_lymphnod

es.htmlhttp://w w w .medscape.com/view article/515666_2 w w w .epathologies.com/pcoll/derm/eczmcrnc/050978.htm w w w .epathologies.com/pcoll/derm/eczmcrnc/050978.htm

Dense Regular NA NA

"Dense regular connective tissue is a white, flexible tissue. It contains tight-packed bundles

of collagen fibers. All of these fibers run in one uniform direction — arranged parallel to the

direction of forces exerted on the particular body part where the tissue is located. For

example, this tissue tensile strength allows it to withstand pulling forces exerted in one

direction when a person flexes his or her arm. Generally, dense regular connective tissue

forms tendons, the cords that attach muscle to bone, and aponeuroses — the flat, sheet-

like tendons that attach muscles to other muscles or muscles to bone. Ligaments, the

stretchier structures that bind bones together at the joints, are also made of this type of

tissue. Fascia, the outer wrapping that binds together groups of muscles, blood vessels,

and nerves, is also composed of dense regular connective tissue."

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-dense-connective-tissue.htm

Tendinitis is inflammation, irritation, and swelling of a tendon, which is the

fibrous structure that joins muscle to bone. In many cases, tendonosis (tendon

degeneration) is also present.

Tendinitis can occur as a result of injury, overuse, or with

aging as the tendon loses elasticity. It can also be seen in

systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or

diabetes. Tendinitis can occur in any tendon, but some

commonly affected sites are the shoulder, the wrist, the

heel (Achilles tendonitis), and the elbow.

The goal of treatment is to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Rest or

immobilization of the affected tendons is helpful for recovery. This may be

achieved using a splint or a removable brace. The application of heat or cold to

the affected area can help. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications

(NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibruprofen, can also reduce both pain and

inflammation. Steroid injections into the tendon sheath can also be very useful

in controlling pain and allowing physical therapy to start.

Physical therapy that stretches and strengthens the muscle and tendon is

essential. This can restore the tendon's ability to function properly, improve

healing, and prevent future injury.

Rarely, surgery is needed to physically remove the inflammatory tissue from

around the tendon.Location – Tendons; Ligaments tendon cut in longitudinal section muscle-tendon junction at 100X magnification Muscle-Tendon Junction, rat Tendon

Dense White Fibrous Connective Tissue - Tendons and

LigamentsTendonitis Histology of damaged Tendon Histology of a normal Tendon Tendonitis Description Cause. Treatments

http://w w w .biotutoronline.com/connectivetissue.html

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w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/connective/connect.htm#la

bdregw w w .sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/ConnTiss/conntiss2.htm w w w .new arkcolleges.com/kponto/4081Slides/index.htm w w w .healthcentral.com/ency/408/imagepages/19632.html w w w .aafp.org/afp/2005/0901/p811.html w w w .aafp.org/afp/2005/0901/p811.html w w w .healthcentral.com/ency/408/001229.html w w w .healthcentral.com/ency/408/001229.html w w w .healthcentral.com/ency/408/001229trt.html

Irregular NA NA

"Body parts that are simultaneously pulled in multiple directions rely on dense irregular

tissue for structural strength. Dense irregular connective tissue features the same basic

structures as dense regular connective tissue, but its collagen fibers are irregularly

arranged bundles and are significantly thicker than those of the regular variety. This type of

body tissue makes up the dermis — the leathery second layer of the skin. The tissue

provides support to the body’s first line of defense. Dense irregular connective tissue also

forms joint capsules and the fibrous coverings of kidneys, cartilages, and nerves. "

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-dense-connective-tissue.htm

Scleroderma is a group of diseases that affect connective tissue in the body. This tissue

supports your skin and internal organs. Scleroderma involves tissue that gets hard or thick.

It can also cause swelling or pain in the muscles and joints.

Plaque psoriasis is a lifelong disease of the immune system that causes red, scaly patches

to appear on the skin. There are five types of psoriasis: plaque, guttate, inverse, pustular

and erythrodermic. Plaque psoriasis is the most common form of psoriasis. Approximately

1.5 million Americans suffer from moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.

The cause is unknown. You can’t catch it from other people.

Doctors don’t think it is passed through genes (from parent to

child).

While plaque psoriasis may look like just a skin condition, it is in

fact a disease of the immune system. The immune system

protects the body from infections and diseases. In patients with

plaque psoriasis, certain immune cells are activated and produce

too much of a protein called tumor necrosis factor (TNF). This

protein can cause skin cells to grow too quickly. The skin cells

build up and form raised, red patches often with a silvery scale,

known as plaques. These plaques may itch, be painful, and can

bleed.

There are a number of treatments available to address the various conditions associated

with scleroderma. None of them are a cure – they are designed to treat symptoms of the

disease.

There is no cure for plaque psoriasis, but there are a variety of treatments that can help

clear the skin. Some therapies work on the surface of the skin. Biologics work inside your

body to treat psoriasis at the source. ENBREL is a prescription medicine that is self-

injected. ENBREL, a biologic, blocks the activity of excess TNF that is associated with

plaque psoriasis. This helps slow the growth of skin cells before they cause plaques to

appear on the skin. Learn more about results with ENBREL. Because ENBREL works on

your immune system, it can lower your ability to fight infections and may raise other safety

concerns.

Dermis of Skin Dense irregular  Kindney/Dense irregular Beneath the basal surface of the epidermisDense irregular connective tissue found

between hair folliclesDense Irregular Connective Tissue Scleroderma

High-power view of the characteristic histology of localized

scleroderma depicting eccrine coils "trapped" in the deep Plaque Psoriasis

http://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/43_08.jpg w w w .sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/ConnTiss/conntiss2.htmhttp://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epithe

lia_connective.htm

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epitheli

a_connective.htm

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epith

elia_connective.htm

http://histology.leeds.ac.uk/tissue_types/connective/connective_

tissue_types.php

http://www.healthinplainenglish.com/health/skin/scler

oderma/pictures/http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/550969_2

http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-

8675(06)70746-X

http://www.enbrel.com/psoriasis/your-

condition.jspx?WT.srch=1&channel=gosea&subchannel=azo

http://www.enbrel.com/psoriasis/your-

condition.jspx?WT.srch=1&channel=gosea&subchannel=azo

http://www.enbrel.com/psoriasis/your-

condition.jspx?WT.srch=1&channel=gosea&subchannel=azo

Elastic NA NA

"Elastic connective tissue is a specialized type of dense connective tissue with a much

higher proportion of elastic fibers. Due to its rubbery nature, elastic tissue can recoil after

stretching. This makes it the ideal tissue to line the walls of the bronchiole tubes so that the

lungs can deflate after inhaling and to line the walls of large arteries so that these vessels

can pulse blood through the body. Elastic tissue also forms a few ligaments that demand

extreme flexibility, such as the ligamentum nuchae of the neck."

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-dense-connective-tissue.htm

A thoracic aortic aneurysm is a weakened and bulging area in the upper part of

the aorta, the major blood vessel that feeds blood to the body. The aorta,

about the thickness of a garden hose, runs from your heart through the center

of your chest and abdomen. Because the aorta is the body's main supplier of

blood, a ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm can cause life-threatening bleeding.

Raynaud's disease is a condition that causes some areas of your body — such

as your fingers, toes, tip of your nose and your ears — to feel numb and cool in

response to cold temperatures or stress. In Raynaud's disease, smaller arteries

that supply blood to your skin narrow, limiting blood circulation to affected

areas.

The exact causes of thoracic aortic aneurysms are

unknown, but factors that can contribute to an

aneurysm's development include: Marfan syndrome,

Other connective tissue diseases, Problems with your

heart's valves, or Previous injury to the aorta.

Doctors don't completely understand the cause of

Raynaud's attacks, but blood vessels in the hands and

feet appear to overreact to cold temperatures or stress.

An aneurysm develops when a diseased blood vessel dilates or ―balloons‖ outward. Arterial

aneurysms can be found in many locations throughout the body but typically involve the

abdominal aorta below the kidneys. Risk factors for developing an aortic aneurysm include

hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, emphysema, genetic factors and male gender. An

abdominal aortic aneurysm can develop in anyone, but it is most frequently seen in males

over 60 with one or more risk factors.

With Raynaud's, arteries to your fingers and toes go into what's called vasospasm. This

narrows your vessels dramatically and temporarily limits blood supply. Over time, these

same small arteries may also thicken slightly, further limiting blood flow. The result is that

affected skin turns a pale and dusky color due to the lack of blood flow to the area. Once

the spasms go away and blood returns to the area, the tissue may turn red before returning

to a normal color.

epiglottis showing elastic cartilage (a)Elastic cartilage is seen at (a), a part of the epiglottis at

20X magnificationthe wall of the aorta, a large elastic artery Artery Skin/Dermis Artery Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Raynaud's disease Raynaud's disease

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2520images/c9.jpg&imgrefurl=http://millette.med.sc.edu/Lab%25205%2520p

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belastic

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abelasticw w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Connective/Connect.htm http://mksforum.net/forum/showthread.php?t=16658 http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195404292501701

http://www.drmueller-

healthpsychology.com/page/page/5463965.htm

http://visoc.org/aortic-

aneurysms.php?gclid=CKaGg6OR2aQCFQQQbAodDVJEJw;

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/raynauds-disease/DS00433

http://visoc.org/aortic-

aneurysms.php?gclid=CKaGg6OR2aQCFQQQbAodDVJ

EJw

http://visoc.org/aortic-

aneurysms.php?gclid=CKaGg6OR2aQCFQQQbAodDVJEJw

Ellery Santos Odie Jimenez

James Vietor Dustin Holmes

Biol 218 Anatomy 52999

Histology Compendium

Tissue type Notes / Description / Size

Targ

et

Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3Notes / Description / Size /

Differences between Normal and Pathological

Other Information /

Notes on Diseasae

Genetic Causes

Prevalence / Incidence

Other Information /

Notes on Therapies / Treatments

Medical Research

Alt

ern

ate

Imaging Technology or Magnification 1 Imaging Technology or Magnification 2 Imaging Technology or Magnification 3 Imaging Technology or Magnification 4 Imaging Technology or Magnification 5 Imaging Technology or Magnification 6

Supportive Cartilge Hyaline NA NA

 "In hyaline cartilage protein fibers are large and predominantly collagen.

  Hyaline cartilage subsequently appears as a very uniform, glossy type

tissue with evenly dispersed chondrocytes in lacunae.  Typically,

perichondreum is found around hyaline cartilage."

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/cartilag.html

A joint is where two bones meet to allow movement of body parts. Arthritis means joint

inflammation. The joint inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis causes swelling, pain, stiffness,

and redness in the joints. The inflammation of rheumatoid disease can also occur in tissues

around the joints, such as the tendons, ligaments, and muscles. Also called "wear and

tear" arthritis or degenerative joint disease,

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the progressive breakdown of the joints' natural shock absorbers. This

can cause discomfort when you use the affected joints perhaps an ache when you bend at

the hips or knees, or sore fingers when you type. Most people over 60 have some degree of

OA, but it also affects people in their 20s and 30s.

The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. Even

though infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, and

fungi have long been suspected, none has been proven as

the cause.

Every joint comes with a natural shock absorber in the

form of cartilage. This firm, rubbery material cushions the

ends of the bones and reduces friction in healthy joints. As

we age, joints become stiffer and cartilage is more

vulnerable to wear and tear. At the same time, repetitive

use of the joints over the years irritates the cartilage. If it

deteriorates enough, bone rubs against bone, causing pain

and reducing range of motion.

The doctor may elect to perform an office procedure called arthrocentesis. In this procedure,

a sterile needle and syringe are used to drain fluid out of the joint for study in the laboratory.

Analysis of the joint fluid can help to exclude other causes of arthritis, such as infection and

gout. Arthrocentesis can also be helpful in relieving joint swelling and pain. Occasionally,

cortisone medications are injected into the joint during the arthrocentesis in order to rapidly

relieve joint inflammation and further reduce symptoms.

There is no treatment to stop the erosion of cartilage in the joints, but there are ways to

improve joint function. One of these is physical therapy to increase flexibility and strengthen

the muscles around the affected joints. The therapist may also apply hot or cold therapies

such as compresses to relieve pain.

Hyaline Cartilage of Bone Joints Hyaline Cartilage at the knee Hyaline Cartilage from the tracheaHyaline cartilage is found on the surfaces of movable joints,

and its primary function is to minimize friction between moving

bones.

Hyaline Cartilage 400X Hyaline Cartilage in the Trachea Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Osteoarthritis

http://w w w .new arkcolleges.com/kponto/4081Slides/index.htm w w w .w essexhipunit.co.uk/kneeservice.htmlhttp://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/anatomy_&_p

hysiology/a&p201/connective_tissues/cartilage.htmhttp://seymourchiropractic.ca/articles.html

http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/practical_1_photos.

htm

http://faculty.palomar.edu/ggushansky/histology/pages/hy

aline%20cartilage%20-%20trachea%202_tif.htm

w w w .medicinenet.com/rheumatoid_arthritis_pictures_slideshow /article

.htmw w w .medicinenet.com/rheumatoid_arthritis_pictures_slideshow /article.htm w w w .medicinenet.com/osteoarthritis_overview _pictures_slideshow /article.htm w w w .medicinenet.com/osteoarthritis_overview _pictures_slideshow /article.htm

w w w .medicinenet.com/osteoarthritis_overview _pictures_slideshow /article.ht

mw w w .medicinenet.com/osteoarthritis_overview _pictures_slideshow /article.htm

Elastic NA NA

"Elastic cartilage is found in the ear and epiglottis, where it provides a rigid but

elastic, framework. Its principal components are elastic fibers. Some elastic fibers

may be present in the tracheal cartilage."

http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/histomanual/cartilage.html

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare systemic disease. Clinical manifestations are variable and the

condition is frequently associated with other diseases. Chondritis typically involves ears, nose,

costal cartilages and upper airways. Other classical features include scleritis and episcleritis,

mucocutaneous lesions, arthralgia and constitutional symptoms. Repeated inflammation of

cartilaginous structures may lead to deformities of the ears, the nose and the airways.

Tracheobronchomalacia and aortitis of the ascending portion resulting in aortic regurgitation or

aneurysm are feared complications. Treatment is mainly based on systemic corticosteroids

alone or in association with immunosuppressants.

The cause of relapsing polychondritis is unknown. It is suspected

that this condition is caused by an immune system disorder

(autoimmunity) in which the body's immunity system (which

normally fights off invaders of the body, particularly infections) is

misguided. This results in inflammation that is directed at various

tissues of the body.

For patients with more mild disease, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),

including ibuprofen (Motrin), naproxen (Naprosyn), and others, can be helpful to control the

inflammation. Usually, however, cortisone-related medications (steroids such as prednisone

and prednisolone) are required. High-dose steroids are frequently necessary initially,

especially when the eyes or breathing airways are involved. Moreover, most patient require

steroids for long-term use.

 Elastic cartilage from the ear, 400X Elastic cartilage from epiglottis. Elastic cartilage, silver stain Elastic cartilage, Pinnae of the ear Mammal Elastic Cartilage (100x) Fibers of elastic cartilage are quite visible Relapsing polychondritis Relapsing polychondritis Relapsing polychondritis illustration Relapsing polychondritis Relapsing polychondritis Relapsing polychondritis

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/anatomy_&_ph

ysiology/a&p201/connective_tissues/cartilage.htmhttp://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3.htm w w w .udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cc/cc.htm w w w .udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cc/cc.htm w w w .unm.edu/~vscience/microscopy.htm

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/L

ab7/lab7.htmhttp://w w w .uveitis.org/images/rp3.jpg http://dermatology.cdlib.org/94/NYU/Nov2001/112001-4b.jpg w w w .pathguy.com/lectures/relappol.gif w w w .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20469666 w w w .medicinenet.com/relapsing_polychondritis/article.htm w w w .medicinenet.com/relapsing_polychondritis/page2.htm

Fibro NA NA

"A type of CARTILAGE whose matrix contains large bundles of COLLAGEN.

Fibrocartilage is typically found in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK; PUBIC

SYMPHYSIS; TIBIAL MENISCI; and articular disks in synovial JOINTS."

http://www.bioportfolio.com/search/where_is_fibrocartilage_found

Dysplasia (from the Greek δυσπλασία "malformation", δυσ- "mal-" + πλάθω "to

create, to form"), is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality of

development.[1] This generally consists of an expansion of immature cells, with a

corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells. Dysplasia is

often indicative of an early neoplastic process. The term dysplasia is typically used

when the cellular abnormality is restricted to the originating tissue, as in the case

of an early, in-situ neoplasm.

You develop fibrous dysplasia before birth, and its development

has been linked with a gene mutation that affects the cells that

produce bone. No one knows what causes the mutation, but it

isn't inherited from your parents, and you can't pass it on to your

children.

If you have mild fibrous dysplasia that's discovered incidentally and you have no signs or

symptoms, your risk of developing deformity or fracturing your bone is low. Your doctor can

monitor your condition with follow-up X-rays every six months. If there's no progression,

you don't need treatment.

Fibrocartilage of intervertebral disc, with aniline blue

stainFibrocartilage of intervertebral disc, with H & E stain. Cross section through an intervertebral disc

Fribrocartilage with visible Chondrocytes and collagen

fibers

Fribrocartilage with visible Chondrocytes and collagen

fibers in blue stainFribrocartilage transverse section

Fibrous Dysplasia of Humerus-An XrayFibrous dysplasia of bone

A Haitian teen suffers from a rare form of Polyostotic Fibrous

Dysplasia, a nonhereditary, genetic disease that causes bone

to become "like a big a bowl of jelly with some bone inside,"

Dysplasia Fibrous dysplasia Treatments

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/anatomy_&_physiolo

gy/a&p201/connective_tissues/cartilage.htm

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/anatomy_&_physiol

ogy/a&p201/connective_tissues/cartilage.htm

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/anatomy_&_physiol

ogy/a&p201/connective_tissues/cartilage.htmhttp://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3.htm http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3.htm w w w .udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cc/cc.htm

http://boneandspine.com/orthopaedic-images/fibrous-

dysplasia-humerusan-xray/http://www.pathologypics.com/pictview.aspx?id=104 http://english.pravda.ru/health/15-12-2005/9390-marlie-0/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysplasia

http://w w w .mayoclinic.com/health/f ibrous-

dysplasia/DS00991/DSECTION=causesw w w .mayoclinic.com/health/f ibrous-dysplasia/DS00991/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs

Bone Compact NA NA

There are two osseous tissues in the body, the first is compact bone. Mature

bone cells or osteons are the site of calcium absorption and redistribution to

the body these circular maze like structures are located with in a cavity called

a lacunae. The middle of the osteon has a central canal, for blood flow, that

allows small vessels throughout the bone to travel through caniculi and

ultimatley drain through this structure. One of the strongest substances in the

world and second in the body only to the enamel on our teeth compact bone

makes up the diaphysis (shaft) of a long bone.

Compact bone is one of the most dense substances in the body and a lack of

calcium to support these structures can cause them to break down and become

porris (filled with holes), leading to injury.

Osteoclast activity breaks down to realse calcium into the

blood stream. When these bone cells are over active, a

cause relating to a problem with parathyroid hormone,

bones may become extra brittle and weak.

An overall lack of calcium in the diet can lead to weak bones as well therefor

regular consumption of milk along with exercise cand help keep bones strong.

Radius 100x Femur 400x Ulna 250x Femur 40x- longitudinal section Vertebra 25x Humerus 100x rheumatoid arthritis osteogenic sarcoma osteoarthritis

http://w w w .spcollege.edu/clw /math_science/nicotera/pnic/nicotera/bone10

0X.jpg

http://w w w .spcollege.edu/clw /math_science/nicotera/pnic/nicotera/bone4

00X.jpg http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab4bone/Lab4as8compact25x.htm http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab4bone/Lab4as6compact4x.htm

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab4bone/Lab4as23compact2x.ht

m

http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/compact%20bone%202%20firew o

rks%20b.jpg

http://rw jms.umdnj.edu/pathology/Lectures/Orthopaedic%20Pathology-

Hosea.pdf http://rw jms.umdnj.edu/pathology/Lectures/Orthopaedic%20Pathology-Hosea.pdf http://rw jms.umdnj.edu/pathology/Lectures/Orthopaedic%20Pathology-Hosea.pdf

Spongy NA NA

Osseous tissue type 2, spongy or cancellous bone is a lot less dense than

its counter part; compact bone. It does have a much higher surface area for

red blood cell production, hematopoiesis, which is created by the trabecula

that are the inner make up of the spongy bone. Spongy bone is the location of

red bone marrow, this is what produces blood cells. the end of a long bone or

epiphysis consists of cancellous bone.

spongy bone is already more porris than compact bone so when osteoporosis is

present the tips (epiphysis) of long bones can become extremely fragile and even

completely seperate or shatter if a fracture occurs.

The same homronal causes for compact bone can cause

weaker spongy bone.

Milk helps replenish calcium in bones but when spongy bones are affected

exercise is only recomended under supervision or theapeutic conditions, and a

calcium supplement is generally warranted.

100x- developing long bone diaphysis bone marrow 100x Spongy bone, LM 400x spongy bone, LM 100x cancellous bone, LM 180X Mandible, LM 500x Spicules of spongy bone peridontal cyst mixed pathologies of bone marrow

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab4bone/Lab4bs7cancellous10x.ht

mhttp://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Labbonemarrow .htm

http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/cancellous%20bone%20100x%

20b%20firew orks.jpg

http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/cancellous%20bone%20400x%

20firew orks%20d.jpg

http://faculty.sdmiramar.edu/KPETTI/Bio160/TissueHistology/CancellBone.

jpg

http://w w w .coursew eb.uottaw a.ca/medicine-

histology/english/musculoskeletal/Fig13_Junction_compact_spongy_bone.htm

http://w w w .meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/mech/cases/case18/hl4B-

68.jpghttp://w w w .library.vcu.edu/pdfgif/tml/oralpathology/44-traumatic-bone-cyst.jpg http://w w w .translational-medicine.com/content/f igures/1479-5876-6-26-10-l.jpg

Ellery Santos Odie Jimenez

James Vietor Dustin Holmes

Biol 218 Anatomy 52999

Histology Compendium

Tissue type Notes / Description / Size

Targ

et

Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3Notes / Description / Size /

Differences between Normal and Pathological

Other Information /

Notes on Diseasae

Genetic Causes

Prevalence / Incidence

Other Information /

Notes on Therapies / Treatments

Medical Research

Alt

ern

ate

Imaging Technology or Magnification 1 Imaging Technology or Magnification 2 Imaging Technology or Magnification 3 Imaging Technology or Magnification 4 Imaging Technology or Magnification 5 Imaging Technology or Magnification 6

Fluid Blood Cells Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes are also referred to as Red Blood Cells and are the primary

transporters of oxygen into body tissues, through the ciriculatory system and

via blood flow. The adjacent slides represent general structures associated

with the circulatory system and erythrocytes in general.

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited form of anemia — a condition in which there

aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen throughout your

body.Normally, your red blood cells are flexible and round, moving easily through

your blood vessels. In sickle cell anemia, the red blood cells become rigid, sticky

and are shaped like sickles or crescent moons. These irregularly shaped cells can

get stuck in small blood vessels, which can slow or block blood flow and oxygen to

parts of the body.

Leukemia is most common in ages 2-6 and is more

prevelant in caucasian children.

Arteriole capillaries cross section capillary Blood, Human, 450x, LM Erythrocytes, SEM Thymus Sickle Cell, peripheral Blood, LM 40x Sickle Cell, LM 40x Sickle Cell, Human SEM

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology,

and Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme,

2003. Web

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and

Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2003. Web

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology,

and Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme,

2003. Web

http://a-s.clayton.edu/biology/biol1151L/lab03/images/blood-450x.jpg Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and

Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2003. Web

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology,

and Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme,

2003. Web

http://w w w .pathology.vcu.edu/education/dental2/images/case1-1.jpg

http://w w w .bing.com/images/search?q=sickle+cell+pathology&form=QBIR&qs=n&sk=

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pyu.com%2Fstaticgallery%2Fpathology%2Fimages%2Fsicklecellanemia40x02.jpg

http://medphoto.w ellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/result.html?_IXMAXHITS_=1&_IXACTION_=

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Leukocytes Basophil

Basophil granulocytes, sometimes referred to as basophils, are the least

common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating

white blood cells. Basophils appear in many specific kinds of inflammatory

reactions, particularly those that cause allergic symptoms. Basophils contain

anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly.

Basophils function as mast cells and can be identified from the other

granulocyte

Leukemia : Disease of Bone Marrow, affecting white blood cells, red blood cells,

platlets, and plasma. In Leukemia the bone marrow does not produce cells that

mature improperly. The immature cells crowd out the healthy ones.

Leukpenia is a disease in which there is a markedly lower

white blood cell count. The primary cause of leukpenia is

extensive wbc use and reduction. Other causes include

chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia, myelofibrosis,

aplastic anemia, influenza, Hodgkin's lymphoma, some

types of cancer, malaria, tuberculosis and dengue.

Blood, Human 100x, LM Blood, Human 100x, LM Rat Basophilic Leukemia, ICM Cat, myleloid Leukemia, LM Human, mast Cell Leukemia, 800x, LM

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/cardio/blood.htmGraaff, Van De. Human Antomy. Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill

Companies, 2001. Web.Mader, Sylvia S. Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology. Fifth ed. McGraw - Hill http://w w w .glass-bottom-dishes.com/images/customer04.jpg http://w w w .vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/w aikart/f ig03.jpg http://w w w .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cmed&part=A35539&rendertyp

e=figure&id=A35550

Eiosiniphil

Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called eosinophils or eosinophiles (or, less

commonly, acidophils), are white blood cells that are one of the immune

system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and

certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells, they also control

mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that

develop during hematopoietic in the bone marrow before migrating into blood.

Acute eosinophilic leukemia (AEL) is a rare subtype of acute myeloid

leukemia with 50 to 80 percent of eosinophilic cells in the blood and

marrow. It can arise de novo or may develop in patients having the

chronic form of a hypereosinophilic syndrome. Patients with acute

eosinophilic leukemia have a propensity for developing bronchospasm

and heart failure from endomyocardial fibrosis. Hepatomegaly and

splenomegaly are more common than in other variants of AML.

Human, Blood 100x, LM Human, Blood 100x, LM Human, Smear 100x, LM Human, Smear 100x, LM Human, Smear 100x, LM eosinophilic leukemia, 400x eosinophilic Leukemia, 1000x Eosinophilic Leukemia, 1000x

Graaf f , Van De. Human Antomy . Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001. Web. http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/innate.htm http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/cardio/blood.htm http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/images/eosinophil_1

00x.jpghttp://student.nu.ac.th/w uth_w eb/pic.htm http://student.nu.ac.th/w uth_w eb/pic.htm http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Eosinophilic Leukemia-

400x.jpghttp://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Eosinophilic Leukemia 1-1000x.jpg

http://w w w .niaid.nih.gov/SiteCollectionImages/labs_scientif ic/labs/aboutlabs/lpd/Eosi

nophilPathologyUnit/IHES2-100x.JPG

Neutrophil

These cells constitute 70% of leukocytes and usually have 2 to 5 nuclear

lobes connected by fine filaments of chromatin. Neutrophils are the most

numerous of all leukocytes, therefore, easiest to identify. The cytoplasm is

pink to grey because of the neutral staining of specific granules (i.e. they

don't stain). Neutrophils function as scavengers within extravascular tissue,

destroying bacteria or other infectious organisms that invade the body.

Neutrophils are also called Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs) in some

laboratories even though the following two cell types also have multi-lobed

nuclei.

1. Abnormal neutrophil precursors (giant metamyelocytes, red

arrows) in the bone marrow in megaloblastic anaemia. 2.

Hypersegmented neutrophil. These are a result of megaloblastic

anemia, caused by a deficiency in B12 vitamin or folic acid. The

disease causes multi-segmanted neutrophils.

Human Blood, 100x LM Human Blood, 100x LM Human Blood, 100x LM Human Blood SEM Human, TEM abnormal neutrophil, bone marrow hypersegmented neutrophil, blood smear hyper-segmented neutrophil, blood smear

Graaf f , Van De. Human Antomy . Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001. Web. http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Neutrophils.jpg http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Neutrophil.jpg http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/neutrophil.jpg http://141.83.55.222/media/custom/677_2545_3_k.JPG http://c.photoshelter.com/img-

get/I0000ENspgOM_Xeo/t/200/I0000ENspgOM_Xeo.jpg

http://w w w 1.imperial.ac.uk/resources/41BEB9B1-3BB1-4A23-9987-

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Lymphocyte

Lymphocytes constitute 20 ­ 25% of agranulocytes and may be small,

medium or large in size. The nucleus is rounded or oval, and usually the

same size as an erythrocyte. The chromatin is densely packed with no

apparent nucleoli. When compared with nuclei of other cells, the lymphocyte

nucleus almost always appears smudged. The cytoplasm is scanty and

stains pale blue. Lymphocytes are composed of two subpopulations: T

lymphocytes & B lymphocytes, which have distinctive functional differences.

However, they appear morphologically identical in the stained blood smears

you are using. Some lymphocytes migrate into the connective tissues and

become Plasma Cells.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone

marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. About

15,000 people receive a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia each year in

the United States, according to the National Cancer Institute. Chronic lymphocytic

leukemia most commonly affects older adults, though it may occur at any age and

rarely can affect children.

Human Blood, 100x LM Human, T-lymphocyte SEM Human, SEM Human, TEM Human, SEM T-lymphocyte TEM Lymphocytic Leukemia, 400x Lymphocytic Leukemia, 1000x Lymphocytic Leukemia

http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3a.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/bow ers/t-lymph-dk2.jpg http://upload.w ikimedia.org/w ikipedia/commons/2/24/Red_White_Blood_ce

lls.jpg

http://w w w .celentyx.com/images/Coloured_TEM_of_a_human_B-

lymphocyte_blood_celljpg.jpghttp://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/bow ers/lymphocyte2.jpg http://millette.med.sc.edu/Lab 6 pages/C16 image page.htm

http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Lymphocytic Leukemia-1-

400x.jpghttp://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Lymphocytic Leukemia-1000x.jpg http://w w w .mednet.gr/pim/images-hematology/h3_1.jpg

Monocyte

Monocytes comprise 3 ­ 8% of agranulocytes. This large cell has a lightly

stained nucleus that often appears horseshoe or kidney shaped. The

chromatin appears lacy and nucleoli are usually not apparent. The nucleus

looks a bit like a "brain." The abundant cytoplasm stainsnd quite often

contains vacuoles (small, clear areas). These areas help to distinguish

monocytes from large lymphocytes. Small dense granules are frequently

present. (Yes! even though they are called agranulocytes.) Monocytes

migrate into connective tissue and become Macrophages.

http://web.cc.uoa.gr/health/pathology/aoh/images/1081.jpgMonocytic leukemia is a type of myeloid leukemia characterized by a dominance

of monocytes in the marrow. When the monocytic cells are predominantly

monoblasts, it is subclassified into the monoblastic leukemia.

Human Blood, 100x LM Human Blood, 100x LM Mouse, SEM Human, SEM Human, TEM, placenta Human, Smear 100x, LM Human, Skin Human, Monocytic Leukemia, Blood 100x Human, Monocytic Leukemia, Blood

http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3a.htm http://w w w .montgomerycollege.edu/~w olexik/Monocyte-2.jpg http://w w w .nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/obj/imi/images/english/Implan5.jpg http://w w w .monocytes.de/images/monocyte-small.gif http://w w w .uni-

mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/w orkshop/EM/eigeneEM/Placenta/Pl76Mo.jhttp://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/monocyte.jpg http://image.bloodline.net/stories/storyReader$800 http://w eb.cc.uoa.gr/health/pathology/aoh/images/1081.jpg

qqqqqqqqqqqqqqq Macrophage

Macrophages are white blood cells. Human microphages are bout 21

micrometer in diameter. Along with monocytes, macrophages are

phagocytes. Their role is to eat harmfal pathogens

1. Sphenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen, associated with certain

carcinomas. In respone, the body increases levels of macrophages and

histocytes. 2. This slide shows macrophages of a patient with HIV and Hodgkin's

Lymphoma. 3. An SEM slide of a macrophage attacking a cancer cell.

blood blood blood Lymph node Arterial Wall Macrophage, SEM colored Familial Sphenomegaly, LM Macrophage of indivdual w/ Hodgkin's lymphoma Macrophage destroying cancer cell, SEM

http://drpinna.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Macrophage-WITH-

LABEL-96-DPI.jpg

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mb/1/15/Macrophage.jpg/250px-Macrophage.jpg

http://www.medecine.unige.ch/lafaculte/services/bioim

aging/documents/macrophage.jpg

http://srxa.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/macrophage-

2.jpg

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ection/pages/walking%20.macrophage.gif

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Platelets

Patlets, also known as thrombocytes are cell fragments that lack a nucleus.

They are around 2-3 uM in diameter and originate from megakaryocytes.

Thrombocytes live for 5 to 9 days and provide a very important role in blood

clotting. They are also very important in the forming of blood clots in arteries.

1. Von Willebrand's Disease:Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a bleeding disorder. It affects your

blood's ability to clot. If your blood doesn't clot, you can have heavy, hard-to-stop bleeding after an

injury. The bleeding can damage your internal organs or even cause death, although this is rare.

2 &3. Fanconi's Anemia: a rare, inherited blood disorder that leads to bone marrow failure.FA

prevents your bone marrow from making enough new blood cells for your body to work normally.

FA also can cause your bone marrow to make many abnormal blood cells. This can lead to

serious health problems, such as leukemia (a type of blood cancer).

Reaction of platlets and fibronogin Clot formation (artist rendering) Electron micrograph of Blood clot Activated platelets, SEM Blood clot Platelets, LM Canine, Von Willebrand's disease, LM Fanconi's Anemia, Human LM Fanconi's Anemia, Human LM

http://www.drugdevelopment-

technology.com/projects/prasugrel/images/3-clot-formation.jpghttp://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:pdia2uM43FEBaM:h

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http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Lab

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/_45383842_platelets226.jpg

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Giant_platelets.JPGhttp://w w w .marvistavet.com/assets/images/canine_platelets.gif

http://w w w .steadyhealth.com/sites/steadyhealth.com/external/infocenter//img/pages/

symptoms_of_fanconi_anemia.jpghttp://stemcell.childrenshospital.org/images/spicule_2_Fanconi_anemia-318x215.jpg

Plasma

Blood plasma makes up about 55% of the total volume of blood. Mostly water

(90%) it contains some glucose, dissolved proteins, clotting factors, mineral

ions, hormones and Co2. Plasma is the main transporter of wastes.

Leukemia is a decrease in the white blood cell count. Usually the result of

radiation, chemotherapy and leukemia and many other diseases cause a

reduction in white blood cells. Some medications can casue leukpenia aswell.

Leukemia : Disease of Bone Marrow, affecting white blood

cells, red blood cells, platlets, and plasma. In Leukemia

the bone marrow does not produce cells that mature

improperly. The immature cells crowd out the healthy

ones.

Leukpenia is a disease in which there is a markedly lower white blood cell count.

The primary cause of leukpenia is extensive wbc use and reduction. Other causes

include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia,

influenza, Hodgkin's lymphoma, some types of cancer, malaria, tuberculosis and

dengue.

plasma cells in blood plasma cells of lymph Plasma cells in schwannoma Plasma cells in interstitial fluid Plasma cells in Trachea leukemia leukopenia

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ystems.com/DAM_public/5216.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ww

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ference/hrlym.8.jpg

http://www.vetscan.co.in/v5n2/images/67/image007.jp

g

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fig1.jpg

Lymph Lymph

Lymph is the fluid inside the lymphatic system, which includes lymphatic

capillaries and lymph nodes as well as other specific organs of the body for

example the tonsils. Lymph fluid that leaves the system is considerably in

higher concentration of white blood cells. Lymph is the front line for the

defense of the Human body against bacteria and dangerous pathogens

Leukemia is a decrease in the white blood cell count. Usually the result of

radiation, chemotherapy and leukemia and many other diseases cause a

reduction in white blood cells. Some medications can casue leukpenia aswell.

Leukemia : Disease of Bone Marrow, affecting white blood

cells, red blood cells, platlets, and plasma. In Leukemia

the bone marrow does not produce cells that mature

improperly. The immature cells crowd out the healthy

ones.

Leukpenia is a disease in which there is a markedly lower white blood cell count.

The primary cause of leukpenia is extensive wbc use and reduction. Other causes

include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia,

influenza, Hodgkin's lymphoma, some types of cancer, malaria, tuberculosis and

dengue.

Lymph node of cat Axillary Lymph Node Detail of Lymph node (artist rendering) Lymphocytes vs Macrophages Lymphatic system in relation to cardiovascular Lymphoma of face leukopenia leukemia

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab6/IMAG

ES/PLATELETS%20IN%20SITU%20copy.jpg

http://pleiad.umdnj.edu/~dweiss/normal_node/graphics/

nl_node_lo_0.jpg

http://www.microbiologybytes.com/iandi/ipics/LymphN

ode.gif

http://www.healingdaily.com/exercise/lymphatic-

system-dependent-on-detoxification.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Larg

e_facial_Burkitt%27s_Lymphoma.JPG

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ghttp://w w w .taconichills.k12.ny.us/w ebquests/noncomdisease/Leukemiapic.gif

Ellery Santos Odie Jimenez

James Vietor Dustin Holmes

Biol 218 Anatomy 52999

Histology Compendium

Tissue type Notes / Description / Size

Targ

et

Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3Notes / Description / Size /

Differences between Normal and Pathological

Other Information /

Notes on Diseasae

Genetic Causes

Prevalence / Incidence

Other Information /

Notes on Therapies / Treatments

Medical Research

Alt

ern

ate

Imaging Technology or Magnification 1 Imaging Technology or Magnification 2 Imaging Technology or Magnification 3 Imaging Technology or Magnification 4 Imaging Technology or Magnification 5 Imaging Technology or Magnification 6

Muscle Skeletal

Description- Skeletal muscle or striated muscle has long cylindrical fibers. A

string of nuclei is usually visible along the edge of each striation, these fibers

have multiple/ peripheral nuclei. The term striated comes from the visible I

bands and A bands that line the fibers for contraction.

Normal vs Path.- Skeletal muscle has a consistent flow to its look but when a

pathology is present grouping may occur where certain fibers grow large and other

fibers shrink and surround the larger fibers.

Regular physical activity is extremely helpful in keeping healthy muscles healthy.

skeletal muscle 100x skeletal muscle 600x skeletal muscle 400x tongue 400x striated muscle 7000x cross section- skeletal muscle sarcoidosisAatrophy of muscle fibers, oftern in form of small angulated

fibers in adults.

Target and targetoid fibers on NADH-TR stain. Note the central

clearing within muscle fibers and peripheral accentuation of

staining. (NADH-TR, 200x)

http://employee.lsc.edu/faculty/BrianBich/Picture%20Library/Forms/DispFor

m.aspx?ID=140&Source=http%3A%2F%2Femployee%2Elsc%2Eedu%2Ffa

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http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/f iles/bio%20101/b

io%20101%20lectures/cells/skeletal_muscle_cell.jpg

http://lima.osu.edu/biology/images/anatomy/Skeletal%20Muscle%20400X.j

pg http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Labmuscle.htm

http://w w w .emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookanimalts.htm

l#Muscle%20Tissue

http://faculty.sdmiramar.edu/KPETTI/Bio160/TissueHistology/XSectSkelMuscle

2.jpghttp://w w w .microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/index.html

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_musclenerve_path/stude

nt_musclenerve/musclepath.html

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_musclenerve_path/stud

ent_musclenerve/subpages/pan.muscle.nadh.6.html

Smooth

Smooth muscle lacks I/A bands which cause other histologies to appear

striated. This non-striated muscle is mainly found in visceral organs and

blood vessels, it appears in sheets or folds, and is controlled involuntarily.

Denervation and renervation is a process that can cause a nice wavy sheet of

smooth muscle to split apart and group together in an inconsistant pattern and

continuation of the process causes atrophy to take place of the affected tissue.

This process has an unknown cause but the outcome in

infants and adults is significantly different, in adults the

fibers become scattered and change shape. The infants

case of denervation can be identified when there are

hypertrophic muscle fiber dispersed throughout large

quantities of small round muscle fibers.

10x smooth muscle- penis vena cava 100x intestinal muscularis externa 40x stomach 100x jejunum 250x smooth muscle 400x atriel wall- injury activated carotid smooth muscle leiomyosarcoma 20x Barretts Esophagus x20

http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/mr/himrp5.htm http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Labbloodvesselsnerves.htm http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Labmuscle.htm http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Labmuscle.htm http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Labglands.htm http://lima.osu.edu/biology/images/anatomy/Smooth%20Muscle%20400X.jpg http://biochem.uvm.edu/2010/08/jeremy-w ood-defends-doctoral-

dissertation/ http://w w w .microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/index.html http://radiology.uchc.edu/eAtlas/GI/978b.htm

Cardiac

Heart muscle is very similar to skeletal muscle, striated and multi nucleic

(occaisionally). Some distinct differences are a central nucleus(or nuclei) and

branching muscle fibers. A dominant landmark would be the intercalated

disks located where individual cardiac fibers meet.

A Heart Attack or Acute Myocardial Infraction is an extremely visible problem with

cardiac muscle tissue. Any sort of stoppage of oxygen to the myocardial (heart)

tissue causes cellular death, and if untreated total death to the individual. A treated

case will still show signs of scar tissue in the area of the infraction

There are many genetic factors as well as lifestyle choices

that can lead to an event like a heart attack, which is why a

family health history is something everyone should know

Regular cardiovascular activity and staying away from a sedintary lifestyle is great

course of action.

heart 400x cardiac muscle 20um heart TEMx15, 400 cardiac muscle 200x heart 400x cardiac muscle 5000x SEM coronary atherosclerosis acute myocardial infraction (heart attack) myocardial infraction (old)

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Labmuscle.htmhttp://w w w .technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/slides/Muscle/14-

Cardiac%20Muscle-intercalated%20disks.jpg

http://w w w .emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookanimalts.html

#Muscle%20Tissue

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab12a/Lab12a.ht

m

http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/cardiac%20muscle%20firew or

ks%20b.jpg http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab12a/Lab12a.htm http://w w w .microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/index.html http://w w w .microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/index.html http://w w w .microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/index.html

Nervous Neurons

These figure show multipolar motor nerve cells from the columna anterior of

the spinal cord (anterior horn motor neurons). Stain: Weigert carmine;

magnification: x200 L. In this figure a glial cell is clealy defined Stain: Nissl

cresyl violet; magnification; x 400

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive disease that causes

damage to the brain. It is one of the few diseases that affects humans and

animals. CJD is believed to be caused by prion, a newly identified type of disease-

causing agent.

CJD attacks men and women in equal numbers. It occurs

worldwide at approxemetly one case per million people,

annually. It appears first at around 20 with the average age

of onset being about 50

As of 2004, no treatment has been shown to be effective against CJD. Treatment

for symptoms such as muscle pain and jerky movements are available. The

outcome for a person with CJD is usually very poor. Complete dementia

commonly occurs within 6 months or less after the first appearance of symptoms.

columna anterior of the spinal cord Human, LM spinal cord, LM neuron, LM Multipolar motor, spinal chord Creutzeldt-Jakob Disease Creutzeldt-Jakob Disease

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology,

and Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme,

2003. Web

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory

/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/animal%20cel

ls%20and%20tissues/Image15.jpg

http://www.hartnell.edu/faculty/aedens/Bio6L/WebNerv

ous.jpg

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/

files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/animal%20cell

s%20and%20tissues/Image15.jpg

http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/histology/labmanual2002

/labsection2/Nervoustissue03_files/image004.jpghttp://pathology.mc.duke.edu/neuropath/CNSlecture4/hdgross.jpg http://hygienicsystems.com/images/CJD.jpg

NeurogliaPeripheral

2 typesSatellite

Satellite cells are glial cells that surround the exterior of neurons in the PNS.

They are also located in the root ganglion. They are similar to astrocytes in

that they provide nourishment to the surrounding neurons. Satellite cells are

very similar to schwann cells.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive disease that causes

damage to the brain. It is one of the few diseases that affects humans and

animals. CJD is believed to be caused by prion, a newly identified type of disease-

causing agent.

CJD attacks men and women in equal numbers. It occurs

worldwide at approxemetly one case per million people,

annually. It appears first at around 20 with the average age

of onset being about 50

As of 2004, no treatment has been shown to be effective against CJD. Treatment

for symptoms such as muscle pain and jerky movements are available. The

outcome for a person with CJD is usually very poor. Complete dementia

commonly occurs within 6 months or less after the first appearance of symptoms.

periphial nervous system Capsular Cells of the PNS Dorsal root ganglion Satellite Cell, LM 400x Sensory neuron, Dorsal Root Ganglion Creutzeldt-Jakob Disease Creutzeldt-Jakob Disease

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ouhsc.edu/histol

ogy/Glass%2520slides/6_02.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ouhsc.edu/

histology/text%2520sections/nervous.html&usg=__e0SKQlNoYzYu

pnQ6rRFgudABp4k=&h=314&w=400&sz=47&hl=en&start=0&zoom

=1&tbnid=pSQPTdGYKiZQ1M:&tbnh=113&tbnw=143&prev=/image

http://w w w .csus.edu/org/nrg/carter/NeurosylActive/hiunipol.jpg http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/4_05.jpg

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology,

and Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme,

2003. Web.

http://w w w .mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology_mh/unipoln.jpghttp://top-10-list.org/w p-content/uploads/2009/05/creutzfeldt-jakob-

disease.jpghttp://w w w .scienceclarif ied.com/everyday/images/scet_03_img0266.jpg

etc

K: Gross example of swchannoma.L: Microscopic example of schwannoma.

M Artist rendering of the process of myelination. N: Transverse section of

myelinated axon. O: schwann cells in the peripheal nervous system.

Neurolemmomas are benign, encapsulated tumors of the nerve sheath. Their

cells origin are thought to be schwann cells. These masses usually arise from the

side of a nerve, as well encapsulated, and have a unique hisologic pattern

No racial or sex predilection is recognized. The average

age is between 20 and 50 years of age. Common lactions

of umors are the head, and flexor surfaces of the upper

and lower extremities and the trunk.

As with most benign tumors, nerilemmomas respond well to local resection. The

lesion is excised marginally, and the nerve fibers are spared.

schwannoma removed from vocal cords Histology of Schwannoma Schwann Cell, artist rendering Schwann Cell, branch of radial nerve Periphial Nervous System Neurolemma schwannoma

Rose, Alan G. Atlas of Gross Pathology. New York: Cambridge UP,

2008. Web.Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2003. Web.

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology,

and Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme,

2003. Web.

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology,

and Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme,

2003. Web.

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Response%2

0_to_Injury/SchwannCells.htmhttp://w w w .dmacc.edu/instructors/PerNXH.gif

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Plexiform_

Schwannoma_1.jpg

Central

4 typesEpendymal

K: Artist Rendering of Ependymal cell. L: Picture of an ependymal granulation

located in the central canal of the spinal cord. M: Ependymal cells lining the

central canal. N: Ependymal cells with good examples of cilia. O: ependymal

cell artist rendering in choroid plexus

Ependymal granulations are actually areas of ventricular lining where the

ependymal cells have been sluffed off and the underlying astrocytes (for example

by the arrow)(L) react and form a small nodule. It is seen in cases of chronic

hydrocephalus and in patients with a history of a chronic intraventricular infection.

However, it is not uncommon to find a few small granulations in an otherwise

normal brain

Patiants with a history of these symptoms present no

problem in diagnosis. However if the neoplasm is small

and producting few symptoms spinal fluid and x-rays may

be needed for full diagnosis. Spinal fluid studies consist

mainly of manometric tests and spinal fluid analysis. About

fifty percent of obstructing neoplasms of the spinal cord

show yellow (xanthochromic) spinal fluid. X-rays may

show localized bony erosion, calcification within the

neoplasm, patial or complete absorption of one or more

pedicles, cont...

..... scalloping of the posterior aspects of the vertebral bodies, widening of the

interpediculate spaces, and enlaargement of the spinal canal due to the expanding

neoplasm. Treatment is surgical. Over eighty-five per cent of primary neoplasms

of the spinal cord are benign and can be completely removed. After laminectomy,

over ninety percent of these patients recover completly, though at times very

slowly. The operative mortality in most nerosurgical clinics is less then one

percent.

Ependymal cell, artist rendering ependymal granulation spinal cord Ventricle of Rabbit Choroid plexus ependymal granulations ependymoma

Graaff, Van De. Human Antomy. Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill Companies,

2001. Web.

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Response%20

_to_Injury/EpendymalCells.htm

http://mwsu-bio101.ning.com/forum/topics/distinct-

human-celltypes-

1?commentId=2263214:Comment:10323

http://light.simanonok.com/CiliaInVentricles.jpg http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:8amIJgBXOxVDzM:http://www.daviddarling.info/images/choroid_plexus.gif&t=1http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/introductionneuropathology/Response%20

_to_Injury/Injury_Images/EpendymitisGran20x.jpghttp://en.w ikipedia.org/w iki/File:Ependymoma_low _intermed_mag.jpg

oligodendrocytes

K: oligodendrocytoma located in the cerebral cortex. L Oligodendrocytes

shown with a red stain, notice the few main body's surrounded by many

extensions. M: Artists Redering of Oligdendrocyte. N-O: more examples of

oligodendrocytes

Grossly, oligodendroglioma appear firm, reddish, and solid, although occasionally

there may be associated cysts. Microscopically, they present an array of irregular

cells with uniformaly spherical or rounded nuclei surrounded by a halo of

cytoplasm. Diseases which result in injury to the oligodendroglial cells include

demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and dysmyelinating diseases

called leukodystrophies.

Oligodendroglioma make up just 4 percent of the glioma

group. They are slow-growing, often well-demarcated neo-

plasms occurring in the cerebral hemispheres of adults.

The tumor originates in the white matter near the basal

ganglia and extend along myelanated fibers. Mitotic

figures are rare. Special stains show scant fibrillae. Areas

of calcification are not unusual, and these show up as

granular specks by x-ray.

Clinically the symptoms are insidious and slowly progressive and extend over a

period of six months to a year before giving convincing evidence of an expanding

intracranial neoplasm. Complete surgical removal is followed by long survival

periods.

cerebral cortex cerebral cortex oligodendrocyte, artist rendering oligodendroglioma oligodendrocyte, white matter, LM oligodendrocytoma oligodendrocytoma

Rose, Alan G. Atlas of Gross Pathology. New York: Cambridge UP,

2008. Web.

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and

Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2003. Web

Graaff, Van De. Human Antomy. Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill

Companies, 2001. Web.

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Response%20

_to_Injury/Oligodendroglia.htm

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Res

ponse%20_to_Injury/Oligodendroglia.htm http://jpkc.f immu.com/bingli/Content/N26/6167.jpg

http://w w w .w g-

hersentumoren.be/attachments/Image/MRI_SCAN_HERSENTUMOR.bmp

astrocytes

These slides show astrocytes located throught the central nervous system.

K: Astrocytes in the pineal gland can be seen throughout this slide by their

red stained nuclei. L: Astrocyte at greater magnification, the nucleus and the

arms of the cell are visible. M: This slide clearly shows the astrocyte as dark

stained nuclei with clearly efined extensions to capillaries. N: Artist rendering

of astrocyte. O: This is an image of reactive astrocytosis stained with an

immunoperoxidase stain for GFAP. P: This is an image of white mater with

astrocytosis.

Astrocytic Tumors: Astrocytoma, accounts for nearly forty percent of all gliatoma.

Most frequently found in the lateral cerbellar lobes of children or in the temporal or

frontal lobes of adults. The tumors are solid, but may also be cystic, containing

xanthochromic or dark brown oily fluid. Areas of calcification are rare and show up

as fine, flaky specks by x-ray. The symptoms of recurrent increased intracranial

pressure may extend over six to nine months before focal erbellar, frontal, or

temporal lobe signs appear. (cont...)

Ventriculograms, electo- encephalograms, or arteriograms

aid in early diagnosis. Survival following complete surgical

extirpation may be from ten to twenty years or longer

Pineal Gland Pineal Gland Cerebral Cortex Central Nervous System Central Nervous System astroctyoma astrocytoma

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and

Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2003. Web

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and

Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2003. Web

Kuehnel, Wolfgang. Color Atlas of Cytology, Histology, and

Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2003. Web

Graaff, Van De. Human Antomy. Sixth ed. McGraw-Hill Companies,

2001. Web.

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Response%2

0_to_Injury/Astrocytes.htm

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Response%20_to

_Injury/Astrocytes.htm

http://w w w .microscopyu.com/galleries/pathology/images/astrocytoma2

0x01.jpghttp://www.neuropat.dote.hu/jpeg/tumor/2astroc1.jpg

microglia

K: microglia in the central nervous system. L: Microglia amid astrocytes

indicated by the blue arrows. M: Microglia shown with an orange stain. N

higher resolution of the same microglia in M. O

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive disease that causes

damage to the brain. It is one of the few diseases that affects humans and

animals. CJD is believed to be caused by prion, a newly identified type of disease-

causing agent.

CJD attacks men and women in equal numbers. It occurs

worldwide at approxemetly one case per million people,

annually. It appears first at around 20 with the average age

of onset being about 50

As of 2004, no treatment has been shown to be effective against CJD. Treatment

for symptoms such as muscle pain and jerky movements are available. The

outcome for a person with CJD is usually very poor. Complete dementia

commonly occurs within 6 months or less after the first appearance of symptoms.

Central Nernous System Central Nervous System central Nervous System central nervous system Microglia (RED), TEM Creutzeldt-Jakob Disease Creutzeldt-Jakob Disease

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Respo

nse%20_to_Injury/Microglia.htm

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Resp

onse%20_to_Injury/Microglia.htm

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Resp

onse%20_to_Injury/Microglia.htm

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ids_104_cns_injury/Resp

onse%20_to_Injury/Microglia.htm http://w w w .keck.bioimaging.w isc.edu/dailey-lecture.jpg http://top-10-list.org/w p-content/uploads/2009/05/creutzfeldt-jakob-

disease.jpghttp://w w w .scienceclarif ied.com/everyday/images/scet_03_img0266.jpg

Ellery Santos Odie Jimenez

James Vietor Dustin Holmes

Biol 218 Anatomy 52999

Histology Compendium

Tissue type Notes / Description / Size

Targ

et

Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3Notes / Description / Size /

Differences between Normal and Pathological

Other Information /

Notes on Diseasae

Genetic Causes

Prevalence / Incidence

Other Information /

Notes on Therapies / Treatments

Medical Research

Alt

ern

ate

Imaging Technology or Magnification 1 Imaging Technology or Magnification 2 Imaging Technology or Magnification 3 Imaging Technology or Magnification 4 Imaging Technology or Magnification 5 Imaging Technology or Magnification 6

Epithelial Simple Squamous

The slides show examples of simple squamous epithelium. This is a single

layer of flattened cells, the cells are plate-like in shape. They occur

commonly in the human body including the cardiovascular system, large

body cavities and lymph vessels which are typically lined with simple

squamous epithelium. The nuclei of epithelial are often ovoid and located

close to the center of the cell.

Squamous cell cancer is a specific type of skin cancer. I t can occur at

any age, but it appears more often in adults over thirty-five. Squamous

cell cancer usually occurs on sun exposed areas of skin, and it may take

months to years to grow. There are several subtypes of squamous cell

carcinoma such as keratoacanthomas, Bowen's disease, and some

physicians believe that actinic keratoses may be very early squamous

cell carcinomas that have not evolved.

The exact cause of skin cancer is unknown. I would

like to emphasize that ultrav iolet radiation from sun

exposure is the biggest risk factor. Even if you never

were out in the sun much, decades of going to the

mailbox, hanging laundry, etc... all tally up for a

significant amount of sun exposure. The effects of

your sun exposure are cumulative. People at

highest risk are those who have fair skin, light

colored eyes, and have spent a lifetime working in

the sun.

Possible treatment modalities include: Excision with cosmetic/plastic

repair of the defect

Excision with healing by secondary intention

Mohs Surgery

Electrodesiccation and Curettage

Laser destruction

Radiation Therapy

Cryosurgery

Injectable and Topical chemo and immuno therapies

Sublingual gland Blood Vessel, Cardiovascular system Lung Artery and Vein KidneySimple Squamous Epitheleum, the thinnest tissue of the

body.Keratoacanthoma of Skin

http://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm#Si

mplehttp://facstaff.gpc.edu/~sfinazzo/epithelium%20edited/epitheliumIndex.html

http://w w w .flashcardmachine.com/chapter-4-

and5theintegumentarysystem.htmlhttp://w w w .umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/units/anatomy/1734.htm

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epithelia_connecti

ve.htm

http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/epithelial_inde

x.htm

http://wzus1.ask.com/r?t=a&d=us&s=a&c=p&ti=1&ai=30752&l

=dir&o=0&sv=0a5c4040&ip=43a9808d&u=http%3A%2F%2Fm

edsci.indiana.edu%2Fc602web%2F602%2Fc602web%2Fscan

s%2F154f.JPG

Cuboidal

The slides demonstrate simple cubodial epithelium. These cells occur in

small excretory ducts of many glands. Viewed from the surface they look like

small polygons. In sections perpendicular to the surface of the epithelium

they appear cubodial. They appear in common ducts including follicles of

thyroid gland, tubules of the kidneys and on the surface of ovaries.

1 &2. Photomicrograph of a papillary surface adenofibroma associated with

dystrophic calcifications. Secondary papillae lined with atypical cuboidal cells are

noted at the upper right-hand corner

Kidney Kidney Labeled Thyroid Ovary ThyroidSimple cuboidal epithileum forms ducts, tubuoles and

secretory cells.atypical cell, papillary surface, LM Atypical cuboidal cell

http://w w w 4.napavalley.edu/Projects/1799/03_Simple_Cuboidal_100x.jpghttp://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epithelia_connective

.htm

http://anatomyforme.blogspot.com/2008/04/endocrine-histology-thyroid-

and.html

http://w w w .cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/female_reproductive/ovary_p

reovulation.htmhttp://w w w 4.napavalley.edu/Projects/1799/3_Thyroid_100x.jpg

http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/simple_cuboid

al.jpg

http://w w w .glow m.com/resources/glow m/uploads/1209842115_Fig._2

3-1.bmphttp://w w w .glow m.com/resources/glow m/uploads/1209841884_Fig.22-1.bmp

Columnar Ciliated

As demonstrated in the slides, the cells are taller than they are wide and the

nuclei are usually located at the same height with in the cell, often close to

the base of cells. Examples of this include the internal surface of the GI tract

from the cardia to the stomach or the rectum The cilia are capable of rapid

rhythmic wavelike beating and assist in secretion and absorbtions. They are

found in air passages and found in the uterus and fallopoian tubes in the

female assisting the ovum to the uterus.

Dysplasia is defined as neoplastic epithelium that remains confined within the basement

membrane of the epithelial surface within which it arose. Questions regarding the diagnosis and

grading of dysplasia arise commonly

Intestinal Villi Human Ileum Human Uterus Fallopian Tube Fallopian Tube #2 Ciliated simple columnar epithelium, illustration Smokers trachea, missing cilia from columnar cells Cilliated columnar c ell on mild dysplastic epithelium

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/epithelia_connective.

htm

http://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm#l

abduohttp://w w w .w ikidoc.org/index.php/Image:Gray1169.png http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/PTH225.html http://w w w .siumed.edu/~dking2/erg/RE017b.htm

http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/ciliated_simple

_columnar.jpg

http://slidefinder.net/4/427_201_20Tissue_20types_2

0characteristics/9651952

Non Ciliated

Non ciliated differ from ciliated simply because they lack the cilia hair at the

superficial surface. They are still tall, narrow cells with the nucleus close to

the basal layer that assist in secretion and absorbtion. Goblet cells

(unicellular glands) are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the

duodenum. They secrete mucus/slime,which acts as a lubricating substance

which keeps the surface smooth.

With the w idespread adoption of screening mammography in the past several decades, columnar cell lesions

(CCL) of the breast have become a frequent f inding in breast biopsies. In fact, these lesions have been

reported to be present in nearly half of biopsies performed for mammographic microcalcif ications and have

been identif ied as the source of three-quarters of biopsy-detected microcalcif ications [1]. CCL is a broad

designation that encompasses a w ide range of histologic changes ranging from alterations of the epithelium

w ith no architectural or cytologic atypia to changes resembling ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS

Columnar Cell ChangeCCC is the simplest form of CCL

and is characterized by enlarged TDLUs with variably

dilated acini that may have an irregular contour (3).

CCC consists of one to two layers of columnar epithelial

cells that have uniform ovoid nuclei oriented

perpendicular to the basement membrane (3) and that

have no conspicuous nucleoli. Apical cytoplasmic blebs,

or snouts, are often present at the luminal surface of the

cells, and flocculent secretions may be present in the

lumina of the acini (Figs 1–3). CCC and apocrine

metaplasia are both characterized by apical snouts;

however, in apocrine metaplasia the cytoplasm is more

abundant and eosinophilic (3).

Stomach Stomach,small intestine and Large intestine Stomach Stomach Colon Simple clumnare epithelium, non-ciliated in GI tract

http://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm#la

bduo

http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/simple%20columnar%20nonciliat

d%20400x%20d%20firew orks.jpghttp://w w w 4.napavalley.edu/Projects/1799/03_Stomach_100x.jpg http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/PTH225.html http://w w w .medicalhistology.us/tw iki/bin/view /Main/EpitheliumAtlas01 http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/ex_simple_columnar.jpg http://breast-cancer-research.com/content/12/4/R61 http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/27/suppl_1/S79.full

Stratified Squamous Keratinized

Covering the entire body as skin, we see that in stratified squamous

keratinized epithemium the basal cells are generally columnar and

germinating. Basal cells often form a well defined layer at the boarder of the

epithelium to the underlying connective tissue. An irregular boarder is formed

due to the papillae and acts as an anchor between the epithelium and the

connective tissue.

Carcinomas are cancers of epithelial cell origin. The genes that produce

certain types of keratin are over-expressed in carcinoma cells, particularly

in those on the outside edge of the tumor. The excess keratin is needed

for the movement or invasiveness of the cancer cells. Keratin may also

help cancer cells resist the tumor necrosis (rotting) toxin produced by

macrophages.

The main cause of basal cell carcinoma of the skin is ultraviolet radiation from

the sun. The earth's ozone layer offers protection from UV radiation by

blocking it. How ever, depletion of the ozone layer since the late 1970s has

increased the damage to the skin that can result in cancer.

Treatment depends on the size of the tumor and the general health of

the patient. Surgery is usually the treatment used to remove the

cancer.

Skin Thick Skin Ventral surface of Penis Skin Skin Stratified squamous keratinized, Epidermis of the skin Basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma skin cancer still considered as malignant

since its can cause disfigurement and destruction by invading

the surrounding tissues.

Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) have many different

appearancesDefined Causes

http://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/text%20sections/epithelium.html http://w w w .technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/lect2.htmlhttp://w w w .anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section06/Plate061

27.shtmlhttp://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab2.htm http://w w w .austincc.edu/histologyhelp/tissues/tg_stra_sq_ker_e.html

http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/ex_stratified_s

quamous.jpg

http://www.trihealth.com/ser/cancer/images/Basal_c

ell_carcinoma.jpg

http://skincancer-fact.com/wp-

content/uploads/2009/10/Basal_cell_carcinoma_-skin_cancer-

picture.jpg

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/adam/images/en/basal-cell-

cancer-picture.jpghttp://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/199/main.html http://www.healthscout.com/ency/1/199/main.html

Non Keratinized

Stratified squamous non- kertanized cells include that of the oral cavity,

pharynx, vocal folds, esophagus vagina and anus. Non-keratinized refers to

he fact that combination of cells is not recgonized as skin like it is in

kertanized.

Squamous cell cancer is a specific type of skin cancer. I t can occur at

any age, but it appears more often in adults over thirty-five. Squamous

cell cancer usually occurs on sun exposed areas of skin, and it may take

months to years to grow. There are several subtypes of squamous cell

carcinoma such as keratoacanthomas, Bowen's disease, and some

physicians believe that actinic keratoses may be very early squamous

cell carcinomas that have not evolved.

The exact cause of skin cancer is unknown. I would

like to emphasize that ultrav iolet radiation from sun

exposure is the biggest risk factor. Even if you never

were out in the sun much, decades of going to the

mailbox, hanging laundry, etc... all tally up for a

significant amount of sun exposure. The effects of

your sun exposure are cumulative. People at

highest risk are those who have fair skin, light

colored eyes, and have spent a lifetime working in

the sun.

Possible treatment modalities include: Excision with cosmetic/plastic

repair of the defect

Excision with healing by secondary intention

Mohs Surgery

Electrodesiccation and Curettage

Laser destruction

Radiation Therapy

Cryosurgery

Injectable and Topical chemo and immuno therapies

Tongue Esophagus Esophagus Vagina Anorectal Stratified squamous non-keratinized, viginal wall.

http://legacy.ow ensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Histology/API%20histo%2

0epithelial.htm

http://kcfac.kilgore.cc.tx.us/kcap1/images/stratif ied%20squamous%20400

x%20b%20firew orks.jpg

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_101_histo_resource/images/222X10_co

py.jpg

http://w w w .ansci.w isc.edu/jjp1/ansci_repro/lab/lab3/histology/lab3hist.htm

l

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab19/Lab19.ht

m

http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/non-

keratinized_stratified_squamous.jpg

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/9947.ht

m

Cuboidal

As illustrated in the slides, stratified cuboidal is a rare tye of epithelial tissue

that is composed of cuboidal shaped cells arranged in multiple layers.

Exmples of these cells would include sweat glands, mammary glands and

salivary glands.

Salivary gland cancer is a rare form of cancer that begins in the salivary glands. Salivary

gland cancer can begin in any of the salivary glands in your mouth, neck or throat.

It's not clear what causes salivary gland cancer. Doctors know

salivary gland cancer occurs when some cells in a salivary gland

develop mutations in their DNA. The mutations allow the cells to

grow and divide rapidly. The mutated cells continue living when

other cells would die. The accumulating cells form a tumor that

can invade nearby tissue. Cancerous cells can break off and

spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body.

Treatment for salivary gland cancer depends on the type, size and stage of salivary gland

cancer you have, as well as your overall health and your preferences. Salivary gland cancer

treatment usually involves surgery, with or without radiation therapy.

Sweat Glands Mammary Gland Salavary gland Inactive Mammary gland Mammary gland during pregnancy Illustration of stratified cuboidal epithileum

Grossly, the tumor was a small 1 x 2 cm well

demarcated nodule embedded within the mid portion

of the salivary gland. There is no true capsule

The granular feature is best appreciated in the cytoplasmic

preparation that is prepared while the tumor is being examined

before fixation

There is no collagenous tissue within the tumor. The tumor

cells are polygonal and rather homogeneous in size. They have

low-grade, centrally located nuclei

http://legacy.ow ensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes/API%20Notes%20F

%20epithilial%20tissues.htmhttp://ocw .tufts.edu/Content/4/CourseHome/221179/221198 http://w ordsdomination.com/keratinized.html

http://w w w .coursew eb.uottaw a.ca/medicine-

histology/english/Reproduction/mammary/Fig02Mammary.htm

http://w w w .coursew eb.uottaw a.ca/medicine-

histology/english/Reproduction/mammary/Fig02Mammary.htm

https://courses.stu.qmul.ac.uk/smd/kb/microanatomy/epit

helia/images/t/stratcubt.gifhttp://www.mayoclinic.com/health/salivary-gland-cancer/DS00708

Columnar

Stratified columnar cells are rare. One place you can find them is in the

largest ducts of salavary glands and the male ureter.Cells flatten as the

layers become more apical. Stratified columnar cells are more cubodial in

appearance at the most basal layer.

Columnar cell change with atypia is characterized by terminal duct lobular units

that display variably dilated acini lined by one or two layers of epithelial cells that

are columnar in shape, although the height of these columnar cells varies. Apical

cytoplasmic blebs or snouts are often present at the luminal surface of the

epithelial cells and, in some cases, may be prominent or exaggerated, which may

impart an irregular contour to the luminal aspect of the acini.

The term columnar cell hyperplasia with atypia is used to

describe lesions composed of terminal duct lobular units

with variably dilated acini lined by columnar cells that have

cytologic features similar to those seen in columnar cell

change with atypia but that also show cellular stratification

of more than two cell layers.

Lesions included within the category of flat epithelial atypia (i.e. lesions that we

currently designate columnar cell change with atypia and columnar cell

hyperplasia with atypia) are being encountered with increasing frequency due to

the widespread use of screening mammography.

Parotid gland Tongue Sweat gland Duct Ureter Stratified columnar 1000X

Columnar cell hyperplasia with atypia. In this

image the columnar cells with cytoplasmic

luminal 'snouts' are illustrated very clearly.

The columnar cell population represents the majority of the

cells here - note the variability of nuclear morphology and the

presence of nucleoli (red arrows). The blue arrows point to

admixed myoepithelial cells which in this image have clear

cytoplasm and small pyknotic nuclei (H&E x 40)

The acini in this terminal duct lobular unit are lined by a few

layers of columnar epithelial cells that show low-grade

cytologic atypia, characterized by relatively round,

monotonous nuclei (hematoxylin & eosin, original

magnification 20×).

http://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm#la

boeso

http://w w w .anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section02/Plate0223

.shtml

http://w w w .cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/epithelia/stratif ied_columnar.

htmhttp://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/Histolab4ab.htm http://w w w .sacs.ucsf.edu/home/cooper/Anat118/urinary/urinary98.htm http://www.jeremyswan.com/anatomy/203/html/03i.html

http://breast-cancer-research.com/content/figures/bcr625-2-

l.jpghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314429/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314429/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314429/

Pseudostratified Columnar

Pseudostratified columnar cells are much like that of the columnar

epithelium, however they have different nuclear layers and cilia. Some cells

show central nucleus while others show a more basal nucleus. These cells

can be found in your olfactory and trachea.

These tumors are aggressive and have high mortality. They tend to occur in a population

that is older that those associated with other papillary carcinoma and they also have a male

predilection. There is a high frequency of distant metastases, especially to the lung and

vertebra, and to regional lymph nodes. It is important to distinguish it because of its

unusually aggressive behavior for a papillary neoplasm. As compared with conventional

papillary thyroid carcinoma, these tumors are characterized by a male predilection, in a

patient population that is older than those associated with other papillary carcinoma, more

aggressiveness and higher mortality, a higher frequency of distant metastases, especially to

the lung and vertebra, and its distinctive histological appearance. 

Macroscopically, the tumors are large. They may or may not

have a capsule. Extrathyroidal invasion is common. On scanning-

magnification, columnar cell carcinoma is characterized by

predominantly papillary growth pattern with stratified tumor cells

somewhat lined in long paralleled ribbons. Other patterns, such

as microfollicular, cribiform, organoid, and solid as well as poorly

differentiated areas may be focally evident in some cases. The

papillare are lined by tall columnar cells without typical nuclear

features seen in those conventional papillary carcinomas.

Instead, the nuclei are elongated, euchromatic or hyperchromatic.

The etiology of papillary carcinoma is yet to be elucidated, but a number of

associations have been made. Radiation, Iodine Excess, or Molecular.

Trachea Trachea labeled Olfactory cells Trachea Olfactory cells 2 Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated

http://w w w 4.napavalley.edu/Projects/1799/03_Pseudostratif ied_400x.jpghttp://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htm#l

aboeso

http://w w w .kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histow eb/resp/resp0

2.htmhttp://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/Text%20Sections/Respiratory.html http://w w w .technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/lect13.html http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/pcce.jpg

Transitional

Transitional cells combine to create a type of tissue that has the ability to

contract and expand. Like that of the bladder. The cellsappear cuboidal when

they are not being streched. When the cells are streched, the tissue

compresses and the cells appear squamous. Other organs found to have

transitional cells include the ureters, superior urethra and the prostate in

men.

Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that begins in your bladder — a balloon-shaped organ in

your pelvic area that stores urine. Bladder cancer begins most often in the cells that line the

inside of the bladder. Bladder cancer typically affects older adults, though it can occur at any

age.

It's not always clear what causes bladder cancer. Bladder cancer

has been linked to smoking, a parasitic infection, radiation and

chemical exposure.

Treatments may vary, surgery, chemotherapy, biological therapy (immunotherapy

or synthetic version of immunotherapy.

Squamous cell cancer usually occurs on parts of a person's body that have been exposed to the sun. Often, it appears on the top of the nose, forehead,

low er lip, and back of the hands. It also may appear on skin that has been severely sunburned, been exposed to carcinogenic chemicals, or had X-ray therapy.

http://www.ask.com/pictures?q=Squamous+Cell+Skin+Cancer&qsrc=6&o=0&l=dir&ni=&pstart=

http://www.ask.com/pictures?q=Squamous+Cell+Skin+Cancer&qsrc=6&o=0&l=dir&ni=&pstart=

Squamous cell cancer

http://www.ask.com/pictures?qsrc=2990&o=0&l=dir&q=Columnar+cell+lesions

Columnar cell lesions

http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com/Com304-1-Diss.htm

http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com08/Com807-1-Diss.htm

http://www.breastpathology.info/sub-pages-cch-atypia/2.html

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/JTY1/Com/ComImage/Com304-1-

MM2.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.gfmer.ch/selected_images_v2/detail_list.php%3Fcat1%3D16%26cat3%3D867%26stype%3Dd&usg=__HC6YBMDZOo6OpDIa6uWJxKk9tCs=&h=450&

w=600&sz=130&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=SAOtrICh_zqbNM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcolumnar%2Bcell%2Bcarcinoma%26um%3D1%26

hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1R2PCTC_enUS351%26tbs%3Disch:1

Thyroid papillary carcinoma, columnar cell variant

Ellery Santos Odie Jimenez

James Vietor Dustin Holmes

Biol 218 Anatomy 52999

Histology Compendium

Tissue type Notes / Description / Size

Targ

et

Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3Notes / Description / Size /

Differences between Normal and Pathological

Other Information /

Notes on Diseasae

Genetic Causes

Prevalence / Incidence

Other Information /

Notes on Therapies / Treatments

Medical Research

Alt

ern

ate

Imaging Technology or Magnification 1 Imaging Technology or Magnification 2 Imaging Technology or Magnification 3 Imaging Technology or Magnification 4 Imaging Technology or Magnification 5 Imaging Technology or Magnification 6

Bladder Ureter Bladder Ureter Prostate Transitional Epithelium in urinary tract, illustration

The bladder is a hollow, balloon-like organ located behind

the pelvic bone and hidden within the pelvis. Cancer is a

disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of

abnormal cells (called a tumor). Bladder cancer is any type

of malignant (cancerous) growth in the bladder.

Bladder cancer cellsApproximately 30% of urothelial carcinomas invade the

detrusor muscle

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/urinary/bladder3.htm http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/handle/19716/2224 http://w w w .lab.anhb.uw a.edu.au/mb140/corepages/epithelia/epithel.htmhttp://w w w .anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section02/Plate0224

.shtmlhttp://w w w .tissue-array.com/ver3/index.php?menu=2&menu_sub=1 http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/transitional.jpg

http://www.healthcentral.com/prostate/h/gall-bladder-

cancer-prognosis.html

http://codingnews.inhealthcare.com/category/hot-coding-

topics/page/15/http://pathology2.jhu.edu/bladder_cancer/types_ca.cfm

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bladder-cancer/DS00177/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs

Ellery Santos Odie Jimenez

James Vietor Dustin Holmes

Biol 218 Anatomy 52999

Histology Compendium

Tissue type Notes / Description / Size

Targ

et

Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 1 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 2 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 3 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 4 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 5 Picture / Illustration Tissue or Source 6 Pathological 1 Pathological 2 Pathological 3Notes / Description / Size /

Differences between Normal and Pathological

Other Information /

Notes on Diseasae

Genetic Causes

Prevalence / Incidence

Other Information /

Notes on Therapies / Treatments

Medical Research

Alt

ern

ate

Imaging Technology or Magnification 1 Imaging Technology or Magnification 2 Imaging Technology or Magnification 3 Imaging Technology or Magnification 4 Imaging Technology or Magnification 5 Imaging Technology or Magnification 6

XC

Reproductive Female Ovary Germ Cells

Germ Cells are the term used to describe the embryonic

population

of cells that will form in the oocyte progenitor present in the

primordial follicle ovary. In males, these are the cells that will

form

the embryonic testes. These cells are located in the stroma of

the ovary cortext beneath the tunica albuginea. In humans,

these cells intially migrate during week 5 to 6 into the genital

ridge which will form the gonad.

Pathology 1: Follicular Cyst

Pathology 2: granulosa cell tumour

Pathology 3: feline ovarian interstitial cell tumour

Infant Ovary (Human) LM Adult Ovary Cortex (Human) LM Ovarian Cortext (Cat) high powered LM Illustration of new born Ovary LM Juvenile Ovary (Feline) LM Ovary (Feline) LM Ovary (Female) LM Ovary (Female) LM Ovary (Feline) LM

http://php.med.unsw .edu.au/embryology/images/3/3c/Infant_ovary.jpghttp://w w w .glow m.com/resources/glow m/uploads/1211558264_ovarian_

cortex.jpghttp://embryology.med.unsw .edu.au/medicine/BGDlab3_3.htm http://upload.w ikimedia.org/w ikipedia/commons/d/d3/Gray1113.png http://w w w .felipedia.org/~felipedi/w iki/index.php/Image:Female08.jpg http://w w w .felipedia.org/%7Efelipedi/w iki/images/6/60/Female06.jpg

http://w w w .uoguelph.ca/~rfoster/repropath/surgicalpath/female/cat/F

fel ovary follicular cysts YB99613 01w l.jpg

http://w w w .uoguelph.ca/~rfoster/repropath/surgicalpath/female/cat/F fel ovary

remnant neoplasia GST YB96281 08w l.jpg

http://w w w .uoguelph.ca/~rfoster/repropath/surgicalpath/female/cat/F fel ovary ICT

YB145422 05w l.jpg

Follicles / Gametes Immature

Immature Gametes, also called oocytes is a female germ cell

involved in reproduction. It is the immature ovum or egg cell.

Its formation is called oocytogenesis, where a primordial germ

cell undergoes mitotic division to become an oogonium. The

oogonium then becomes an oocyte.

Pathology 1: Abnomral Oocyte

Pathology 2: Degenerating Oocyte

Pathology 3: Oocyte with Polar Body

Cat Ovary (100 μm) LM Oocyte (Human) TEM Oocyte (Rabbit) TEM Oocyte (Cat) SEM Ooctye (Human) SEM Oocyte (Hampster) SEM Oocyte (Female) TEM Oocyte (Female) LM Oocyte (Female) LM

http://embryology.med.unsw .edu.au/histology/reproductive/ova20he.jpg http://php.med.unsw .edu.au/embryology/images/6/62/Human-oocyte.jpg http://w w w .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A3718 http://biomedcentral.inist.fr/images/1751-0147-49-28-2.jpghttp://images.w ellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/obf_images/a4/18/5b6d2fec4252

dab687c9bab94d06.jpghttp://w w w .scielo.org.ar/img/revistas/biocell/v29n3/a01f1.jpg http://afcivf.com/photogallery.html http://afcivf.com/photogallery.html http://afcivf.com/photogallery.html

Mature

The mature gamete is called an ovum, which is a haploid

reproductive cell. It is this cell that when combined with the male

sperm cell forms a zygote.The human ova grow from primitive germ

cells that are embedded in the substance of the ovaries. Each of

them divides repeatedly to give rise to several smaller cells, the

oogonia. The oogonia then develop into the ova, the primary

oocytes. The ovum is one of the largest cell in the human body,

typically visible to the naked eye without the aid of a microscope or

other magnification device. The human ovum measures 120 µm in

diameterzygote (Human) TEM Zygote (Human) TEM Zygote with polar body (oyster) TEM Zygote (Human) SEM Zygote (sea urchin) LM Zygote (Human) SEM

http://embryology.med.unsw .edu.au/w w w human/Stages/Stage1.htm http://w w w .ivf-infertility.com/infertility/infertility4.php http://w w w .ag.auburn.edu/fish/image_gallery/details.php?image_id=756 http://w w w .urmc.rochester.edu/fertility-center/images/zygote.jpghttp://w w w .sw arthmore.edu/NatSci/sgilber1/DB_lab/Urchin/img_urchin/z

ygote.jpg

http://w w w .corbisimages.com/images/67/6EF2FFB5-2BA8-4DCC-A098-

98B18D8FDB86/42-16116443.jpg

Other Structures / Cells

The zona pellucida (plural zonae pellucidae) is a glycoprotein membrane

surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part

of the latter, external but of essential importance to it. The zona pellucida first

appears in multilaminar primary oocytes.

This structure binds spermatozoa, and is required to initiate the acrosome

reaction.

The pathological slides shows abnormal thicknesses/shape of the Zona pellucida.

Ovary (Female) LM Ovary (Female) LM Ovary (Female) LM Ovary (Female) LM ovary (Female) TEM Ovary (Female) LM Ovary (Female) TEM Ovary (Female) TEM Ovary (Female) TEM

http://w w w .histol.chuvashia.com/images/female/ovary-05-l.jpg http://w w w .histol.chuvashia.com/atlas-en/female-01-en.htm http://w w w .histol.chuvashia.com/atlas-en/female-01-en.htmhttp://w w w .flickr.com/photos/euthman/3595010317/sizes/m/in/photostrea

m/http://ihmedical.com/images/products/fertimorph/screenshot1.gif http://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass slides/83_13.jpg

Male Testis Germ Cells

The germs cells in the male are the cells that will form the embryonic testes.

They originate from the basal laimina of the seminiferous tubules. Some cells

differentiate to become sperm, and move toward the lumen of the

seminiferous tubules. Spermatogonium is the germ cell in the production of

spermatozoa

Spermatogonia were stained red and are the wild type for the Pin-1 gene. The

following two pathological slides are the mutant the pin-1 gene (negative). The

slides show that the testes are devoid of germ cells.

Seminiferous Tubules (Human) Seminiferous Tubules (boar testes) LM Seminiferous Tubules (Human) LM Seminiferous Tubules (Rat Testes) LM Seminiferous Tubules (primate) LM testis Tubes (Mice) LM testis Tubes (Mice) LM testis Tubes (Mice) LM testis Tubes (Mice) LM

http://w w w .endotext.org/male/male1/f igures/f igure5.jpg http://en.w ikipedia.org/w iki/File:Testicle-histology-boar.jpg http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/mr/himrp3.htm

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/histo/Lab21malerepro/images/s77_rattesti

s40xv1.jpghttp://ocw .tufts.edu/data/4/221084/221096_xlarge.jpg http://w w w .biolreprod.org/content/69/6/1989/F1.large.jpg http://w w w .biolreprod.org/content/69/6/1989/F1.large.jpg http://w w w .biolreprod.org/content/69/6/1989/F1.large.jpg http://w w w .biolreprod.org/content/69/6/1989/F1.large.jpg

Gametes Immature

The spermatid is the haploid male gametid that results from division of

secondary spermatocytes. As a result of meiosis, each spermatid contains

only half of the genetic material present in the original primary spermatocyte.

Spermatids are connected together by cytoplasmic material and have

superfluous cytoplasmic material around their nuclei.

When formed, early round spermatids must undergo further maturational

events in order to develop into spermatozoa, a process termed

spermiogenesis (also termed spermeteliosis).

Abnormaly Spermatid Cell shape.(pathology 1 &2)

Azathioprine was added to the seminiferous tubules, which caused complete

disorganization and atrophy of seminiferous tubules with widening of its lumen and

absence of sperm. (pathology XC)

Seminiferous Tubules (Black Mouse), TEM Spermatid (C. Elegans) SEM Spermatid (Human) SEM Spermatid (Mouse) SEM Seminiferous Tubules (Trahira) LM Testes (Adult) LM Testes (Adult) LM

http://w w w .scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-

95022005000400007&script=sci_arttexthttp://w w w .mcb.arizona.edu/w ardlab/Images/Photos/spermatids.jpeg http://w w w .mcb.arizona.edu/w ardlab/Images/Photos/buddingtids.jpg http://w w w .rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/frontline/6349 http://w w w .scielo.br/img/revistas/rbzool/v24n3/a03fig01.gif http://reproductivegenomics.jax.org/images/492_1/492-1-%232_lg.jpg http://reproductivegenomics.jax.org/images/492_1/492-1-%233_lg.jpg

Mature

The term sperm refers to the male reproductive cells. In the types of sexual

reproduction known as anisogamy and oogamy, there is a marked difference

in the size of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the "male" or

sperm cell. The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes

can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell. A

uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is referred to as a spermatozoon,

whereas a non-motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium. Sperm cells

cannot divide and have a limited life span, but after fusion with egg cells

during fertilization, a new organism begins developing, starting as a totipotent

zygote.

Lack of Serpmatogenesisin the Seminiferous Tubules. The diameter of the tubules

are reduced and there is no thickening of basement membranes. There are only a

few scattered lydig cell present.

Spermatozoon (Human) SEM Spermatozoon (Fruit Fly) Sperm Cell (Canine) LM Sperm Cell (Human) 1000x Spermatozoa (Human) FLM Spermatozoon (Human) SEM Seminiferous Tubules (Infertile Adult) Seminiferous Tubules (infertile Adult)

http://w w w .sp.uconn.edu/~bi107vc/images/cell/sperm+egg.JPGhttp://new s.discovery.com/animals/2010/07/16/sperm-semen-animals-

278x225.jpg

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab27/IMAGES/S

PERM OIL-1.jpghttp://w w w 2.sunysuffolk.edu/pickenc/Sperm 1000X.JPG

http://php.med.unsw .edu.au/embryology/images/c/c1/Human-

spermatozoa.jpg

http://php.med.unsw .edu.au/embryology/images/5/5c/Single_human_spermat

ozoa.jpghttp://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com/ComImage/Com305-3-HE-HM1.gif http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com/ComImage/Com305-3-HE-HM2.gif

Sertoli Cells

Sertoli cells are responsible for sexual development along a

male pathway in many ways. One of these ways involves

stimulation of the arriving primordial cells to differentiate into

sperm. In the absence of the Sry gene, primordial germ cells

differentiate into eggs. Removing genital ridges before they

started to develop into testes or ovaries results in the

development of a female, independent of the carried sex

chromosome.

Benign large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of testis in 14-year-old boy. Contrast-

enhanced CT scan reveals enhancing left testicular lesion with dense central

calcification

Testes (Monkey) LM Testes (Adult) LM Testes (Adult) LM Testes (pre pubescent male) LM Seminiferous Tubules (Adult) LM Seminiferous Tubules (Rat) LM Testes (pre-pubescent Male) LM Testes (pre pubescent male) CT Scan Testes (pre pubescent male) LM

http://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass slides/104_04.jpg http://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass slides/29_04.jpg http://w w w .infertility-male.com/patientevaluation/Image12.jpg http://jcp.bmj.com/content/57/8/802/F4.large.jpg http://img.medscape.com/pi/emed/ckb/urology/435575-437884-2518.jpg http://w w w .sigmaaldrich.com/prodimages/t/t9028_ihc.jpghttp://w w w .ajronline.org/content/vol189/issue2/images/large/08_07_20

89_01C_cmyk.jpeghttp://w w w .ajronline.org/content/vol189/issue2/images/large/08_07_2089_01B.jpeg http://w w w .endotext.org/male/male13/images/f igure8.jpg

Leydig Cells

Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are

found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle.

They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing

hormone (LH). Leydig cells are polyhedral in shape, display a

large prominent nucleus, an eosinophilic cytoplasm and

numerous lipid-filled vesicles.

Leydig Cell tumors in the testes.

Testes (Monkey) LM Testes (Adult) LM Testes (Adult) LM Testes (Human) LM Testes (Desert Hedghog) TEM Testes (Adult) LM Testes (Adult) LM Testes (Adult) LM

http://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass slides/104_03.jpg http://w w w .ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass slides/29_03.jpg http://w w w .apn-histopathology.unimelb.edu.au/Images/019 testis.jpghttp://w w w .kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histow eb/male/small/M

ale06s.JPGhttp://w w w .biolreprod.org/content/63/6/1825/F9.large.jpg

http://w w w .ansci.w isc.edu/jjp1/ansci_repro/lec/lec4/lec4extraimages/leydig.j

pg

http://w w w .pathconsultddx.com/images/S1559867506703175/gr3-

sml.jpghttp://w w w .pathconsultddx.com/images/S1559867506703175/gr4-sml.jpg