Electron as Wave, Orbital Type and Electron Configuration for Students

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Transcript of Electron as Wave, Orbital Type and Electron Configuration for Students

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    Understand the concept of Bohr and electron

    configuration

    Describe quantum number and itsimportance

    Identify and predict the atomic, period and

    group number

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    small bits of energy

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    designated as by letter n and can have

    positive integral values 1, 2,3,4.....

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    Maximum number of electrons = 2n2

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    What is the maximum number of electrons in

    a given shell is given by 2n2. For the fifth

    level, n=5, and so we have

    2 x 52 = 2 x 25 = 50

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    Hydrogen (Z=1) the single goes into the first

    shell

    Helium (Z=2) both goes to the first shell Lithium ( Z=3) two goes to the first and other

    goes to the second shell

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    Flourine and Aluminum

    Flourine has a symbol F ( Z=9); two of theseelectron goes into the first shell and the

    remaining seven go into the second levelF 2, 7

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    Flourine and Aluminum

    Aluminum ( Z=13) has 13 electronAl 2, 8, 3

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    Where group does flourine belongs?What

    about aluminum?

    What have you observe with the groupings?

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    What is the maximum number of electrons in

    the fourth shell ( fourth energy level)?

    32 electrons

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    l = 0 designated by s and the shape of the

    electron standing wave is spherical-like

    l = 1 designated by p and the shape is dumbbell-like

    l = 2 designated by d and the shape is four-lobedl = 3 designated by f and the shape is very

    complicated

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    Principal quantum number n corresponds to

    the main energy level in which the electron

    moves, that is 1,2,3 or K,L,M Azimuthal quantum number 1 gives and

    measures the angular momentum of anelectron in its motion about the nucleus

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    n l ml

    Number of

    orbitals

    Orbital

    Name

    Number of

    electrons

    1 0 0 1 1s 22 0 0 1 2s 2

    1 -1, 0, +1 3 2p 6

    3 0 0 1 3s 2

    1 -1, 0, +1 3 3p 6

    2-2, -1, 0, +1,

    +25 3d 10

    4 0 0 1 4s 2

    1 -1, 0, +1 3 4p 6

    2-2, -1, 0, +1,

    +25 4d 10

    3-3, -2, -1, 0,+1, +2, +3

    7 4f 14

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    Magnetic quantum number m indicates the

    behavior of the electrons in a magnetic field;

    m may value from -1 to +1 including 0. Spin quantum number s indicates the spin of

    an electron about its own axis in a clockwise(+) or counter clockwise (-) direction.

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    The number of orbital types in a given shell is

    equal to the shell number. Assume that n=

    shell number or energy level, if n= 1, orbitaltype is 1.

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    The different types of orbitals in order of

    increasing complexity of shape as s,p,d,f.

    The number of orbital s of a given typeincreases from type to type according to a

    series of odd numbers beginning from 1

    Paulis exclusion principles states that no less

    than two electrons can occupy a given orbitaltype.

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    The electron population of each shell or

    energy level may be determined using the

    formula 2n2 where n is equal to the numberof shell or energy level.

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    ApartmentHouse Rules Electron Rules

    From the Bottom Up:Rooms must be filled from

    the ground floor up. Fill theone room on the first floorbefore starting to put new

    tenants on the second floor.Then fill the s room before thep rooms. At higher floors theorder might change a bit.

    Aufbau Principle:the electrons fill the available

    orbitals from lowest energy tohighest energy. In the groundstate all the electrons are in

    the lowest possible energylevel.

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    Singles First:

    the owner of the buildingwants to have the tenants

    spread out as much aspossible. For that reasonsingles are placed in rooms

    before couples. If couplesmust be placed into a roomthen all of the other rooms onthat floor must already have asingle in them.

    Hunds Rule:

    The electrons must be placedinto the orbitals in such a way

    that no pairs are put togetherunless absolutely necessary.That is, single electrons must

    be placed into boxes first andthen paired up if necessary.

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    The first main energy level can have a

    maximum number of two electrons.

    The second main energy level can have amaximum number of thirty-two electrons (2s

    orbitals, 6p, 10d, and 14 f orbitals)

    An s-orbital can only have 2 electrons, a p-

    orbital 6, and 1 d-orbital 10, and an f-orbital14

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    The valence number is determined by

    counting the number of electrons in the last

    main energy level. A particular energy level may have orbitals

    which may not be filled up due to highenergy.