Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the Internet...
20
X. Toh, H. X. Tan , H. Liang and H. P. Tan Singapore Management University, Singapore Institute for High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the Internet of Things
Transcript of Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the Internet...
X. Toh, H. X. Tan, H. Liang and H. P. Tan
Singapore Management University, Singapore
Institute for High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the Internet of Things
220,000
440,000
900,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
Elderly Aged Above 65 Years Old
2000 2015 2030
35,000
83,000
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
Elderly Living Alone
2012 2030
National Population And Talent Division, Singapore
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 2
Enabling Ageing-In-Place through Technology
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 3
(e.g. sensor-enabled homes)
Supported by the Singapore Ministry of National Development (MND) and National Research Foundation
(NRF) under L2NIC Award No. L2NICCFP1-2013-5.
Medication non-adherence leads to:
Importance of Monitoring Medication Adherence
Health issues and reduced effectiveness of treatment
Vulnerability to adverse complications
Increased healthcare expenditure, morbidity and mortality
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 4
Expensive with recurring costs
Cannot be customized to
consumption habits
Non-interoperable with other sensing devices
Non-integrated with personalized care model
Limitations of Existing Products
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 5
Existing medication habits of elderly
A Solution for Inferring Medication Adherence
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 6
Currently, the only way to accurately detect medication adherence is through image-based solutions or ingestible medicine.
Medication box that can be personalized
Unobtrusive and non-instrusive
Allows real-time monitoring, for reactive intervention by caregivers
Allows longitudinal monitoring, for pre-emptive intervention by caregivers
Hardware components MedBox MedBox
Medication Box Prototype
(Normally Closed) Reed SwitchArduino Fio (microcontroller)Xbee radio (IEEE 802.15.4)LiPo battery
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 7
Packet Transmission Schedule in MedBox Sensor
Reed switch breaks contact with magnet, board is powered on
Multiple pkt txn for redundancy and reliability
Sleep period to conserve energy
Continued txn to indicate that box is
not closed
Reed switch makes contact with magnet, board is powered off
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 8
Hardware components
Medication Box Gateway
Beaglebone BlackXbee radio (IEEE 802.15.4)3G dongle + SIM card
Receive pktsfrom sensor(s)
Publish data to backend
through MQTT
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 9
Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) to cluster medication intake timings
Distance function :: cyclic difference between any two medication intake timings
= 1 hr :: maximum distance between two medication intake timings that can be considered to be in the same cluster
MinPts = 5 :: minimum number of points in cluster (-neighborhood)
Descriptive statistics to deduce regularity of inferred medication intake frequency
Monitoring and Analysis
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 10
System Architecture
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 11
*Anycast routing is used for reliability and robustness, as well as to decrease cost.
Elderly Care Model
Survey Data
(With Periodic
Updates)
Sensor Data
Long Term
Monitoring &
Data Analysis
Elderly
Categorization
AdheringNon-Adhering
Irregular Medication Intake Regular Medication Intake
Medical
Reconciliation
and Intervention
by Care-Givers
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 12
10 elderly
69 to 81 years old
3 to 8 chronic illnesses
4 to 10 types of
medication
Daily intake frequency between 1
to 3
Participant Profile
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 13
Inferred Medication Intake Frequency
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 14
Elderly 1090
Inferred Medication Intake Frequency
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 15
Elderly 1070
hospitalization
outdoor activities on Sundays
Medication Intake Timings
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 16
Elderly 1060
Ground Truth Evaluation
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 17
Two-Week Medication Diary
Elderly are concerned about electrical consumption of mains-powered gateway
Elderly with active lifestyles tend to upset daily medication routine
Only medication consumption can be inferred
Dosage and type of medication cannot be monitored
Discussion and Insights
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 18
Single-compartment Triple-compartment
Increase duration and scale of study to derive both longitudinal and transversal insights in medication adherence
Work more closely with caregivers and medical professionals to better provide holistic care model
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 19
Thoughts?
Elderly Medication Adherence Monitoring with the IoT 20
Hwee-Xian [email protected]
SMU-TCS iCity Lab, Singapore
