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ELC 200

Day 21

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Agenda

• I have decided to add one more assignment (9 total) –  I will drop the lowest assignment score of the nine (leaving 8 scores)

• Assignment 7 is on Ethics –  Due April 8 at start of class

 –  Complete the following• Grey Matters in Computer Ethics.doc 

• Quiz 3 will be on April 8 –  Change from April 5

 –  Chap 8-12

 –  15 M/C (60 Points), 4 Short Essay (40 Points)

 –  Extra credit (5 Points)--- What is the derivation of the name “cookie” used byInternet Browsers?

• Discussion on Legal, Ethical and International Issues

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Chapter 12

Legal, Ethical, AndInternational Issues

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OBJECTIVES

• Ethical Issues

 –  What is Ethics?

 –  Major Threats –  Improving the Climate

 –  Code of Ethics

 –  Self-Assessment

 –  Privacy Factor 

• Legal Issues

 –  Liability Question

 –  Basis of Liability –  Copyrights and

Trademarks

 –  Website – Product /

Service? –  Warranties

 –  Strict Liability

 –  Taxation Issues

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Legality, Morality, Ethics

• Morality –  Who I am

 –  Decided early in life• Family, Religion, Culture

• Ethics –  What I Do

• Societies, associations

 –  Professional Codes of ethics• Medical, Education, Marketing

• Legality –  Where I am

 –  Created by governments

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WHAT IS ETHICS?

• Fairness, justice, equity, honesty,

trustworthiness and equality

• Subjective

BDC

A

Legal

Immoral Moral

Illegal

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Where does it fit?

• Theft

 –  Theft to settle a debt

• Abortion

• Bombing of Iraq

• Capital Punishment

• Killing in self-defense

• Fraudulent sales

B

D

C

A

Legal

Moral

Illegal

Immoral

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Ethical (and maybe legal) Issues in

eCommerce• Privacy

• Confidentiality

• Integrity

• Property rights

 – Software

 – Piracy & Plagiarism

 – Value and ownership of Data

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Privacy

• “There is no express right to privacy guaranteed in

the United States Constitution”

• Tort violation (Civil Law) –  Intrusion onto seclusion

 –  Public disclosure of private facts

 –  False light publicity

 –  Commercial misappropriation of a person name or 

likeness

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PRIVACY FACTOR 

•  Notice

 –  Right to be told in advance

• Choice –  Final say regarding the use of personal info

• Access

 –  Access and correct any personal info

• Security/integrity• Enforcement

 –  Backed by the courts if any principles are violated

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MAJOR ETHICAL THREATS

• Faster computers and networks

• Sophisticated telecommunications and

routers

• Massive distributed databases

• Eases of access to information and

knowledge base

• Transparency of software

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IMPROVING THE CLIMATE

• Top management support

• Code of ethics

• Ethics training program

• Motivation to focus on honesty and

integrity

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WHERE TO START

• Bottom-up

 – Inculcates ethics behavior at the employee level

with full support of top management

• Top-down

 – The actions of the company start with the CEO

 – Extend to a variety of stakeholders

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CODE OF ETHICS

• A declaration of principles and beliefs that governhow employees of a corporation are to behave

• Inspirational and disciplinary• All-encompassing and stable over time

• Examples

 –  http://www.acm.org/constitution/code.html 

 –  http://www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html  –  http://www.spj.org/ethics_code.asp 

 –  http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2498.html 

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SELF-ASSESSMENT

• A question-and-answer procedure

• Allows individuals to appraise and

understand their personal knowledge abouta particular topic

• An educational experience

• http://www.ethics.org/quicktest/index.cfm 

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THE LIABILITY QUESTION

• Liability of Designer  –   Nontrivial errors

 –  Out-of-bound errors

 –  May be mitigated by principle of  respondent superior 

• Liability of User  –  Passive negligence

• Basis of Liability –  Tort law (Civil versus criminal actions)

 –  Product Liability• Designer or Manufacturer of Product is liable

 –  Strict Liability• Seller is liable

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TORT LAWS ON INTERNET

• Settling contract problems between e-merchants and ISP –   No regulatory body

• Fraud

 –  intent to deceive

•  Negligence –  failing to make certain action causing injury/material losses

• False advertising

 –  Lack of availability of Product• Misrepresentation

 –  claiming a product will perform certain functions when it could not

• Trademark violations

 –  under intellectual property law

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WEB SITE – PRODUCT/SERVICE?

• Product

 – Software sold off-the-shelf 

 – Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) allowsdeveloper to limit liability for defective Web

sites though a disclaimer of warranties

• Service – Custom-designed software

 –  Negligence principles should be used

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WARRANTIES

• Assurance made by seller about the goods sold

• Express warranty –  Offered orally or in writing by maker of products

• Implied warranty

 –  Arises automatically when a sale is made –  Merchantability

• Disclaimer  – Seller’s intention to protect the business from unwanted liability 

• Legal

 –  Magnuson-Moss Consumer Product Warranty Act (1975) –  Universal Commercial Code (UCCC)

 –  Maine Consumer code• http://www.state.me.us/ag/index.php?r=clg&s=chap4 

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COPYRIGHT

• Copyrights

 – Ownership of an original work created by an

author  – A form of intellectual property protection

covers the “look and feel” and content of  printed media

 – Gives author the right to exclude others fromusing the finished work 

 – Good for life of its author + 70 years

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TRADEMARK/TRADE NAME

• A word/symbol distinguishing a good from

other goods in the market

• A maze of federal and state laws

• Ownership

 – Web designer  –  “work made for hire” 

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STRICT LIABILITY

• Joint liability for developers, manufacturers

and distributors if tort theory applies

• Protects Web visitor regardless of whether anyone is at fault

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TAXATION ISSUES

• Controversial

 –  Different jurisdiction – Consumers’ reaction 

• Legal

 –  Internet Tax Freedom Act

•  No taxes till 2001

 –  Internet Nondiscrimination Act of 2000

•  No taxes till 2006 (5 year extension)

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Chapter 12

Legal, Ethical, And

International Issues