EHAP REVIEW PT. 3
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Transcript of EHAP REVIEW PT. 3
18TH-CENTURY & NAPOLEON
EHAP REVIEWPT. 3
18th-cen. Changes
“Modern world”:
Agricultural Revolution Commercial Rev. Industrial Rev. Political Revs. Enlightenment
Ag. Rev.
increased yields due to new tech. Need for LESS peasant ag. labor…cities for
jobs New World crops
Effects: prosperity for estate owners urbanization inventions Enclosure Acts Corn Laws (protectionist in Eng.) conflict b/n middle & upper classes…continued
exploitation of lower classes
Commercial Rev.
extension of trade routes & growth of towns
Changes: national banks/currencies insurance housesstock exchangesbetter sailing tech.removed guild restrictions
***C. & E. Europe impacted less
Dutch Economic Empire
Industrial Rev.
1750 in Eng. textile industries
urban industrial centers (Manchester)factory system (new equipment)reorganized family lifeend of cottage-industry & guild system
• “putting out” system
Brandenburg-Prussia
Modern Prussia: created in 17th-cen. by Hohenzollern family in N. Ger.
aristocrats, called junkers
Frederick the Great (“enlightened despot”): encouraged the arts & sciences
War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
Fred. the Great (Pruss.) disputed succession of Maria Theresa to Austrian throne
Austria allied w/ Eng. against Fr., Sp., & Ger. States “world war” over colonies & trade Austrian victory
scared of Prussia: Fr. & Austria ally against Prussia w/ Catherine the Great of Russia
Seven Years War (1756 - 1763)
Fred. the Great (Pruss.) allied w/ Eng. against Fr., Austria, Russia global conflict over colonies Prussians/Eng. win
Eng. (under William Pitt) preoccupied w/ N. America (“Fr. & Indian War”)
Treaty of Paris (1763): Eng. supremacy in colonial N. America & India
Russia
Before reign of Peter the Great: Russia was decentralized, weak, & feudal
By 17th-cen., Russia turned westward (decline of Poland & Sweden)
St. Petersburg
Peter the Great
Peter’s reign: Westernize Russia: St. Petersburg as “window to the
west” Russian Orthodox church under his control state monopolies & national currency system of “colleges & cabinets” to supervise all of Russia schools for civil service & military leaders military service for all land-owners (controlled “boyar”
nobles) cultural changes: banning traditional dress; shaving
beards; changing calendar***MOST RUSSIANS STILL POOR SERFS W/NO
RIGHTS!!!
The Great Northern War: Russia’s triumph over Sweden
Catherine the Great (Rus.)
1762-1796: imitated the West hospitals & schools active w/ Fr. philosophes (Volatire) changed unfair civil laws patron of arts RUTHLESS
Foreign policy: “League of Armed Neutrality”: stay out of colonial
issues Austria-Russia Pact: divide Balkans & Ottoman’s lands 2 wars w/ Ottomans war w/ Sweden Partitions of Poland
Poland: powerless kings (“Exploding Diets”) by 1600’s: Prussia to west & Russia to the east
Ottoman Empire: took over Byzantines in 1453 expanded into Europe (Greece & Black Sea) lost Battle of Vienna (1683) by 1800’s: called “sick man of Europe”
The Enlightenment
Intellectual movement in late 1700’s & early 1800’s
fostered by scientific revolution reason, natural laws, & progress inductive “scientific” method improve condition of mankind
led by “Philosophes” meeting in “salons”
Enlightenment Ideas
Deism: many philosophes against organized religion believed God did not interfere in human affairs did not believe in prayer
Toleration: religious & political
Education: “learning by doing” (Rousseau, Emile)
Neo-Classical Art/Arch.: imitate classical Greece & Rome
Enl. Thinkers
Voltaire (Candide): cynical & believed in knowledge through experience; freedom of speech/religion
Rousseau (Social Contract): innate goodness of man
corrupted by civilization glorified “noble savage” Govt’s: agents of the people through “contracts”
Montesquieu (The Spirit of the Laws): no perfect gov’t separation of powers (3 branches gov’t)
Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan): pro absolute monarchy
Enlightened Despotism
Ideas of the philosophes popular w/ some rulers:
Catherine the Great of Rus. Fred. the Great (invited Voltaire to Prussia) Maria Therese (Austria)
Joseph II
governing in best interests of people…
Critics of Enlight.
David Hume: “empirical” data only truthEdmund Burke: felt Fr. Rev. too
radical..started idea of conservatismMary Wollstonecraft: females equal
Romanticism: anti neo-classical art/literature emotion, feeling, nature
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Immediate Cause: bankruptcy extravagance & high costs of wars called for higher taxes
Political Causes: corruption “divine-right” to rule weak king (Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette)
Economic Causes: inflation unfair tax system
Estate System
1st estate = Clergy (2% of pop) 2nd estate = Nobility (1%) 3rd estate = peasants, middle class (97%)
poll tax, income tax, Church tax corvee “forced” labor NO weapons bourgeoisie: commercial middle class (no
political power) cahiers de dolences: leaders of phase 1 of the
revolution
Intellectual Causes
ENLIGHTENMENT WRITERS!
Voltaire Montesquieu Diderot’s Rousseau
Phase I
refusal to grant Louis new taxesEstates-General called together…
3rd Estate boycotts & forms National Assembly Tennis Court Oath: create a new constitution for Fr. July 14, 1789: storming of the Bastille (start of Fr. Rev.) burn estates of nobles & “Bread Riots” “March of the Fishwives”: Parisian women marched on
Versailles demanding cheaper bread (captured royal family)
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen Constitution of 1791 confiscated Church lands
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Men are born free & equalPurpose of Gov’t is to protect these rightsFreedom from arbitrary arrestFreedom of assembly, speech, religion &
the press Major ideas came from philosophes
Phase II (1792-1795):
poorer landless peasants/urban workers dissatisfied food shortages, inflation, & unemployment
Jacobins: ultra-radical party representing “sans-culottes” Leaders: Robespierre, Marat controlled National Assembly at
Hotel de Ville
Girondists: less radical
The Radical Turn
National Assembly abolished monarchy a new constitution & gov’t (National Convention) Nat. Con. declared Fr. a republic universal male suffrage (only 10% voted) Convention splits: Jacobins (“Mountain”, led by
Robespierre) & Gironde (led by Condorcet)
King Louis XVI: executed in 1793
First Coalition
After execution: Eng., Sp., Neth., Austria, & Prussia united in First Coalition declared war on Fr.
Spring 1793: Jacobins oust moderate Girondists from Nat. Con.
Why would the French Revolution be seen as a threat to Austria, Prussia and other European countries?
Reign of Terror
Robespierre used foreign threat to establish reign of terror
“Republic of Virtue”; the “Incorruptible”quell counter-revolutioncontrol moderates in countrysidecontrol economyhelp the poorCommittee of Public SafetyCommittee of General Security
Effects
25,000 executed (guillotine) “levee en masse”: military draft censorship price controls (the “Maximum”) confiscated land anti-Church free public educ. & military school metric System adopted new calendar… Roman styles in dress & art; address each other
as “citizen”
Thermidorian Reaction: Phase III (1794)
began w/ execution of Robespierre (9th of Thermidor)
bourgeois moderates took control of Convention
Jacobins ousted eliminated “Maximum” mob riots
White Terror: many emigres moved back as counter-revolutionaries
many Jacobins murdered
Constitution of 1795 (Year III)
middle-class constitution bill of rights elections Separation of Powers:
Council of 500 Council of Elders Directory (Napoleon crushes 2 coup d’etat attempts)
Problems of the Directory: still at war w/ Austria & Eng. independent generals coup of Fructidor (1797): legislature controlled by
army Napoleonic war in Egypt (loss to Eng. by Lord Nelson) 2nd Coalition formed
Coup of Brumaire (1799)
Napoleon seizes Directory in a coup
established the Consulatemilitary dictator: “1st Consul for life”
• established a hereditary monarchyConstitution of 1799:
• ALL male citizens could vote for electors
Napoleon’s Rule
dictator, but instituted reforms in gov’t, law, the Church, education, & banking
centralized gov’t: appointed prefects secret police censorship appointed loyal family members & lower class individuals Concordat of 1801: w/ Pope Pius VII, recognized Fr.
gov’t & Church lands were returned…but Fr. got to appoint bishops, but had to pay their salaries
Catholicism the “religion of the majority of Frenchmen”
1804: elected Emperor for Life
Napoleonic Code (1804-1810)
created one simplified code of lawspread through conquered areasguaranteed equality before the lawbut torture still permitted…fathers given dictatorial power over
wives/children provided for marriage & divorcebanned labor unions
Education & Finance
free public schools (“lycees”)technical schools University of France (1808 )National Bank of Francetax reform for everyone
Foreign Policy
War of 2nd Coalition (1798-1802): Fr. vs. Russia, Austria, & Eng.
War of 3rd Coalition: Eng. declared war on Fr. (Napoleon sold Louisiana to pay for war)
Battle of Trafalgar (1805): Eng. defeated French navy Nap. reorganized German states Francis II forced to abandon title of Holy Roman
Emperor (*official end of HRE empire)
Continental System: economic blockade against British (failed due to smuggling & Russia’s refusal)
1812: height of power
Napoleon’s Empire in 1812
Downfall of Napoleon
Spanish War (1808-13): Nap. invaded Portugal Spain revolted against Nap.’s brother
German Resistance: German nationalism led by philosopher Fichte who glorified Ger. past
1812: failed invasion of Russia 1/2 million men left; 20,000 returned Russians used “scorched earth policy”; harsh “general”
winter
Battle of Leipzig (1813): “Battle of Nations” Napoleon abdicated & exiled to island of Elba
March 1815, Napoleon returned for 100 days defeated at Battle of Waterloo by Wellington exiled to St. Helena
Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812
Over 500,000 French troopsOver 500,000 French troops
Napoléon’s Retreat (Early 1813)Napoléon’s Retreat (Early 1813)
Less than 40,000 survive!Less than 40,000 survive!
Lasting Results of Napoleon
liberal ideals of equality, limited gov’t spread, but a conservative backlash
rise of middle class to powerNapoleonic code spread to C. & E. Europe
led to later revolutions