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Transcript of Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State...
Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms
Mary Barbercheck Dept. of EntomologyPenn State University
In 1 teaspoon of agricultural soil there are…In 1 teaspoon of agricultural soil there are…
Bacteria 100 million to 1 billion
Fungi 6-9 ft fungal strands put end to end
Protozoa Several thousand flagellates & amoebaOne to several hundred ciliates
Nematodes 10 to 20 bacterial feeders and a few fungal feeders
Arthropods Up to 100
Earthworms 5 or more
Some Goals of Soil Management
• Manage system for productivity and beneficial processes
• Improvement in abiotic and biotic properties of soil
• Improvement of plant health
• Conservation of beneficial organisms
• Suppression of pests
Crop Rotations
Reduce Pest Habitat
Provide Beneficial Habitat
Know Your Pest
Minimal Pesticide Use
Above-Ground Diversity toFavor Beneficials
Pest and Disease Suppression
Minimal Use of SyntheticPesticides & Fertilizers
Minimize Tillage to Conserve OM
Crop Rotations
Add Organic Matter
Below-Ground Diversity
Healthy Soil
Effects of Agricultural Management on Soil Arthropods
• Densities are much lower than in unmanaged systems, regardless of level and types of inputs
• Favors bacteria over fungi
• Soil arthropods tend to consume fungi
Predators(@ 10% of consumers)
Consumers(@ 10% of producers)
Producers
Energy Pyramid
(After Moldenke, 2002)
Implication of Bacterial Dominance in SoilTypical Ratio B:F >10:1
(After Moldenke, 2002)
Predatory Arthropods (0.0001x)
Predators of BFN (0.001x)
BF Nemas (0.01x)
Protozoa (0.1x)
Bacteria (x)
Predatory Arthropods (0.01x)
FF Invertebrates (0.1x)
Fungi (x)
Bacterial-based Fungal-based
Some Factors Affected by Tillage
• Soil Moisture • Soil Temperature • Range of Temperature
and Moisture Fluctuations
• Surface Residue • Soil Fauna Abundance
and Diversity• Plant Diversity• Favors Bacteria > Fungi
Tillage Effects on Soil Arthropod Abundance & Diversity in Corn
Goldsboro, NC
No Till Conv. Till
No. 2781 1369
Richness 107 88
Simpson .135 .058
Shannon 2.93 3.38
Evenness .396 .566
• Richness: No. of taxa
• Simpson’s: probability that 2 species selected at random will be the same; 0 to 1; diversity decreases as index increases
• Shannon’s: uncertainty in predicting identity of organism chosen at random; equals zero when only 1 species present
• Evenness: 1=all taxa in similar numbers, as approach 0, divergence from evenness, some taxa more dominant
Effects of Tillage on Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Maize
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.4
5/14/
1997
5/21/
1997
5/28/
1997
6/4/1
997
6/11/
1997
6/18/
1997
6/25/
1997
7/2/1
997
7/9/1
997
7/16/
1997
7/23/
1997
7/30/
1997
8/6/1
997
8/13/
1997
8/20/
1997
8/27/
1997
9/3/1
997
Ave
. No.
/Cor
e
Conventional No-till
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.4
5/14/
1997
5/21/
1997
5/28/
1997
6/4/1
997
6/11/
1997
6/18/
1997
6/25/
1997
7/2/1
997
7/9/1
997
7/16/
1997
7/23/
1997
7/30/
1997
8/6/1
997
8/13/
1997
8/20/
1997
8/27/
1997
9/3/1
997
Ave
. No.
/Cor
e
No-till Conventional
S. carpocapsae
S. riobrave
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.4
5/14/
1997
5/21/
1997
5/28/
1997
6/4/1
997
6/11/
1997
6/18/
1997
6/25/
1997
7/2/1
997
7/9/1
997
7/16/
1997
7/23/
1997
7/30/
1997
8/6/1
997
8/13/
1997
8/20/
1997
8/27/
1997
9/3/1
997
Ave
. No.
/Cor
e
Conventional No-till
H. bacteriophora
Millar & Barbercheck, 2002
Effects of Tillage and Cover Crops on Pest & Beneficial Arthropods in Soil
Peachy et al. 2002. Applied Soil Ecology 21: 59-70
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mustard Barley Rye Fallow Oats
Sym
ph
ylla
ns/
m2
Conv. Till Direct Seed Till
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Mustard Fallow Barley Oats Rye
Pre
dat
ors
/m2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
CC
Dry
Mat
ter
MT
/ha
Macropredators Pred. Mites CC Dry Matter
Effects of Cover Crop Rye Managementin Reduced Tillage Corn
Clark et al. 1993. J. Entomol. Sci. 28: 404-416
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Me
an
No
./Plo
t
Predatorsa
ab
bc
c
Effects of Cover Crop Rye Managementin Reduced Tillage Corn
Clark et al. 1993. J. Entomol. Sci. 28: 404-416
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mea
n N
um
ber
Roll Paraquat Remove Fallow/Disk
a a
ab
b
a
a a
b
a
b b
b
Effect of Organic & Mineral Fertilizers in AlfalfaFratello et al. 1989. Agric. Ecosyst. Envt. 27: 227-239
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
#/m
2 (
x 1
00
0)
Collembola Mites Other
Effect of Compost Type on Microbial Biomass N and Soil Arthropods
Gunadi et al. 2002. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 38:161-165
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
mg
/kg
Paper
Cow Manure
Food Waste
Compost
Microbial Biomass N
1
10
100
1000
10000
Lo
g M
ea
n N
um
be
r
PaperCow M
anureFood W
asteCom
post
Mites Collembola Other
Vermicomposts
72 6 4 Trophic Groups
Systems Experiment 1999-2002Microarthropods Cumulative Average
020
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Ave
. #/C
ore
Pasture BMPCT
Trees BMPNT
OldField
Organic
Other
Coll.
Mites
Barbercheck, unpubl.
Systems Experiment 1999-2002EPN & EPF Cumulative Average
0
2
4
6
8
10
Ave
. #/C
ore
Organic BMP CT Pasture BMP NT Trees Old Field
S.c. H.b. S.g. Fungi
Barbercheck, unpubl.
BMP for Management of Soil Organisms
• Systems effects can arise from very complex direct and indirect interactions
• Minimize compaction• Provide continuous energy
(e.g., cover crops)• Reduce tillage to favor
fungal-based food webs• Provide refuges for mobile
predators• Rotate crops to reduce pest
organisms• Reduce use of biocides
Cosmochthonius (Oribatida)
D. Walter
Web Resources
• Soil Biodiversity Portal www.fao.org/ag/AGL/agll/soilbiod/default.htm
• Soil Biology Primer
http://www.swcs.org
• USDA Soil Quality Institute http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/
• Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areashttp://www.attra.org/
• Earthworms: The agriculturist’s friend http://www.eap.mcgill.ca/publications/eap6.htm