Effects of Icing
Transcript of Effects of Icing
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To apprise the house regarding icing and itseffects on aircraft
AIM
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Introduction
Super-cooled Water Droplets
Condensation
The Freezing Process
Types Of Aircraft Ice
Factors Affecting Icing
SEQUENCE
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The Effects of Icing on Aircraft
Strategies For Avoiding Icing
De-icing Methods
Conclusions
SEQUENCE
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SUPER-COOLED DROPLETS
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Nominal freezing point of water 0C
Water droplets capable of freezing
Formed bycondensation
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Gaseous state into liquid state
Reverse of vaporization
CONDENSATION
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Supercooled water droplet strikes
Unfrozen part of the droplet spreads
THE ICING PROCESS
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1) Rime Ice
Product of small droplets
Opaque and brittle
Forms on the
leading edges
Low adhesiveproperties
TYPES OF ICING
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2) Clear Ice
Large droplet does not freeze completely
Each drop merges and spreadsbackwards
high adhesive
properties
TYPES OF ICING
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Transparent to a very tough opaque
TYPES OF ICING
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3) Mixed Ice
Mixture of rime ice and clear ice
More adhesive properties
Opaque in appearance
Rough and builds forward
TYPES OF ICING
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4) Hoar frost
Light crystalline deposit
Air directlyFreezes over the a/c
TYPES OF ICING
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a) Liquid Water Content
b) Temperature
c) Droplet sized) Cloud type
e) Airfoil geometry
f) Airspeedg) Duration of exposure
THE FACTORS AFFECTING ICING
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a) Liquid Water Content
Dependent on the size and number of
droplets
Greater the liquid water content, the more
icing potential
THE FACTORS AFFECTING ICING
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b) Temperature
Affects severity and type of icing
0C and -25
C, severe clear icing
-25C and -40C, light rime icing
below -40C, little chance of icing
THE FACTORS AFFECTING ICING
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c) Droplet Size
Freezing drizzle or freezing rain
Supercooled LargeDroplets (SLD)
THE FACTORS AFFECTING ICING
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d) Aerofoil geometry
Modern wings more critical
THE FACTORS AFFECTING ICING
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e) Airspeed
Greater airspeed,
Rapid ice formation
THE FACTORS AFFECTING ICING
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Effects onWing and tail surfaces
Disturbs the air flow
Reduce their lift
Increase the
drag/stalling
Speed
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Effects onPropeller
Reduces propeller efficiency
Vibration on the propeller
Excessive
stress
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Effects on Controls
Control surfaces may jam
Reduce their effectiveness
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Pitot tube and Static Pressure Ports
Inaccurate height and airspeed
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Radio Antennae
Loss of radio communication
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Icing on Engine
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EFFECTS OF ICING ON AIRCRAFT
Icing on Engine
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Weather Briefing Tips
Areas of FZRA (freezing rain) and FZDZ
(freezing drizzle)
50% relative humidity
Centre of a low pressure system
STRATEGIES FOR AVOIDING ICING
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Never fly with frost on your aircraft
Use early warning devices
Corona indicates presence of water
Use pitot heater
Stay clear of clouds
Gentle control movementsUse carburettor heat
STRATEGIES FOR AVOIDING ICING
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Stabilized landing approach
STRATEGIES FOR AVOIDING ICING
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On Ground de-icing methods:
1. Aircraft De-icing Fluids
2. Hot Water Aircraft De-icing3. Forced Air De-icing System
DE-ICING METHODS
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1. Aircraft De-icing Fluids (ADF)
Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV
propylene glycol or ethylene glycol
Type I and Type IV are the most
commonly used
DE-ICING METHODS
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2. Hot Water Aircraft De-icing
Heat and distribute water
Fewer operating costs
DE-ICING METHODS
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3. Forced Air De-icing System
Delivers high-pressure air
Effective inremoving dry,
powder snow
DE-ICING METHODS
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1. Pneumatic Systems
2. Bleed Air System
3. Electro Thermal Systems
IN FLIGHT DE-ICING METHODS
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1. Pneumatic systems
Pneumatic de-icing boots
Periodically inflated Automatically
controlled
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2. Bleed Air system
Bled from engines
May operateautonomously
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3. Electro thermal systems
Electrically heated resistive elements
First function as de-icing systems, thenas anti-icingsystems
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CONCLUSION
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