EFFECT OF SECONDARY AND MICRONUTRIENT

ELEMENTS ON RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

PRODUCTIVITY

M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis

by

NITIN JOHN

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

RAIPUR (C.G.)

2008

EFFECT OF SECONDARY AND MICRONUTRIENT

ELEMENTS ON RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

PRODUCTIVITY

Thesis

Submitted to the

INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

RAIPUR (C.G.)

By

NITIN JOHN

IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

Master in Science

In

Agriculture

(Soil Science)

Roll No. 8495 ID No. G/AG/RYP/2002/36

2008

CERTIFICATE - I

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of secondary and

micronutrient elements on rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity” submitted

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of “MASTER OF

SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE” of the Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,

Raipur, is a record of the bonafide research work carried out by NITIN JOHN

under my guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has been approved

by student‟s Advisory Committee and the Director of Instructions.

No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma

(certificate awarded etc.) or has been published/published part has been fully

acknowledged. All the assistance and help received during the course of the

investigations have been duly acknowledged by him.

Chairman

Advisory Committee Date:

THESIS APPROVED BY STUDENT’S ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Chairman Dr. S.S. Sengar --------------------------------------

Member Dr. K. Tedia --------------------------------------

Member Shri R.N. Singh --------------------------------------

Member Dr. G.K. Shrivastava --------------------------------------

Member Dr. M.L. Lakhera -------------------------------------

CERTIFICATE - II

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “EFFECT OF

SECONDARY AND MICRONUTRIENT ELEMENTS ON RICE

(Oryza sativa L.) PRODUCTIVITY.” submitted by Shri NITIN JOHN to

the Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of “M.Sc. (Ag.)”, in the DEPARTMENT OF SOIL

SCIENCE has been approved by the external examiner and student's Advisory

Committee after oral examination.

Date: External Examiner

Major Advisor ---------------------------------

Head of the Department / Section ---------------------------------

Dean Faculty ---------------------------------

Director of Instructions ---------------------------------

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“Education plays fundamental role in personal and social development

and teacher plays a fundamental role in imparting education. Teachers have

crucial role in preparing young people not only to face the future with confidence

but also to build up it with purpose and responsibility. There is no substitute for

teacher pupil relationship”. I start in the name of God-who has bestowed upon

me all the physical and mental attributes that I possess and skills to cut through

and heal a fellow human.

With a sense of high resolve and reverence. I in a deep impact of

gratefulness thank to my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to adorable Dr. S.S.

Sengar, Professor and Head, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture,

Raipur (C.G.) who is chairman of my advisory committee. I have no word to

express my heartfelt thanks to him for invaluable inspiring guidance, unfailing

encouragement, suggestions, research insight, unique supervision, constructive

criticism, scholarly advice, sympathetic attitude and keen interest, throughout the

investigation and preparation of this manuscript.

I have immense pleasure in expressing my whole hearted sense of

appreciation for the other members of my Advisory Committee, Dr. K. Tedia,

Senior Scientist, Department of Soil Science, Shri R. N. Singh, Asstt. Professor,

department of Soil Science, Dr.G.K. Shrivastava, Senior Scientist, Department of

Agronomy and Dr. M.L. Lakhera, Associate Professor, Department of Agril. Stat.

Math. And Computer Science for providing proper guidance and encouragement

throughout the research work. Without their kind cooperation, it would not have

been easy for me to complete this manuscript.

I am highly obliged to Hon’ble Vice Chancellor Dr. C.R. Hazra, Dr. B.S.

Thakur, Dean, College of Agriculture, Raipur, Dr. R.B. Sharma, Director

Research Services, Dr. R.B.S. Sengar, Director Extension Services and Dr. S.S.

Kolhe, Director of Instructions, IGKV, Raipur for providing necessary facilities

to conduct the investigation.

I am highly obligated to all teaching staff members of Department of Soil

Science, Dr. R.K. Bajpai, Dr. V.N. Mishra, Shri K.K. Agrawal, Dr. R.O. Das, Dr.

Alok Tiwari, Shri L.K. Shriwastava, Shri V.K. Samadhiya, Shri S.S. Porte, Shri L.

K. Ramteke, and Shri R.S. Nag.

I express my sincere thanks to my colleagues Pradeep, Lalu, Manish,

Abhishek, Umesh, Seema, Sandeep, Prahlad, Bharti, Roshan, Rajan, Manoj and

Bhagat for their cordial help during the investigation work.

I am also thankful to my seniors Ravi, Sanjay, Nagendra, Poonam, Vinod

and Lalu for providing necessary help during the investigation.

Words can hardly express the heartfelt gratitude to my beloved Father

Late. Shri Subhash John, Mummy Smt. Kamla John, whose selfless love, filial

affection, obstinate sacrifices and blessing made my path easier. My most cordial

thanks go to my brother Naveen John and my sister Ku. Neelima John and my

all-family members whose obstinate sacrifice, filial affection and blessing made

my path earlier.

I would like to convey my cordial thanks to all those who helped me

directly or indirectly to fulfill my dream.

At last but not least I would like to express my thanks to “God”. My lord,

please realize and accept my feelings.

Department of Soil Science

College of Agriculture,

I.G.K.V., Raipur (C.G.)

Date: __________

NITIN JOHN

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE

No. I INTRODUCTION

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

III MATERIALS AND METHODS

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

V SUMMERY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

FOR FUTURE RESEARCH WORK

ABSTRACT

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

CHAPTER- I

INTRODUCTION

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the world‟s most important crop and the primary

source of food for more than half of the world‟s population. More than 90% of

world‟s rice is grown and consumed in Asia, where 60% of the earth‟s people

live. Rice accounts for 35 to 75 % of the calories consumed by more than 3

billion Asians (Kumar et al., 2006) and is planted to about 154 million hectare

annually or on about 11% of the total world‟s cultivated land. India is the second

largest producer of rice in the world, next to China and accounts for about 20-

25% of total global rice production (Anonymous, 2002). It is cultivated in 43.66

million hectares which accounts for nearly 37% of the gross cropped area of the

country with total production of 91.79 million tones with an average productivity

of 2102 kg ha-1

(Anonymous, 2007). Rice occupies 46% area under cereal and

contributing 42% towards total food grain production in the country. At the

current rate of population growth in India an additional 1.5 million tones of rice is

to be produced every year for maintenance of self-sufficiency. Chhattisgarh being

considered as „bowl of rice‟ and the livelihood of almost 83% of rural population

of the state is depending only to the rice. Rice occupies an area of 3.75 million

hectares with the production of 5.01 million tones and average productivity of

1337 kg ha-1

(Anonymous, 2007) in the state. Chhattisgarh state contributes

4.47% of total rice production of the country.

The average productivity is far below its potential. The low fertility status

of the soils coupled with unbalanced fertilization is the major hurdles in

increasing the productivity. Among the important nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus,

potassium, sulphur, magnesium and zinc are found to be most prominent for its

cultivation. Sulphur, magnesium and zinc are key part of balanced fertilization.

(Sindhe and Saraf, 1992).

Nutrient imbalance is one of the major abiotic constraints limiting

productivity of cereals. In chhatisgarh state rice is grown largely (70%) under

rainfed condition whose productivity is greatly influenced by the pattern of

rainfall distribution, soil type, soil nutrient status, temperature and other climatic

factors.

A large number of factors such as soil fertility, soil acidity/sodicity,

insect-pest, diseases etc. are responsible for low yield i.e. approximately 150-200

kg ha-1

depending upon the condition (Anonymous, 2007). Among them, poor

soil nutrient status is one of the most probable factors for reduced yields. Zinc

deficiency is one of the most important limiting factors in rice production after

nitrogen and phosphorus throughout the world (De Datta, 1981). The usual level

of zinc ranges from 10-100 ppm in most of the crops (Lindsay, 1972) and

therefore its management is necessary for optimum yield production. The

importance of sulphur in Indian agriculture is next to NPK. Sulphur deficiency

has been noted in almost all states and in a variety of crops because of continuous

use of sulphur free fertilizer. Sulphur is involved in the synthesis of proteins, oils,

and vitamins. Sulphur is also a component of Fe-S proteins known as ferrodixins.

In rice, the critical values for S concentration as reported by Pillai and Singh

(1975) are 0.16% S at tillering. Between tillering and flowering, either a

concentration <0.1% S in the shoot or an N:S ratio of >15 indicates S deficiency

(Blair et al, 1980).

Magnesium is a divalent cation and important constituent of chlorophyll

therefore increase photosynthesis in plant. It also plays an important role in starch

formation, Promotes the formation of oils, fats and increasing the crop resistance.

Useful information has been generated on various aspects of agronomical

management practices of rice in different parts of the country. Major work has

been done to develop appropriate crop production technology by manipulating

growth, tillering, grain formation & ultimately yield with respect to N, P, K, S,

Mg and Zn aspect of the rice.

Keeping in view the above mentioned facts, the present investigation

entitled “Effect of secondary and micronutrient elements on rice (Oryza

sativa L.) productivity” was carried out at the instructional farm, Indira Gandhi

Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) during kharif 2006-07 with the following

objectives:-

1. To study the effect of application of secondary and micronutrients on soil

fertility.

2. To study the influence of secondary and micronutrients application on

productivity potential of rice.

3. To find out the concentration and uptake of major, secondary and

micronutrient in plant and their uptake by crop.

CHAPTER- II

REVIEW AND LITERATURE

In this chapter, an attempt has been made to bring out a short review on

the work done in India and abroad pertaining to the parameters such as growth,

quality and yield of rice as influenced by secondary and micronutrients combined

with NPK fertilizers. The review of the work done is discussed under the

following heads:

2.1 Effect of fertilizer nutrients on

2.1.1 Growth and yield

2.1.2 Content and uptake

2.2 Effect of secondary and micronutrients on

2.2.1 Growth and yield

2.2.2 Content and uptake

2.3 Effect of secondary and micronutrient on soil fertility

2.1 Effect of fertilizer nutrient on growth and yield

2.1.1Growth and yield

Oh WK (1979) studied on the effect of organic material, particularly

compost and rice straw, on paddy yield in S. Korea. Rice straw had a greater

effect on rice yield than compost when adequate fertilizers were applied. With no

fertilizer the application of 7.5 t compost/ha increased rice grain yield by 13.2%.

This effect was reduced considerably when NPK was applied until there was no

effect with 160 kg/ha each of N, P2O5 and K2O.

Lian (1980) found that the production efficiency of soil N ranged from 43

to 85% in plots receiving no fertilizer N and from 34 to 66% in the presence of

fertilizer N. The efficiency of fertilizer N with basal application ranged from 11

to 96% and as top dressing from 10 to 73%, under conditions of early and normal

planting and 1st and 2nd cropping. The relevance of differences in soil N

contributions is shown by the positive correlation between yields of plots

receiving complete fertilizers and those receiving no nitrogen. Correlation

coefficient between yields and soil characters in nitrogen and sulphur. Taiwan

ranged widely, were frequently negative, and rarely exceeded r = + 0.5.

Significance was reached in about 25% of cases.

Blair (1987) stated that there are many similarities in the N and S cycles

in rice cropping systems, but changes in fertilizer use patterns are changing the

magnitude of N and S inputs. The move to urea, diammonium phosphate,

monoammonium phosphate and triple superphosphate has significantly decreased

sulphur inputs. In addition, increased cropping intensity and changes in straw

management have important implications for both N and S. Experimental

evidence has suggested that fertilizer N efficiency is maximized by deep

placement whereas S responses are greatest where it is surface broadcast. A set of

diagnostic criteria based on total S and total N contents and N: S ratio for whole

tops sampled at maximum tillering is presented.

Taher et al. (1987) conducted an experiment in 1983-84 on Fe-toxic

wetland soil in a newly opened area near Sitiung, P was applied as triple

superphosphate or as each of 2 types of rock phosphate at 4.4-26.2 kg P/ha. Rice

grain yields increased from 1.6 to 2.35 t/ha, irrespective of P source or rate,

mainly due to increase in 1000-grain weight. In a 2nd experiment also in 1983-84

near Sukarami at 928 m altitude. Nitrogen was applied as urea, sulphur-coated

urea or urea supergranules at 0, 29, 58, 87 or 116 kg N/ha. N application

increased average grain yield from 4.4 to 5.8 t/ha irrespective of N source or rate

mainly as a result of increased panicle number.

Meelu and Morris (1987) stated experimental results on the integrated use

of green manure, farmyard manure, and inorganic fertilizer N in rice and rice-

based cropping sequences. Effects of amount, time, and source of N application

on fertilizer use efficiency have been outlined. These results indicated that rice

generally responded up to 120 kg N/ha, although responses at lower and higher N

levels have been obtained depending on crop season and variety. N application in

three split dressings proved better than one or two split dressings, and amide and

ammonical N sources performed better than nitrate for rice. Urea supergranules

were less effective than three split applications of urea, or sulfur-coated urea in a

rapidly percolating soil. The need to study site-related parameters and soil

characteristics to explain results has been emphasized. The results for green

manuring revealed that there was a place for it in the intensive cropping system

and that incorporation of green manure resulted in a saving of 60 to 80 kg N/ha in

rice. Although addition of green manure produced a residual effect on the

succeeding crop in some places, it did not at other places, and its use requires

further investigation. The need to optimize green manure and inorganic fertilizer

N combinations for rice cultivation has been emphasized. Application of

farmyard manure provided considerable direct and residual effects on crop yields

and improved soil fertility.

Kanareugsa et al. (1987) found maximum grain yield responses of 1.8, 1.5

and 2.7 t/ha were obtained for irrigated, rainfed and deep water rice, respectively,

with applications of 29-116 kg N/ha as sulphur-coated urea, prilled urea or urea

supergranules, but there was no clear indication of the best form of urea to use.

Applications of 2 kg fresh Azolla/m2 resulted in grain yield increases equivalent

to those given by approximately 30 kg N/ha. Maximum phosphorus responses of

1.7 t/ha were obtained. Initial response was comparable for different sources but

less reactive rock phosphate gave the highest residual effects.

Santra and singh (1988) conducted a filed experiment to study the

response of P- fertilizers and residual content of phosphorus after harvest of rice

crop. They found that application of P-fertilizers significantly increased grain and

straw yields with sulphur sources as compared to control and also found

maximum content of phosphorus after harvest of rice crop with sulphur

treatments.

Roberts et al. (1993) conducted twelve field experiments were undertaken

in 1976-85 at 5 sites in California and included 12 rice cultivars given 0-210 lb

N/acre as ammonium sulfate before sowing. No differences in biological yield

were observed between tall and semidwarf cultivars across all N rates. Grain and

straw production did differ significantly, however, as a result of changes in

harvest index (HI) across all N rates. The HI was 0.46 and 0.50 at predicted

maximum grain yields, which occurred at 124 and 149 lb N/acre for tall and

semidwarf cultivars, respectively. Maximum predicted straw yields occurred at

216 lb N/acre for semidwarf cultivars; but predicted maximum straw yields for

tall cultivars occurred far outside of the maximum N rates used in these

experiments (at 245 lb N/acre). At each N rate, semidwarf cultivars exhibited an

improved HI over tall cultivars. Maximum yields for semidwarf cultivars

occurred at higher N rates than tall cultivars, however, which diminished

improved HI values and offset potential reductions in straw yields under field

conditions. Overall results indicated that future yield increases are more likely to

be the result of stabilization of HI over increasing N rates, rather than an increase

in biological yield.

Pandey et al. (2000) conducted a field experiment during rainy season of

1995 and 1996 at IGAU, Raipur to find suitable early duration rice varieties and

nitrogen level under rainfed upland condition. Among the six varieties tested,

NDR 1021, Poornima, Vandana and Annada were found to the equally effective

for grain yield. The maximum N use efficiency (27.45 kg grain kg-1

N) was

recorded in variety NDR 1021 which was followed by Vandana and Poornima.

The significant increase in grain yield was supported by panicle bearing tillers,

grains ear head-1

and test weight. On an average, 89% roots of these varieties

were accumulated in 0-10 cm soil depth followed by 7.42 % in 0-20 cm and 3.58

% in 20-30 cm soil depth. The grain yield progressively increased with increasing

levels of nitrogen upto 120 kg N ha-1

. The nitrogen use efficiency, on the other

hand, decreased with the increase in nitrogen levels. The regression equation for

the estimation of grain yield at different nitrogen levels is also estimated.

Saplalrinliana et al. (2005) conducted a field experiment to find out the

nutrient requirement of rice crop during wet season of 2002 at research farm of

Nagaland University, Nagaland, Combination of four levels of nitrogen were

taken as treatments and four levels of potassium. The data revealed that the

maximum grain yields (43.5q ha-1

) were found with combined application of N90

K60 kg ha-1

which was at par with N90 K40 kg ha-1

treatment.

Chaudhary et al. (2007) found that response of nitrogen (0, 40, 80, and

120 kg ha-1

) and zinc sulphate (0, 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 kg ha-1

) on growth and

yield of low land rice was studied. Each higher level of N and ZnSO4 appreciably

improved the growth and yield attributes. The maximum grain yield (4.21 t ha-1

)

was recorded with increase in nitrogen level. However, the effect of ZnSO4 was

significantly only upto the moderate level (25 kg ha-1

).

2.1.2 Content and Uptake

Amarit et al. (1987) conducted a pot experiment and found that the

nitrogen uptake by straw, stem number/ tiller, plant height and number of

panicles and filled grains/ panicle were increased by fertilizer use. Similarly,

Reddepa Raju (1988) found that maximum uptake of 121.5 kg N ha-1

with the

application of 120 kg N ha-1

and it was significantly higher when compared to

application of 60 and 90 kg N ha-1

(Prasad Rao., 1990; Balasubrmanian et al.,

1991.).

Bacon and Heenan (1987) reported that the effect of rice stubble

management and fertilizer application rate and date on the fate of 15N-labelled

urea was studied within a continuous rice rotation common in S. Australia.

Stubble incorporation increased plant uptake of soil N by 15.5 kg N/ha. Plant

response to additions of labelled urea at 0, 70 and 140 kg N/ha was essentially

linear. Each 70 kg increment increased soil N uptake by about 12 kg N/ha and

fertilizer N uptake by 24 kg N/ha. The soil supplied 68-82% of the N taken up by

the rice; the amount assimilated depended on the rate of fertilizer N application.

Delaying N application from the onset of permanent water to panicle initiation

had little effect on yield but increased the crop's fertilizer N dependence. The

delay increased plant N uptake by 66%; the amount of N retained in the soil-plant

system increased from 58 to 66 kg N/ha. Of the applied N, 35% was taken up by

the rice plants, 24% was retained in the top 30 cm layer of soil and 3% was found

in the 30-80 cm soil layer. Separate experiments showed that <1% of the applied

N was volatilized as ammonia and it was concluded that denitrification accounted

for the remaining 38%.

Rathore et al. (1995) observed that at Bilaspur, on loam soil, significantly

higher rice(cv. IR-36) grain yield (5.57 t ha-1

) was obtained with the application

of FYM @ 5 t ha-1

alongwith NPK (60:37.5:22.5 kg ha-1

) compared to control

(3.34 t ha-1

). Further increase in plant uptake of 9-12 kg N ha-1

and 3 kg P ha-1

in

FYM treated plots was noticed compared to control.

Rani et al. (1997) reported that the nutrient (N, P and K) uptake increased

with increasing trend of nitrogen and potassium and it was found maximum with

treatment combination N90 K60 kg ha-1

.

Singh et al. (1999) reported that potassium uptake was higher in straw

than that in grain as major part of K nutrient was utilized for vegetative mass and

very little amount was translocated for grain formation.

Pandey et al. (2000) conducted a field experiment during rainy season of

1995 and 1996 at IGAU, Raipur to find suitable early duration rice varieties and

nitrogen level under rainfed upland condition. Among the six varieties tested,

NDR 1021, Poornima, Vandana and Annada were found to the equally effective

for nitrogen uptake. The maximum nitrogen use efficiency (27.45 kg grain kg-1

N) was recorded in variety NDR 1021 which was followed by Vandana and

Poornima. On an average, 89% roots of these varieties were accumulated in 0-10

cm soil depth followed by 7.42 % in 0-20 cm and 3.58 % in 20-30 cm soil depth.

The nitrogen uptake progressively increased with increasing levels of nitrogen

upto 120 kg N ha-1

. The nitrogen use efficiency, on the other hand, decreased

with the increase in nitrogen levels.

Ghatak et al. (2005) conducted a field experiment during kharif (rainy)

season 2001 in West Bengal, India, to determine the effect of zinc fertilizer on

transplanted rice cv. IR-36 grown on red and laterite soil. Treatments comprised:

0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg ZnSO4/ha. Results revealed that zinc fertilizer application

significantly increased the uptake of Zn, N and K by plant. Application of 30 kg

ZnSO4/ha recorded the highest values of Zn, N and K uptake by plant. Similarly,

the net return was also maximum (Rs. 4832/ha) upon treatment with 30 kg

ZnSO4/ha.

Saplalrinliana et al. (2005) conducted a field experiment to find out the

nutrient requirement of rice crop during wet season of 2002 at research farm of

Nagaland University, Nagaland, Combination of four levels of nitrogen were

taken as treatments and four levels of potassium. The data revealed that total

uptake of nitrogen (244.5 kg ha-1

), phosphorus (12.3 kg ha-1

) and potassium (20.0

kg ha-1

) were found with combined application of N90 K60 kg ha-1

which was at

par with N90 K40 kg ha-1

treatment.

2.2 Effect of secondary and micronutrient elements on growth and yield

2.2.1 Growth and yield

Giordano (1979) observed the response of direct-sown rice cv. Bluebelle

to Zn studied in flooded and non-flooded (field capacity) Crowley soil (pH 7.6)

maintained at soil temperature of 18 and 30°C. Urea and ammonium sulphate

were compared as sources of N to determine their effect on plant uptake of Zn

from ZnSO4 either mixed or surface-applied to the soil. Grain yields were slightly

higher from non-flooded than from flooded soil. Higher dry matter production at

30°C than at 18°C was not related to Zn nutrition. Urea and ammonium sulphate

resulted in similar yields and Zn uptake by flooded rice, but ammonium sulphate

was superior for non-flooded rice in the absence of applied Zn. More fixation of

mixed Zn by the limited Crowley soil probably caused its lower effectiveness

compared with surface-applied Zn.

Tahir et al. (1979) found in field trials on 9 soils deficient in Zn and Cu,

application of 10, 20, 50 or 100 kg Zn and 5, 10, 20 or 50 kg Cu/ha to rice before

transplanting increased grain yields in most cases. Average grain yield was 3.61 t

without Cu or Zn and increased to 3.99 t with 50 kg Zn/ha and 3.95 t with 50 kg

Cu/ha.

Singh and singh (1980) found an increase in the dry matter production

and grain yield with the increased application of zinc. Zinc-EDTA gave the

highest yield of paddy followed by ZnSO4 and ZnO.

Sanzo et al. (1984) conducted field trials in 1981-82 at Sur del Jibaro, rice

cv. IR 880-C9 applied with 0, 5, 10, 15 or 20 kg Zn/ha. In the wet season there

were no significant differences in unhusked grain yields with 0-15 kg Zn

(average 3.5 t/ha) but yield was significantly higher (4.5 t) with 20 kg Zn. Similar

results were obtained in the dry season. There were no differences in plant height

and 1000-grain weight. Panicle number/m2 was significantly higher with 5-15 kg

Zn than without Zn and was highest with 20 kg. Zinc treatments significantly

increased panicle length and mean grain number/panicle.

Singh and Singh (1989) conducted a field trials in 1984-86 on a semi-

reclaimed alkali soil at Gudda, Karnal, the effects of 80, 120 and 160 kg N, 0, 10,

20 and 40 kg ZnSO4 and 0 and 17.5 kg P2O5 ha-1

on yields of rice cv. Jaya and

wheat cv. HD 2009 were studied. Nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc fertilizers

increased rice yields additively. Applying 10 kg ZnSO4/ha to each rice and wheat

crop was optimum. Balanced application of 160 kg N/ha increased rice yield by

42.5% compared with the recommended rate of 120 kg N with Zn. Responses of

rice to Zn application depended on P fertilizer application but wheat did not

respond to P up to the 6th year of reclamation due to high available P in sub-

surface soil.

Russo (1990) found that rice grain yields were 6.12, 6.32 and 6.06 t/ha

with KCl and 6.13, 6.24 and 6.45 t/ha with K2SO4 at 0, 150 or 300 kg K2O/ha,

respectively, at Boraso; and 7.65, 7.67 and 8.11 t with no MgO and 7.84, 7.97

and 8.18 t with 90 kg MgO with increase in K rate at Cassolnovo.

Vyas et al.(1990) conducted a field trial in the kharif [monsoon] season of

1985 on a clay soil at Raipur, Madhya Pradesh, rice cv. Samradhi was given 0-20

kg Zn/ha. Grain yield was highest with 5 kg Zn/ha.

Mukhi and Shukla (1991) conducted a greenhouse experiment to study

the S-Zn relationship in rice grown under submerged soil conditions on a clay

loam soil (Aquic Ustochrept). Application of 25 ppm S alone or with 5 to 10 ppm

Zn increased yield of most of the plant parts. The yield of all plant parts except

root at earing increased with 5 ppm Zn at all levels of S. Application of 20 ppm

Zn and 75 ppm S generally decreased yield and the decreases were very marked

in root and grain.

Ahmed et al. (1992) studied the interaction of zinc and phosphorus, in the

presence of Mg, in field trials in Dhaka, Bangladesh on a Noadda acid soil

(Ultisol). The treatments consisted of combinations of P at 0, 40 or 80 kg, Zn at

0, 5, 10 or 15 kg and Mg at 0, 60 or 120 kg/ha. The highest grain (6.00 t/ha) and

straw (6.33 t/ha) yields were obtained with 80 kg P + 10 kg Zn + 120 kg Mg/ha.

Application of Mg increased the uptake of P and Zn and increased rice yield.

Maharana et al. (1993) conducted a field experiments in farmers' fields to

study responses of rice to zinc sulfate heptahydrate in different broad soil groups

of Orissa (India). Out of 119 trials conducted in kharif and rabi seasons of 1984-

85, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1988-89 and 1989-90 covering deltaic alluvial soils of Puri

and Cuttack districts, black and mixed red & black soils of Kalahandi district,

brown forest soils of Ganjam district and red & yellow soils of Mayurbhanj

district, 86 locations showed a significant response in grain and straw yield of

rice to ZnSO4 application. Response pattern was almost similar in both kharif and

rabi seasons in all years.

Singh et al. (1993) conducted a field experiment to investigate the effect

of sulphur on growth attributes, yield and uptake of rice in alluvial soil. Sulphur

was supplied by two sources viz., elemental sulphur and pyrites. Elemental

sulphur and pyrites significantly increased the plant height with increasing levels

of sulphur at tillering, panicle initiation and at harvesting stages. Highest yield

was recorded with the elemental sulphur @ 60 kg S ha-1

. Significant positive

correlations were found to exist between growth attributes, grain yield and

sulphur uptake.

Akhter et al. (1994) conducted a field experiments on silt loam and sandy

loam in farmer's fields at 4 sites in Bangladesh, rice was given 0, 25 or 50 kg S

and 0, 5, 10 or 20 kg Zn/ha. At one site S application increased grain yields and

at one other site S application decreased grain yields. There was no yield

response to Zn application. At one site, 50 kg S + 5 kg Zn gave the highest grain

yield (5.98 t/ha compared with the control yield of 4.61 t) while at one other site

25 kg S + 10 or 20 Zn decreased grain yields.

Devarajan and Ramanathan (1995) in a study on red soil at Bhavanisagar,

Tamil Nadu, rice cv. IR 20 was given 0-100 kg ZnSO4/ha to every crop, once in

3 crops or once in 6 crops. Grain yield was highest when Zn was applied to every

crop and it increased with up to 75 kg ZnSO4.

Sinha et al. (1995) found that application of sulphur or phosphorus

increased chlorophyll content in maize foliage, which was maximum when

phosphorus was applied along with sulphur. Grain and straw yields also increased

with sulphur and phosphorus application and the highest grain yield was obtained

when 40 kg S was applied in conjunction with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

.

Ingle et al. (1997) conducted a field experiment in kharif on rice (cv. Sye-

75) with eight treatments, replicated 3 times in RBD. Zinc was applied through

zinc sulphate and zinc oxide @5, 10, 15 kg Zn ha-1

with NPK fertilizers.

Application of 15 kg Zn ha-1

with NPK fertilizers gave the highest grain and

straw yields of paddy and was found significantly superior over control and other

treatments.

Chitdeshwari and Krishnasamy (1998) found the effect of different levels

of zinc and zinc enriched organic manures on the availability of micronutrients

under submergence in zinc deficient rice soils. The application of 2.5 mg Zn/kg

enriched with farmyard manure + green leaf manure increased the Zn status at all

the stages of the crop growth. A declining negative trend was observed with Fe

and Mn which indicated the mutual competition of these two ions at the

absorption sites.

Ntamatungiro et al. (1998) stated that growers are reluctant to lime fields

that include both soybeans and rice in rotation because it may induce nutrient

deficiencies in the rice crop. A study was carried out at Stuttgart, Arkansas to

determine the response to lime in soybean and rice grown in rotation and to

measure the effect of P and Zn fertilizer application, with lime, on yields by rice

and soybean in rotation. Lime rates (0, 1, 2 and 4 ton/acre), P rates (0 and 40 lb

P2O5/acre) and Zn rates (0 and 10 lb Zn/acre) were main plot, sub-plot and sub-

sub-plot factors, respectively. Cultivars of rice (Bengal, Cypress, Drew and

Kaybonnet) and soybean (Delsoy 5500 and Holladay) were randomly sown in

strips across the main plot. Soil pH increased from 4.7 to 7.1 with 4 ton lime/acre.

A significant yield response to lime by both rice and soybean occurred in 1996. A

trend for increased soybean yield in 1997 was observed. Dry matter production of

soybean in 1997 increased with 4 ton lime/acre. Liming decreased P and Zn

concentrations in rice and soybean.

Mandal and Halder (1998) conducted a pot experiment with rice cv.

BR11 and applied with all combinations of 0, 4, 8 and 12 kg Zn and 0, 5, 10 and

20 kg S/ha. Addition of 8 kg Zn + 20 kg S/ha gave the best performance in

growth and yield of the crop.

Patnaik and Raj (1999) conducted a field experiment with rice in Zn

deficient soil to study the direct, residual and cumulative effects of Zn. Soil

application of ZnSO4 increased the grain yield of rice. Application of 75 kg zinc

sulfate (50 kg initially and 25 kg at 5th season) gave the highest cumulative

(eight seasons response) effect. The yield increase was 5.1 t/ha over control.

Application of 12.5 kg ZnSO4/ha in Zn deficient soil is not sufficient to get

optimum yields. Farmyard manure did not substantially increase the yields

compared to zinc sulfate application. Zinc content in the index leaf samples

increased with the increase in the ZnSO4 application.

Jat and Mehra (2000) conducted field experiments for two years (2001-02

and 2002-03) with mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss.] as a test crop

on Haplustepts with five doses of sulphur (0,20 40,60 and 80 kg S ha-1

) and zinc

(0,2.5,5.0,7.5 and 10.0 kg Zn ha-1

). Seed and straw yield increased significantly

up to 40 kg S and 5 kg Zn ha-1

application.

Singh (2000) studied the efficiency of different sources of sulphur viz,

pyrites, gypsum, elemental sulphur, ammonium sulphate and single

superphosphate @20 kg ha-1

was compared with the recommended dose of

60:40:30 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1

as urea, diammonium phosphate and muriate of

potash (fertilizer without sulphur source) on rice variety Salivahana, under

rainfed lowlands during 1993-94. Results showed that the grain yield increased

significantly over control as well as NPK alone due to the addition of sulphur

from different sources. The response of sulphur was 13 and 38 kg rice grain kg-1

S applied when single superphosphate and pyrite were used, respectively.

Elemental sulphur, gypsum and ammonium sulphate were equally effective in

increasing the grain yield and were at par with pyrite.

Choudhury and Khanif (2002) conducted a greenhouse experiment to

evaluate the effects of Mg fertilizer application on rice yield. Two soil series

(Guar and Hutan), three Mg rates (0, 10 and 20 kg Mg/ha) and three K rates (0,

20 and 40 kg K2O/ha) were used in the study. The parent materials of Guar and

Hutan series are marine and riverine alluvium, respectively. Grain and straw

yields were significantly higher in Guar series compared to Hutan series. K had

no significant effect on any of the parameters. Application of Mg fertilizer

increased grain and straw yields significantly in both soil series. Regression

analysis indicated that estimated grain and straw yield responses to added Mg

were linear in nature in the Guar series, while these were quadratic in nature in

the Hutan series.

Lora et al. (2002) determine the effect of Zn application (0, 8, 16, 24 and

32 kg ZnO/ha) on yield and quality of 3 rice cultivars. Observations were

recorded for yield, tiller number per plant, plant height, number of grain per

panicle, 1000-seed weight and milling quality. Foliar, soil and benefit:cost

analyses were also performed. The best effect on yield was observed at 16 kg

Zn/ha for R-I, Selecta and Tailandia III. A significant effect on number of grain

per panicle and seed weight was also observed. The best income recorded was

$25.8, $17.8 and $18.3 for R-I, Selecta and Tailandia III, respectively.

Mythili et al. (2003) conducted a greenhouse experiment to study the

effect of green manuring with Sesbania aculeata and 2 sources of zinc (ZnSO4

and Zn-EDTA at 5 kg Zn/ha) and sulphur (gypsum at 50 kg S/ha) on the yield on

clay loam and sandy loam soils. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium @

100:50:50 kg/ha, respectively, Zn as ZnSO4 and S as gypsum coupled with green

manuring resulted in the highest grain yield for both clay loam and sandy loam

soils (46.8 and 39.4 g/pot, respectively).

Ghatak et al. (2005) conducted a field experiment during kharif (rainy)

season 2001 in West Bengal, India, to determine the effect of zinc fertilizer on

transplanted rice cv. IR-36 grown on red and laterite soil. Treatments comprised

of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg ZnSO4/ha. Results revealed that zinc fertilizer

application significantly increased the plant height, effective tillers, panicle

length, grains per panicle, grain and straw by plant. Application of 30 kg

ZnSO4/ha recorded the highest values of yield attributes.

Singh and Singh (2005) conduct an experiment in Faizabad, Uttar

Pradesh, India, zinc as DMCC zinc frit at 25 kg/ha and zinc sulfate at 25 kg/ha

were supplied to rice cv. Saket-4 in combination with MgSO4 at 0, 7.5 and 10

kg/ha. Magnesium application enhanced the effect of zinc on growth and grain

yield of rice in alkali/sodic soil. MgSO4 at 10 kg/ha almost doubled the biomass

production under normal supply of 25 kg ZnSO4/ha largely due to increased

tillering. It also hastened the process of heading. Magnesium tended to reduce the

chaffy grains and thereby increased the filled-grains and grain size leading to

yield enhancement significantly. Further, magnesium application resulted in dark

green colour of leaves due to increased chlorophylls. The activity of carbonic

anhydrase also increased due to magnesium application. Interestingly, Mg

application promoted the absorption and translocation of Zn, Ca, P, K and that of

Mg itself whereas Na accumulation was inhibited. This study suggested that

magnesium can be beneficial, in addition to zinc, in alkali soil.

Wang and Song (2005) observed the effects of zinc on rice germination

by soaking seeds of rice (cv. Nongda 3) in zinc solution at five levels (0, 0.5, 2.0,

3.0 and 5.0 mg/litre). When zinc concentration was 3.0 mg/litre, germination rate

increased effectively by 38.9%. The growth of plumule, particularly the radicle

was promoted. Seed activity increased by 122.34%. In the early stage of

germination, membrane penetration of seeds was improved, and superoxide

dismutase (SOD) activity increased by 56.96% and catalase (CAT) activity

increased by 221.53%. At the late stage of soaking, zinc decreased the electrolyte

leakage and SOD and CAT activities, and improved peroxidase activity by

284.17%.

2.2.2 Content and uptake

Giordano (1979) observed the response of direct-sown rice cv. Bluebelle

to Zn in flooded and non-flooded (field capacity) Crowley soil (pH 7.6)

maintained at soil temperature of 18 and 30°C. Urea and ammonium sulphate

were compared as sources of N to determine their effect on plant uptake of Zn

from ZnSO4 either mixed or surface-applied to the soil. Grain yields were slightly

higher from non-flooded than from flooded soil. Higher dry matter production at

30°C than at 18°C was not related to Zn nutrition. Urea and ammonium sulphate

resulted in similar yields and Zn uptake by flooded rice, but ammonium sulphate

was superior for non-flooded rice in the absence of applied Zn. More fixation of

mixed Zn by the limited Crowley soil probably caused its lower effectiveness

compared with surface-applied Zn.

Chavan and Banerjee (1980) in pot trials with rice grown in soil given 0-

20 ppm. Fe and/or 0-10 ppm. Zn in addition to NPK, values for paddy uptake of

Zn and Fe were highest with 10 ppm. Zn. The uptake of Fe and Zn decreased

with increasing concentration of applied Fe.

Das and mandal (1983) studied the effect of organic matter application

combined with puddling and non-puddling and moisture regimes on zinc and

nutrition of rice and reported that the concentration of zinc in different plant

parts(root, straw and grain) was higher when organic matter was applied 14 days

prior to transplanting. Puddling was found to cause a higher content of zinc in

roots.

Das and mandal (1986) reported that puddling, soil submergence and time

of application of organic matter significantly influenced the straw and grain

yields. Soil submergence and unpuddled conditions enhanced the uptake of zinc

by roots, straw and grain. Time of application of organic matter also significantly

influenced the uptake of zinc by different parts of rice and was found beneficial

when organic matter was applied just before transplanting of rice.

Das and Mandal (1986) conducted a greenhouse experiment to study the

effect of applied nutrients (P- 100 ppm, Fe-25 ppm, Mn- 25 ppm, Cu and Zn- 10

ppm each) on rice (cv.IR 579) at different times of organic matter(FYM)

application and moisture regimes. They reported that the amount of Zn in grain

has been found to be lowest as compared to straw and roots and this may be due

to the interactions effect of applied nutrients affecting translocation of Zn from

straw to grain. The results also envisaged that the time of application of OM

(FYM) caused a marked change in the ratios of Zn in root/straw and straw/grain

compared to other applied nutrients particularly P and was also found to be

beneficial for the maintenance of Zn in different plant parts with the application

of OM 28 and 14 days before transplanting of rice.

Kumar and Singh (1990) conducted a field experiment during kharif

season to study the effect of different doses and method of zinc application on

zinc status of rice plants. Maximum zinc content under all the treatments was

observed at tillering stage. With advancement in age, the zinc concentration in

plant declined. Zinc application in nursery gave maximum concentration of zinc

in the treatment of root dipping in ZnO suspension irrespective of zinc

application in transplanted field at all the stages. Under transplanted condition,

the similar trends, were observed with little variations.

Vyas et al.(1990) conducted a field trial in the kharif [monsoon] season of

1985 on a clay soil at Raipur, Madhya Pradesh, rice cv. Samradhi was given 0-20

kg Zn/ha. Total N uptake were highest with 5 kg Zn/ha.

Mukhi and Shukla (1991) conducted a greenhouse experiment to study

the S-Zn relationship in rice grown under submerged soil conditions on a clay

loam soil (Aquic Ustochrept). Zinc generally increased S in all plant parts except

husk at maturity and root at earing. Sulphur uptake drastically decreased with 20

ppm Zn and 75 ppm S. and occurred mostly from sowing to earing. Compared to

earing, total S uptake decreased at maturity. Zinc concentration and uptake

generally decreased with 75 ppm S, and relatively more decrease was noted at 20

ppm Zn, growth and developmental phases of rice. S-Zn interactions took place

mostly outside the root or on the root surface.

Ahmed et al. (1992) studied the interaction of zinc and phosphorus, in the

presence of Mg, in field trials in Dhaka, Bangladesh on a Noadda acid soil

(Ultisol). The treatments consisted of combinations of P at 0, 40 and 80 kg, Zn at

0, 5, 10 and 15 kg and Mg at 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha. Application of Mg increased

the uptake of P and Zn.

Coutinho et al. (1992) in a greenhouse pot trials; rice cv. IAC 165 was

given 0-6 ppm zinc. Plant dry matter increased with Zn application but there was

no significant difference between Zn rates (1.2 to 6.0 ppm). Soil and plant Zn

concentration increased with increasing zinc rate. It was concluded that a relative

yield of 90% could be obtained with soil and shoot Zn concentrations of 0.98 and

30.0 ppm, respectively.

Devarajan and Ramanathan (1995) conducted a field trials on red soil at

Bhavanisagar, Tamil Nadu. Rice cv. IR 20 was given 0-100 kg ZnSO4/ha to

every crop, once in 3 crops or once in 6 crops. Zinc uptake and content in grain

increased with increased rate of Zn application and were highest when Zn was

applied to every crop.

Poongothai (1995) conduct a field experiment at Coimbatore, Tamil

Nadu and rice cv. IR 60 was given 25, 50 and 75 kg P2O5/ha as diammonium

phosphate (DAP), Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP), 1/3 DAP + 2/3 MRP, MRP

+ 10 t/ha green leaf manure (GLM) or 10 t GLM only. The application of MRP +

GLM significantly increased the availability of Ca and Mg in soil. Rice grain

yield (5.82 t/ha) and Ca and Mg uptake were the highest with 50 kg P2O5 as

DAP.

Sinha et al. (1995) found that application of sulphur or phosphorus

increased chlorophyll content in maize foliage, which was maximum when

phosphorus was applied along with sulphur. Application of sulphur significantly

increased the concentration of S, P, Zn and Fe, whereas P decreased the

concentration of S, Zn and Fe but increased P content in maize shoot at knee-high

stage. The uptake of S, P, Zn and Fe in grain and straw significantly increased

with increasing levels of sulphur but phosphorus application increased them up to

60 kg P2O5 ha-1

, beyond which their uptake decreased. Chlorophyll content in

leaf exhibited significant positive correlation with grain and straw yield and

sulphur uptake. Similarly, S and P concentration in shoot at knee-high stage

showed significant positive correlation with S and P uptake, respectively by

grain.

Budianta et al. (1997) conducted an experiment to study the effect of P

and Zn fertilization under three soil water conditions on the uptake of zinc by rice

in greenhouse experiments. The pot experiments were arranged using a

completely randomized factorial design consisting of three factors, soil water

conditions (flooding at 5 cm, muddy and field capacity respectively), P

fertilization (as KH2PO4 equivalent to 0, 100 and 400 kg TSP/ha) and Zn

fertilization (as ZnSO47H2O at the rate of 0 and 20 kg Zn/ha). Application of Zn

at the rate of 20 kg Zn/ha in muddy conditions resulted in the highest Zn uptake.

The highest Zn uptake was 599.45 mg/pot or 58.87% compared to treatment

without Zn. Moreover, phosphorus fertilization appeared to decrease Zn

concentration in the plant, but the Zn uptake increased due to the positive

response of rice to the P application. Decreases in Zn concentration were in the

order field capacity>flooded>muddy conditions. The effect of P application on

the increase of Zn uptake by rice was greatest in muddy conditions followed by

flooded and field capacity conditions, respectively. The interaction of P and Zn

fertilization affected Zn uptake under flooded conditions and this interaction was

negative.

Ingle et al. (1997) conducted a field experiment in kharif on rice (cv. Sye-

75) with eight treatments, replicated 3 times in RBD. Zinc was applied through

zinc sulphate and zinc oxide @5, 10, 15 kg Zn ha-1

with NPK fertilizers.

Application of 15 kg Zn ha-1

with NPK fertilizers gave the highest grain and

straw yields of paddy and was found significantly superior over control and other

treatments. It was found that application of increasing level of Zinc increased the

availability of Zn in soil and its uptake by crop.

Patnaik and Raj (1999) conducted a field experiment with rice in Zn

deficient soil to study the direct, residual and cumulative effects of Zn.

Application of 75 kg zinc sulfate (50 kg initially and 25 kg at 5th season) gave

the highest cumulative (eight seasons response) effect. Zinc content in the index

leaf samples increased with the increase in the ZnSO4 application. Zinc content

remained above the critical level even after seven seasons in the treatments,

where ZnSO4 was applied initially, indicating that ZnSO4 has got strong residual

effects. Soil available zinc after the harvest of each season crop indicated strong

residual effects. The uptake in the zinc sulfate treated plots was significantly

more than the control plot.

Fageria (2000) conducted five greenhouse experiments to determine

adequate and toxic levels of zinc in upland rice, common bean, maize, soybean,

and wheat. The Zn treatments were 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg Zn/kg of soil.

Relative dry matter yield of 90% was used as a parameter to define the adequate

level of Zn applied or the Zn content in the soil and Zn in the plant tissues.

Similarly, a 10% reduction in relative dry matter yield was used as a criterion for

defining toxic levels in the soil as well as in the plants. An adequate level of

applied Zn was 10 mg/kg for rice, 1 mg/kg for common bean, 3 mg/kg for maize,

2 mg/kg for soybean and 1 mg/kg for wheat. The toxic levels of soil applied Zn

were 70, 57, 110, 59, and 40 mg/kg for the same crops, respectively. An adequate

content of Zn in soil analysis by Mehlich 1 extractant for the rice was 5 mg/kg,

0.7 mg/kg for the common bean, 2 mg/kg for maize, 0.8 mg/kg for soybean and

0.5 mg/kg for wheat, and by the extractant DTPA the contents were 4 mg/kg for

rice, 1 mg/kg for maize and 0.3 mg/kg for beans, soybean and wheat. The toxic

levels of Zn in soil, depending on crop species varied from 25 to 94 mg/kg by

Mehlich 1 and 25 to 60 mg/kg with DTPA extractant. Plant tissue analysis

showed variation in adequate levels from 18 to 67 mg Zn/kg and toxic levels

varied from 100 to 673 mg/kg depending on crop species.

Jat and Mehra (2000) conducted a field experiments for two years (2001-

02 and 2002-03) with mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss.] as a test

crop on Haplustepts with five doses of sulphur (0,20 40,60 and 80 kg S ha-1

) and

zinc (0,2.5,5.0,7.5 and 10.0 kg Zn ha-1

). Application of 60 kg S ha-1

and 2.5 kg Zn

ha-1

significantly increased the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur

content at 30, 60 and 90 DAS and at harvest in both the years of experimentation.

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur uptake increased significantly up to

60 kg S and 5.0 kg Zn ha-1

application except nitrogen and potassium uptake in

seed where significant increase was recorded only up to 40 kg S ha-1

.

Choudhury and Khanif (2002) conduct a greenhouse experiment to

evaluate the effects of Mg fertilizer application on Mg and K uptake. Two soil

series (Guar and Hutan), three Mg rates (0, 10 and 20 kg Mg/ha) and three K

rates (0, 20 and 40 kg K2O/ha) were used in the study. The parent materials of

Guar and Hutan series are marine and riverine alluvium, respectively. Total Mg

and K uptake were significantly higher in Guar series compared to Hutan series.

K had no significant effect on any of the parameters. Application of Mg fertilizer

increased Mg and K uptake significantly in both soil series. Regression analysis

indicated that estimated grain and straw yield responses to added Mg were linear

in nature in the Guar series, while these were quadratic in nature in the Hutan

series. Similar trends were found for total Mg and K uptake.

Mythili et al. (2003) conducted a greenhouse experiment to study the

effect of green manuring with Sesbania aculeata and 2 sources of zinc (ZnSO4

and Zn-EDTA at 5 kg Zn/ha) and S (gypsum at 50 kg S/ha) on Zn and S uptake

of rice grown on clay loam and sandy loam soils. Nitrogen, phosphorus and

potassium at 100:50:50 kg/ha, Zn as ZnSO4 and S as gypsum coupled with green

manuring resulted in increased uptake of Zn and S significantly with green

manure application in addition to improved soil fertility.

Ghatak et al. (2005). conducted a field experiment during kharif (rainy)

season 2001 in West Bengal, India, to determine the effect of zinc fertilizer on

transplanted rice cv. IR-36 grown on red and laterite soil. Treatments comprised:

0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg ZnSO4/ha. Results revealed that zinc fertilizer application

significantly increased the uptake of Zn, N and K by plant. Application of 30 kg

ZnSO4/ha recorded the highest values of of Zn, N and K uptake by plant.

Similarly, the net return was also maximum (Rs. 4832/ha) upon treatment with 30

kg ZnSO4/ha.

Singh and Singh (2005) conduct an experiment in Faizabad, Uttar

Pradesh, India, zinc as DMCC zinc frit at 25 kg/ha and zinc sulfate at 25 kg/ha

were supplied to rice cv. Saket-4 in combination with MgSO4 at 0, 7.5 and 10

kg/ha. Magnesium application enhanced the effect of zinc on growth and grain

yield of rice in alkali/sodic soil. MgSO4 at 10 kg/ha almost doubled the biomass

production under normal supply of 25 kg ZnSO4/ha largely due to increased

tillering. It also hastened the process of heading. Magnesium tended to reduce the

chaffy grains and thereby increased the filled-grains and grain size leading to

yield enhancement significantly. Further, magnesium application resulted in dark

green colour of leaves due to increased chlorophylls. The activity of carbonic

anhydrase also increased due to magnesium application. Interestingly, Mg

application promoted the absorption and translocation of Zn, Ca, P, K and that of

Mg itself whereas Na accumulation was inhibited. This study suggested that

magnesium can be beneficial, in addition to zinc, in alkali soil.

Sarkunan and Mishra (2006) conducted a pot experiment to study the

effect of four levels of P (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg kg-1

) and five levels of zinc (0, 5,

10, 15 and 25 mg kg-1

soil) on rice in inceptisol. The available P content was very

low in the soil and it was moderately deficient in Zn. Rice plant which did not

receive P, showed symptoms of P deficiency characterized by narrow short

leaves with dark green colour. Significantly increase in grain and straw yields

was noted upto 10 mg Zn kg-1

soil addition while yield increase occurred at all

levels of added P. The interaction revealed that Zn uptake increased only upto 10

mg Zn kg-1

over all level of P and it decreased thereafter. A decrease in P uptake

was noted at higher levels of Zn addition. Zinc-P interaction showed as

antagonistic effect in terms of decline in yield and uptake of both the nutrients at

the highest levels of their additions.

2.3 Effect of secondary and micronutrient elements on soil fertility

Mokrievich et al. (1978) found the high P content of chestnut soil was one

of the causes of the appearance of acute Zn deficiency symptoms on rice;

application of 30-40 kg Zn/ha completely eliminated the symptoms.

Sakal et al. (1982) found DTPA-extractable Zn in 23 calcareous soils

ranged from 0.34 to 3.42 ppm and total Zn in rice leaves of control plants ranged

from 15 to 50 ppm. Soil available Zn was negatively correlated with pH and

positively correlated with organic C and rice tissue Zn concentration. The critical

Zn soil and plant concentration below which plant response to Zn application

could be expected was 0.78 and 19 ppm, respectively.

Muniz et al. (1990) used the following extractants for the determination

of critical levels of available Zn in clayey and sandy rice soils: (I) NH4OAc (pH

4.8); (II) 0.05 N HCl; (III) Mehlich; (IV) 0.01 M EDTA in 1 N NH4OAc; (V)

0.01 M EDTA in (NH4)2CO3 (pH 8.6). Best results were obtained with I, giving

critical levels of 1.54 and 1.06 ppm Zn in clayey and sandy soils, respectively.

Method II proved unsatisfactory.

Indulkar and Malewar (1990) studied the examining nutrient

transformations in soils, zinc blended with N and NP carriers increased the

availability of N, P and Zn in a rice-gram cropping system. Zincated suphala was

a good source of Zn, N and P. Farm yard manure (10 t/ha) increased N, P and Zn

availability significantly under both crops.

Upadhyay et al. (1991) studied the effect of N, P and S application to

black gram (Vigna mungo) on the yield and transformation of P in an Inceptisol.

Although N application tended to increase all the four forms of P, the increases

were statistically significant only in the case of total and organic P during the first

year. The response of black gram was highest when N was applied on soil test

basis and the seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium culture before sowing. In the

second year, the increase was not significant. All the four forms of P tended to

increase due to P or S application individually. Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur

significantly increased grain yield. Nitrogen dose on soil test basis in conjunction

with Rhizobium inoculation was adjudged the best among N treatments.

Ahmed et al. (1992) conducted a field experiment on acid soil of

Bangladesh (Ultisol) to investigate the responses of rice to zinc- phosphorus

interaction in presence of magnesium. The findings evinced that P80 Zn10, Mg120

contributed towards better performance which suggests that Zn and P fertilization

in presence of Mg is beneficial for maximizing rice production under present soil

condition.

Maharana et al. (1993) conducted a field experiments in farmers' fields to

study the responses of rice to zinc sulfate heptahydrate in different broad soil

groups of Orissa (India). Out of 119 trials conducted in kharif and rabi seasons of

1984-85, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1988-89 and 1989-90 covering deltaic alluvial soils

of Puri and Cuttack districts, black and mixed red & black soils of Kalahandi

district, brown forest soils of Ganjam district and red & yellow soils of

Mayurbhanj district, 86 locations showed a significant response in grain and

straw yield of rice to ZnSO4 application. Response pattern was almost similar in

both kharif and rabi seasons in all years. Zn concentration of rice grain and straw

increased with application of ZnSO4, and the concentration was more in straw

than in grain. Total uptake of Zn by rice plants increased with increasing rates of

ZnSO4. In general, the DTPA-Zn content of soils after harvest of the rice crop

was increased by applications of ZnSO4. The critical limit of DTPA-extractable

Zn was established as 0.80 ppm.

Joseph et al. (1993) studied the volatilization loss of applied nitrogen in

lowland rice ranged from 0.87 to 2.0% and from 3.5 to 6.7% during wet and dry

seasons respectively. About 75% of the loss occurred during the first six days

period in the wet season and nine days period in the dry season. Leaching loss of

nitrogen ranged between 2.7 and 5.3% during dry season. Among the fertilizer

sources, the lowest volatilization and leaching losses were recorded by lac coated

urea in the wet season and split application of prilled urea in the dry season.

Fageria and Baligar (1999) conduct five greenhouse experiments to

evaluate responses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), lowland rice (Oryza

sativa), maize (Zea mays), soyabeans (Glycine max), and wheat (Triticum

aestivum) to mean soil pH values of 4.9, 5.9, 6.4, 6.7, and 7 in an Inceptisol.

Relative dry matter yield (DMY) of shoots of all the crops tested was

significantly affected by soil pH. Based on the quadratic response, optimum pH

for maximum relative DMY of wheat was 6.3, for soybean 5.6, for maize 5.4, for

common bean 6 and for rice 4.9. Among the crops tested, rice was the most

tolerant and wheat was the most intolerant to soil acidity. On average,

concentration of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) in the plant shoots increased

quadratically with increased soil pH, although K concentration decreased in the

shoots of soybean. Other than in rice, magnesium (Mg) concentrations decreased

with increasing soil pH. Phosphorus (P) concentrations increased in the shoots of

wheat and maize but decreased in lowland rice, common bean and soybean with

increasing soil pH. With few exceptions, most of the trace element concentrations

decreased with increasing soil pH.

Kuo and Mikkelsen (1999) studied the zinc adsorption by two alkaline

soils, Mormon clay loam and Willows clay, both deficient in zinc for rice culture,

over a wide range of zinc solution concentrations. At zinc equilibrium

concentrations (0.1 ppm zinc for Willows clay and 0.23 ppm for Mormon clay

loam), zinc adsorption at 25°C can be described by either the Langmuir or the

Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The exponent of concentration of the Freundlich

equation is about 1.0. At higher zinc concentrations, however, zinc adsorption

can be described only by the Freundlich equation, with the exponent of

concentration being 0.31. Zinc adsorption by Mormon clay loam and Willows

clay is an endothermic reaction. The rate of zinc adsorption can be described by a

multiple-order kinetic equation. The activation energy of adsorption is 43.1

kilocalories per mole for Mormon clay loam and 31.4 kilocalories per mole for

Willows clay. Because of the high activation energy, the adsorption is considered

to be chemisorptions rather than due to the electrostatic attraction forces between

zinc ions and the surfaces of colloidal particles. The greater stability of adsorbed

zinc may result from dehydration during the aging of zinc adsorbed on the

surface of clay minerals.

Sharma and Nayak (2005) discussed the essential plant nutrients for rice

as well as the deficiency and toxicity of elements commonly observed in this

crop. Soil and fertilizer management for rice aims at decreasing nutrient losses,

increasing nutrient use efficiency, optimization of crop yield and minimization of

environmental pollution. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the three

primary nutrient elements supplied through fertilizers. With the intensification of

cropping, supply of sulfur and zinc to rice crop through fertilizers has also

become necessary at several locations. Different transformation processes in rice

soil system, to regulate and improve use efficiency are discussed, including

ammonia volatilization and nitrification-denitrification. The efficient

management of N, P, K, S, and Zn as well as the time and method of application

of these nutrients are also studied.

CHAPTER-III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter deals with the descriptions of the soil, weather condition,

material used and method or technique adopted during the course of

investigation.

3.1 Experimental site

Field experiment was carried out during kharif season of 2006-07 in the

Instructional Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

(C.G.).

3.2 Geographical situation

Raipur is situated in the central east part of Chhattisgarh and lies at 21016‟

N latitude and 81026‟E longitudes with an altitude of 289.59 meter above the

mean sea level.

3.3 Climatic condition

Raipur, the capital of Chhattisgarh state, comes under sub-humid to semi-

arid region and receives 1200-1400 mm, rainfall annually , out of which about 88

percent is received during the rainy season ( June to September) and the rest 12

percent during the winter season ( October to February 2006-07). May is the

hottest and December is the coolest month of the year. The maximum

temperature during the summer months reaches as high as 48.10C and the

minimum temperature goes as low as 6.0oC during the winter months. Relative

humidity varies between 70-90 per cent from mid- June to mid- April.

3.4 Weather condition during crop growth period

The weather data recorded during the course of investigations are

presented in appendix I and depicted in Fig. 3.1. The crop growth period

received 1303.2 mm total rainfall, which was mainly concentrated during last

week of June to first week of October. The maximum temperature during this

period varied between 280C in the third week of November to 32.1

0C in the last

week of July, whereas minimum temperature ranged between 11.60C in the third

week of November to 25.50C in the third week of July. The average maximum

temperature for different months varied from 29.47 to 31.18. 0

C, while monthly

average minimum temperature ranged from 13.8 to 250C. Relative humidity

varied from 86 to 95 per cent at morning and 29 to 83 per cent in evening hours.

The wind velocity ranged between 1.6 to 14 km hours -1

. The bright sunshine

varied from 1.6 to 9.6hours day -1

, whereas evaporation ranged between 2.6 to

4.7 mm days -1

.

3.5 Physico-chemical characteristics of soil

In order to evaluate the different initial physico- chemical properties of

soil, surface samples were taken in the zig-zag pattern from each plot of the

experimental field with the help of auger. The data on physico-chemical

properties of the soil and method employed are presented in Table 3.1.The soil of

the experimental field was loamy in texture (Inceptisol) locally known as

“Matasi”. The soil was neutral in reaction having pH 7.23. It had low nitrogen,

medium phosphorus and high potassium content.

Table: 3.1 Soil Physico-chemical properties of the experimental site

S.N.

Particulars

Values

Class

Method used

A

1.

2.

B.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Physical Properties

Soil Texture

Sand (%)

Silt (%)

Clay (%)

Bulk density(Mgm-3

)

Chemical

Organic carbon (%)

Available N (kg ha-1

)

Available P (kg ha-1

)

Available K (kg ha-1

)

Available S (kg ha-1

)

Available Mg (kg ha-1

)

Available Zn (ppm)

pH(1:2.5) Soil water

suspension

EC (dsm-1

)

44.37

26.03

29.60

1.46

0.36

201

18

283

18.22

213.09

2.01

6.9

0.24

Loamy

Low

Low

Medium

High

Low

High

High

Neutral

Normal

International pipette method

(Black, 1965)

Core sampler method (Bodman,

1942 )

Walkley and black method

(Walkey, 1947)

Alkaline pemangate method

(Subbiah and Asija, 1995).

Olsen‟s method (Olsen, 1954)

Flame photometric method

(Hanway and Hiddle,1952)

Turbidimetric Method (Chesnin

and Yien,1950)

EDTA Method (Cheng and Bray,

1951)

DTPA- Extracted zinc (Lindsay

and Norvell, 1978)

Glass electrode pH meter (Piper,

1967)

Solubridge method

(Black, 1965)

3.6 Field preparation

The preparation of field was done when the soil reached to the working

condition. The ploughing was done with tractor drown cultivator followed by

harrowing and puddling is done in sufficient moisture level, then the experiment

was laid out.

3.7 Experimental details

The twelve treatments were laid out in a randomized block design (RBD)

with three replications. The layout plan and other details of the experiment are

depicted in Fig.3.2. The details of the treatments are given in table 3.2.

Table: 3.2 Treatment details

Notation Treatment

T1 Control (N0P0K0)

T2 MgSO4 @ 25kg ha-1

T3 100% RDF

T4 100% RDF +MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

T5 100%RDF +MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

T6 100 % RDF +S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

T7 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @25 kg ha-1

T8 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

T9 100% RDF +S @ 20 kgha-1

T10 75% RDF +MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

T11 75% RDF + ZnSO4 @25 kg ha-1

T12 75% RDF + ZnSO4 @25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

RDF: Recommended dose of fertilizer (100:60:40 kg ha-1

N:P2O5:K2O

respectively).

3.8 Test crop

The IGKV released variety of rice “Mahamaya” was taken as a test crop.

It matures in 125-128 days. The seed is long bold and having yield potential of

6.5-7.0 t ha-1

and very popular for poha making amongst rice millers.

3.9 Sowing

The seeds were sown on June 22nd

, 2007 manually in the nursery using

seed rate of 40 kg ha-1

and 30 days old seedlings were transplanted in field on

July 24th

, 2007. The plant spacing was kept 15x15 cm.

3.10 Seed treatment

Seeds were treated with Bavistin @ 3.0 g kg-1

seed before sowing in

nursery.

3.11 Irrigation

One irrigation was given by flooding method on 19th

October, 2007.

3.12 Fertilizer

All the nutrients except nitrogen were applied as a basal. The nitrogen

was applied in three equal splits. The application of nitrogen with urea was done

on 3rd

August, 2007 and 28th

September, 2007. Nitrogen and phosphorous were

applied through di-ammonium phosphate and urea, potash through Muriate of

potash, Sulphur through Sulphur dust, Magnesium through MgSO4 and MgO and

Zinc through ZnSO4 .All the fertilizers were applied as per treatments given in

table 3.2.

3.13 Weeding

The weeds were removed by one hand weeding combined with chemical

weed control with thiobencarb @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1

sprayed on17th

August, 2007

found sufficient to keep the plot weed free during cropping period.

3.14 Plant protection measures

Adequate plant protection measure was adopted to control the major

insect pest during the crop growth. To control the infestation of green leaf hopper

and stem borer, one spray of Endosulphan 35 EC @ 1.5 ml 1-1

of water was done

at the time of tillering stage of the crop.

3.15 Harvesting and threshing

An area of 5x5 m2 from each plot was harvested from November 12-14,

2007 with help of sickles by manual labour. Harvesting was done when the

leaves turn brown and dry. The crop was left in the field for sun drying.

Thereafter threshing was done from November 21-25, 2007, manually and grain

and straw yield was recorded as per treatments.

3.16 Observation schedule

In order to get representative sample, 20 plants were selected from each

plot randomly and marked with bamboo-pegs for studying the various growth and

yield attributes.

3.17 Growth studies

3.18 Pre-harvest studies

3.18.1 Tillering

Fully matured 20 plants randomly selected from each plot and counted for

the total tillers, effective tillers and non effective tillers manually.

3.19 Post harvest studies

3.19.1 Grain and Straw yield

After harvesting of crop, bundles were prepared from each plot and yields

of straw and grain were recorded accordingly. The weight of seed and straw yield

of rice recorded from each net plot was reported in q ha-1

.

3.20 Chemical analysis

3.20.1 Soil analysis

The surface Soil samples were collected from the depth of 0-20 cm, after

harvest of the crop from each plot. The available N, P, K, S, Mg and Zn content

were analyzed in the laboratory after sample preparation by standard procedures.

3.20.1.1 pH

Soil pH was determined by digital automatic pH meter in soil water

suspension of 1:2.5 (Piper, 1967).

3.20.1.2 EC

Electrical conductivity (EC) was determined by taking supernatant liquid

of soil water suspension prepared for pH determination by using conductivity

meter (Black, 1965).

3.20.1.3 Organic Carbon

Organic carbon was determined by Walkley and Black‟s rapid titration

method as described by Walkey (1947).

3.20.1.4 Available nitrogen

Available nitrogen in soil was determined by alkaline potassium

permanganate method described by Subbiah and Asija (1995).

3.20.1.5 Available phosphorus

Available phosphorus content in soil was determined by the method

described by Olsen et al. (1954).

3.20.1.6 Available potash

Available potassium content was determined by the flame photometer

after 5 minutes shaking with 25 ml. of 1N ammonium acetate (Hanway and

Hiddle, 1952)

3.20.1.7 Available sulphur

Available sulphur content was determined by the spectrophotometer at a

wavelength of 420 nm. (Chesnin and Yien, 1950).

3.20.1.8 Available magnesium

Available magnesium content in soil was extracted by the method

described by EDTA method (Cheng and Bray, 1951).

3.20.1.9 Available Zinc

Available zinc content in soil was determined by the atomic absorption

spectrophotometer (Lindsay and Narvell, 1978).

3.21 N, P, K, S, Mg and Zn content in seed and straw (%)

Paddy grain and Straw samples collected from individual plots at harvest

were separately analyzed for nitrogen by Micro Kjeldahl method (Amma, 1989),

phosphorus by Vando- molybdo phosphoric acid yellow colour method (Koening

and Johnson, 1942) potassium by Flame photometer (Toth et al. 1949), Sulphur

by turbidimetric method (Chesnin and Yien, 1950), Magnesium by EDTA

method (Cheng and Bray, 1951) and Zinc content by atomic absorption

spectroscopy (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978).

3.22 N, P, K, S, Mg and Zn uptake (qha-1

)

N, P, K, S, Mg and Zn uptake by the paddy crop were computed from

their respective elemental concentration in seed and straw of the crops.

Nutrient uptake (kg ha-1

) =Concentration (%) x yield (q ha-1

)

3.23 Statistical analysis

Data collected from the experiment on various aspects were tabulated and

analyses statistically by using the techniques of analysis of variance for

randomized block design and significance was tested by „F‟ test (Cocharan and

Cox, 1957).

CHAPTER- IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results pertaining to rice yield and yield attributes, nutrient content,

uptake and soil fertility status after harvesting as affected by different levels of

sulphur, magnesium and zinc with NPK fertilizers have been summarized below.

4.1 Grain and straw yield of rice

Data of grain and straw yield of rice are presented in Table 4.1and

graphically in fig. 4.1. The mean yield of rice grain varied between 32.13 to

54.67 q/ha. Yield of rice increased by various treatments applied. The maximum

grain yield (54.67q/ha) of rice were recorded in T8, whereas, the minimum yield

(32.13 q/ha) was observed under control. The treatment T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4

@ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1) was found significantly superior over T1

(control), T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T11

(75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+

ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) but statistically at par with T3 (100% RDF), T4 (100% RDF

+ MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T5 (100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T6 (100% RDF + S

@ 6.7 kg ha-1

), T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T9 (100% RDF + S @

20 kg ha-1

).

The mean yield of rice straw varied between 36.96 to 70.36 q/ha. The

maximum straw yield (70.36 q/ha) was obtained in T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @

25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1

) whereas, the minimum straw yield was recorded

in T1 (control). The treatment T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25

kg ha-1) was significantly superior over T1 (control) and T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha

-

1) and but statistically at par with T3 (100% RDF), T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4 @

25 kg ha-1

), T5 (100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg

ha-1

), T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

),

T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T11 (75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

)

and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

).

The increase in yield of rice grain and straw might be due to combined

effect of Zinc, Sulphur, and Magnesium with NPK fertilizers and maximum

availability of these nutrients to the plant. These results are in close agreement

with the findings of Singh et al. (1996), Sharma et al. (2000), Prasad and

Chauhan (2003), Tiwari (1989) and Ahmed et al. (1992).

4.2 Nutrient content in grain and straw

4.2.1 Nitrogen content in grain and Straw (%)

Nitrogen content in grain and straw were analyzed after harvest of rice.

The data obtained are presented in Table 4.2. Maximum nitrogen content (1.26

%) in grain was recorded in T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25

kg ha-1) while minimum nitrogen content was recorded in control (1.02 %). The

treatment T8 was found significantly superior over T1 (control), T2 (MgSO4 @

25 kg ha-1

), T5 (100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25

kg ha-1

) and T11 (75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) but statistically at par with

T3 (100% RDF), T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T6 (100% RDF + S @

6.7 kg ha-1

), T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20

kg ha-1

) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

).

There is no significant difference in nitrogen content in straw. However,

the maximum nitrogen content in straw was recorded in T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4

@ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1), whereas minimum nitrogen content was

recorded in T1 (control).

This might be due to fact that application of nitrogen significantly

increases the N content in grain. It is well known fact that nitrogen, in presence of

potassium, produced a synergistic effect enhancing their respective content in

plants. The content of nitrogen also significantly increased with the application of

sulphur. The increased availability of sulphur and zinc has been shown, when

used in combination, thus increased nitrogen content in plant. These results are in

close agreement with the findings of Mukhi and shukla (1991), Charlier and

Carpentiers (1956), Sharma et al. (1990) and Ajay et al. (1990).

4.2.2 Phosphorus content in grain and straw

No significant difference was recorded among the various treatments

regarding phosphorus content in grain and straw. Maximum P content in grain

(0.31 %) was noted in treatment T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4

25 kg ha-1) while minimum in T1 (0.25). However, maximum content of P (0.15

%) in straw was observed in treatment T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

) and

minimum in T1 (0.12 %).

This might be due to fact that sulphur application increases phosphorus

content in plant by the liberation of strong acid from supplied sulphur and its

consequent dissolution effect and mobilization of soil-P into available form for

plant use but not at significant level. Similar results were observed by Kashirad

and Bazargani (1991) and Sinha et al. (1995).

4.2.3 Potassium content in grain & straw

Data recorded on K content of grain and straw of rice are given in Table

4.2. No significant variations were observed in K content of grain and straw due

to different treatments. The maximum potassium content (0.41 %) in grain was

observed in T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), while minimum (0.32%) in

T1 (control). The maximum potassium content in straw (2.27 %) was obtained in

T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), while minimum (1.88 %) in T1 (control).

The slight increase in potassium content might be due to sulphur

application and declination of potassium content with addition of magnesium.

Similar results were obtained by Pareek et al. (1978).

4.2.4 Mg content in grain & straw

Mg content in grain and straw were analyzed after harvest of rice crop.

The data are presented in Table 4.2. Among the different nutrient management

treatments, the Mg content in grain and straw among various treatments showed

non significant difference. Maximum Mg content in grain (0.14%) and straw

(0.24%) was recorded in T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg

ha-1), while minimum Mg content i.e. 0.12 and 0.20 percent in grain and straw

respectively was recorded in T1 (control)

The maximum content of magnesium in both grain and straw is due to

fact that application of phosphorus, zinc and magnesium increased the

magnesium content at higher level of application. The results are in accordance

with the findings of Ahmed et al. (1992).

4.2.5 Sulphur content in grain & straw

The S content in grain and straw showed significant variations among the

various treatments. Maximum S content (0.17 %) in grain was noted in treatment

T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1

), while minimum

(0.12%) in T1 (control). The treatment T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+

MgSO4 25 kg ha-1) was found significantly superior over T1 (control), T2

(MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T3 (100% RDF), T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

),

T5 (100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

), T10

(75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T11 (75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

)

but statistically at par with T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T9 (100%

RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25

kg ha-1

).

Sulphur content in straw also showed significant difference among the

treatments. The maximum sulphur content (0.14 %) in straw was recorded in T8

(100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1), whereas minimum

(0.10 %) in T1 (control). The treatment T8 was significantly superior over T1

(control), T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T3 (100% RDF), T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4

@ 25 kg ha-1

), T5 (100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @

25 kg ha-1

) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

),

but statistically at par with T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

), T7 (100% RDF +

ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

) and T11 (75% RDF +

ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

).

The increase in sulphur content over control may be due to increasing

level of sulphur application. Sulphur concentration also increases with increasing

level of zinc. These results are in close agreement with the findings of Bapat et

al. (1986) and Mukhi and shukla (1991).

4.2.6 Zinc content in grain & straw

Zinc content was significantly affected by various treatments. Data

presented in table 4.2 showed that maximum Zn content in grain (18.85 ppm) was

recorded under treatment T8(100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg

ha-1),whereas minimum zinc content (14.50 ppm) in grain were recorded in T1

(control). The treatment T8(100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg

ha-1) is significantly superior over T1 (control), T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha

-1), T3

(100% RDF), T5 (100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg

ha-1

) and T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), but statistically at par with T4

(100% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T9

(100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

), T11 (75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T12

(75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

).

Zinc content in straw was also affected by various treatments. The

maximum zinc content (30.49 ppm) in straw was observed by T8 (100 % RDF +

ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1

), while minimum (23.60 ppm) in T1

(control). The treatment T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg

ha-1) was found significantly superior over T1 (control), T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha

-

1), T3 (100% RDF), T5 (100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha

-1), T6 (100% RDF + S @

6.7 kg ha-1

) and T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), but statistically at par

with T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg

ha-1

), T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

), T11 (75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

)

and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

).

This might be due to fact that zinc concentration increases in all plant

parts with increasing level of zinc at all levels of sulphur. Zinc concentration also

increases significantly at all the stages with zinc application in the presence of

phosphorus and magnesium. The results are in accordance with the findings of

Ahmed et al. (1992) and Mukhi and shukla (1991).

4.3 Total Nutrient uptake by rice crop

4.3.1 Total nitrogen uptake (grain + straw)

The data presented in table 4.3 and graphically in Fig. 4.2, which

indicated that maximum total N uptake (109.23 kg ha-1

) was recorded in

treatment T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1) and

minimum (50.86 kg ha-1

) in T1 (control). The treatment T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4

@ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1) was found significantly superior over T1

(control), T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T3 (100% RDF), T5 (100% RDF + MgO @ 5

kg ha-1

), T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

), T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-

1), T11 (75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha

-1) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg

ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), but statistically at par with T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4

@ 25 kg ha-1

), T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

) and T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @

25 kg ha-1

).

It is found that application of nitrogen in the presence of potassium

produced a synergistic effect enhancing their respective content in plants and

increased the total nitrogen uptake by crop. Nitrogen application combined with

zinc increased nitrogen supply to plant, increased concentration and above

ground biomass and finally the uptake. It was also found that mean uptake of

nitrogen significantly increased with sulphur application. This may be due to

synergistic uptake mechanism of nitrogen and sulphur. The results are in

accordance with the findings of Rani et al. (1997), Salam and Subramainian

(1988) and Aulakh and Pasricha (1983).

4.3.2 Total phosphorus uptake (grain + straw)

The data pertaining to phosphorus uptake are presented in Table 4.3 and

graphically in Fig. 4.3. The significant differences were observed in the total

phosphorus uptake among the treatments. The highest total P uptake (24.71 kg

ha-1

) was found in treatment T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

), whereas

minimum (12.48 kg ha-1

) in T1 (control). The treatment T9 was found

significantly superior over T1 (control), T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T3 (100%

RDF), T5 (100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-

1), T11 (75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha

-1) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg

ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) treatments, but statistically at par with T4 (100%

RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

), T7 (100% RDF

+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25

kg ha-1

).

This might be due to interactive effect of sulphur and phosphorus which

influenced the grain and straw yield and finally the uptake. The application of

sulphur not only acted as a source of sulphur, but it also influenced physical,

chemical and biological properties of soil resulting in drop in pH, release of

nutrients, phosphorus in particular in available form and more uptake of nutrients.

These results are in close agreement with the findings of Kashirad and Bazargani

(1991), Sharma (1991) and Mina (2000).

4.3.3 Total potassium uptake (grain + straw)

The data on total K uptake (grain + straw) are presented in Table 4.3 and

graphically in Fig. 4.4. The data indicated that the highest total K uptake (171.89

kg ha-1

) was recorded in treatment T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), while

minimum (81.08 kg ha-1

) in T1 (control). The treatment T7 was significantly

superior over T1 (control), T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T3 (100% RDF), T5 (100%

RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

), T10 (75% RDF +

MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25

kg ha-1

), but statistically at par with T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T6

(100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

), T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4

25 kg ha-1) and T11 (75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha

-1).

The maximum total uptake of K was obtained under T7 (100% RDF+

ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

). The increase in potassium uptake may be due to sulphur

and zinc application. Application of zinc and sulphur increases the potassium

content in grain and straw and produced more biomass and finally enhanced the

uptake. It was also found that nitrogen and sulphur interacted synergistically on

the uptake of potassium, but the uptake of potassium decreased with higher rate

of sulphur and magnesium addition. However, there was no consistency in the

uptake of potassium due to varying treatments. The results are in accordance with

the findings of Jat and Mehra (2007), Biswas et al. (1995), Singh and Singh

(1990) and Pareek et al. (1978).

4.3.4 Total sulphur uptake (grain + straw)

The data presented in Table 4.3 and graphically in Fig. 4.5 which

indicated that maximum total S uptake (19.18 kg ha-1

) was recoded in treatment

T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1), whereas minimum

(7.54 kg ha-1

) in T1 (control). The treatment T8 was found significantly superior

over T1 (control), T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T3 (100% RDF), T4 (100% RDF +

MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T5 (100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T7 (100% RDF +

ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T11 (75% RDF +

ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25

kg ha-1

), but statistically at par with T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

) and T9

(100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

).

This might be due to combined effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,

sulphur and zinc and maximum availability of sulphur to plants. These results are

in close agreement with the findings of Chauhan (1998), Aulakh et al. (1977),

Bapat et al. (1986), Mukhi and Shukla (1991) and Mythili et al. (2003).

4.3.5 Total magnesium uptake (grain + straw)

The data on total Mg uptake (grain + straw) are presented in Table 4.3 and

graphically in Fig. 4.6 which showed that the highest total Mg uptake (22.47 kg

ha-1

) was recorded in treatment T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4

25 kg ha-1), while minimum (10.94 kg ha

-1) in T1 (control). The treatment T8 was

found significantly superior over T1 (control), T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T3

(100% RDF), T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

), T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-

1). T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha

-1), T11 (75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg

ha-1

) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), but

statistically at par with T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T5 (100% RDF

+ MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

). The maximum

total uptake of Mg was obtained under T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+

MgSO4 25 kg ha-1). This might due to interaction of higher dose of P and Mg in

the treatment T8.

There is significant rise in magnesium uptake with increasing levels of

sulphur brought about by higher yield of grain. The uptake of magnesium

improved markedly with its application also. Similar results were obtained by

Singh and Singh (1990).

4.3.6 Total Zinc uptake (grain + straw)

The data presented in Table 4.3 and graphically in Fig. 4.7 which showed

that maximum total Zn uptake (317.82 gm ha-1

) was recorded in treatment T8

(100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1

), whereas minimum

(148.62 gm ha-1

) in T1 (control). The treatment T8 is significantly superior over

T1 (control), T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T3 (100% RDF), T5 (100% RDF + MgO

@ 5 kg ha-1

), T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

), T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-

1), T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha

-1) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg

ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), but statistically at par with T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4

@ 25 kg ha-1

), T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T11 (75% RDF +

ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

).

The higher total uptake of Zn might be due to combined effect of

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, magnesium and zinc itself. It is evident

that zinc concentration increased significantly at all level of zinc application in

the presence of magnesium. These results are in close agreement with the

findings of Bisws et al. (1995), Ahmed et al. (1992), Mukhi and shukla (1991)

and Dwivedi et al. (2001).

4.4 Fertility status of soil

Soil fertility status was affected by different treatments after harvest of

rice crop. The details are given below:

4.4.1 Available Nitrogen

The data presented in Table 4.4 and graphically in Fig. 4.8. There was

significant difference among the various treatments for available N status of soil.

Maximum N content in soil (212.65 Kg ha -1

) was noted in treatment T10 (75%

RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) while minimum (156.52 Kg ha-1) in T1 (control).

The treatment T10 was found significantly superior over T1 (control), T2 (MgSO4

@ 25 kg ha-1

), T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7

kg ha-1

), T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @

25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1), but statistically at par with T3 (100% RDF), T5

(100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

), T11 (75%

RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ ZnSO4

@ 25 kg ha-1

).

The mean value of available nitrogen after harvest of rice crop was 189.83

kg ha-1

, whereas initial mean value was 200.97 kg ha-1

. The significant variations

in available N status of the initial soil samples may be due to application of

varying nitrogen levels applied to the preceding year rice crop. The decrease in

nitrogen content in soil after harvest of rice may be due to leaching losses,

volatilization and uptake by plants. The result is in close agreement with the

findings of Joseph et al. (1993).

4.4.2 Available Phosphorus

The data presented in Table 4.4 and graphically in Fig. 4.9. The available

P content in soil after harvest ranged from 16.64 to 22.14 Kg ha-1.

The maximum

P content (22.14 Kg ha-1

) found under T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha

-1), while

minimum in T1 (control). The treatment T9 recorded significantly higher

phosphorus content over T1 (control), T2 (MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T3 (100% RDF),

T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T5 (100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

), T7

(100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T10 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), T11

(75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+

ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

), but statistically at par with T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-

1) and T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha

-1 + MgSO4 25 kg ha-

1).

The mean value of available phosphorus after harvest of rice crop was

19.30 kg ha-1

, whereas initial mean value was 17.89 kg ha-1

. It is due to

application of P2O5 maintained the soil P content. The significant variations in

available P status of the initial soil samples may be due to application of varying

phosphorus levels applied to the preceding year rice crop. The highest P content

in soil after harvest of rice is recorded in T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

). It

may be due to fact that phosphorus combined with sulphur increased its content

in soil. The results are in accordance with the findings of Santra and Singh

(1988).

4.4.3 Available Potassium

The data presented in Table 4.4 and graphically in Fig. 4.10. Potassium

status of the soil after harvest of rice crop was not influenced at significant level

by various treatments. Maximum K status (211.32 kg ha-1

) was recorded in T7

(243.61 Kg ha-1

), while minimum in control (186.06 Kg ha-1

). The mean value of

available potassium after harvest of rice crop is 199.46 kg ha-1

, whereas initial

mean value was 283.42 kg ha-1

. The lower content of potassium in soil after

harvest may be due to higher uptake of potassium by crop and leaching losses in

wetland rice. Leaching losses were more when used with nitrogenous fertilizers.

The significant variations in available K status of the initial soil samples may be

due to application of varying potassium levels applied to the preceding year rice

crop. The results are in accordance with the findings of Suresh et al. (1994).

4.4.4 Available Sulphur

The data presented in Table 4.4 and graphically in Fig. 4.11. The

available S status after harvest of crop was significantly affected by different

treatments. The maximum available S content in soil (20.56 kg ha-1

) was

recorded under treatment T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

) and minimum (12.25

kg ha-1

) in control. Treatment T9 (100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

) was statistically

at par with T6 (100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

), T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg

ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha

-1 + ZnSO4 @

25 kg ha-1

) and significantly superior over rest of the treatments.

The significant variations in available S status of the initial soil samples

may be due to application of varying sulphur levels applied to the preceding year

rice crop. The available soil S after harvest of rice crop was highest in treatment

T9 which might be due to higher dose of elemental S, which enhanced the

oxidation of S by plant. The increasing level of S increased S status of soil is also

reported by Mishra and Singh (1989).

4.4.5 Available Mg

The data presented in Table 4.4 and graphically in Fig. 4.12. There were

significant differences among the various treatments for Mg content in soil after

harvest of rice crop. Maximum Mg content (206.39 kg ha-1

) was noted in

treatment T8 (100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1) while

minimum in T1 (164.58 kg ha-1

). The treatment T8 recorded at par with T2

(MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and T4 (100% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) and

significantly higher over rest of the treatments.

The mean value of Mg content after harvest of rice crop was 181.01 kg

ha-1

, whereas initial mean value was 216.39 kg ha-1

. The low Mg content in soil

after harvest of rice crop is possible due to loss of cations in water logged

condition and differences in uptake by crop. The maximum Mg content was

recorded in treatment T8 (206.39 kg ha-1

) which might be due application of

MgSO4 in the soil. This result was supported by Das et al. (1992).

4.4.6 Available Zn

The data presented in Table 4.4 and graphically in Fig. 4.13. The different

treatment has significantly influenced the zinc content of soil after harvest of

crop. The maximum Zn content (3.11 ppm) was found in T8 (100 % RDF +

ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1) whereas minimum (1.51 ppm) in

control. The treatment T8 was statistically at par with T7 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 @

25 kg ha-1

) and T12 (75% RDF + MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

)

treatments and significantly higher over rest of the treatments.

The mean value of Zn content after harvest of rice crop was 2.14 ppm,

whereas initial mean value was 2.01 ppm. There was slight increase in Zn content

after harvest of rice crop. Maximum Zn status after harvest of rice crop was

recorded in treatment T8 (3.11 ppm). The higher level of Mg increased the zinc

content in soil due to sharing its role with zinc. The DTPA Zn taken as available

soil Zn did not differ with source of Zn but increased with each level of Zn

application. The similar findings were reported by Turambekar and Daftardar

(1992) and Jacob (1958).

4.4.7 pH and EC

The result of pH values before sowing and after harvest is presented in

table 4.5. The data indicated that no significant difference was found among the

treatments before sowing and after harvest of rice. The range of pH value before

sowing was from 7.00 to 7.28 while after harvest its range was from 7.00 to 7.14.

Data presented in Table 4.5 showed that before showing EC of the soil

ranged from 0.22 to 0.25 dSm-1

while after harvest of rice, it ranged from 0.20 to

0.23 dSm-1

. No significant differences in pH and EC of the soil were observed at

before and after harvest of the rice crop.

There was no substantial change in soil pH and EC in different cropping

sequences under different levels of fertilizers before sowing and at harvest of rice

crop. After harvest of crop pH & EC slightly decreased. The pH and EC of soil

before sowing were slightly lower then after harvest. Decrease in pH and EC of

the soil may be due to application of various inorganic fertilizers as reported by

Kumar and Yadav (1995).

4.5 Economics

The cost of cultivation (Table 4.6) was recorded maximum (Rs. 15801.16 ha-1

) in

T8 -100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1 and minimum

(Rs.11940.16 ha-1

) in T1 (control). Net return Rs. ha-1

was maximum

(Rs.30042.84 ha-1

) in T8-100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1

followed by T7 -100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(Rs.29903.84 ha-1

) and

minimum in T1- control (Rs.14875.31 ha-1

). However, the higher benefit: cost

ratio (1.93) was recorded in T7- 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

followed by

T8- 100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 25 kg ha-1 (1.90) and lower in

T1- control (1.24).

CHAPTER - V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR

FUTURE RESEARCH WORK

A field experiment was conducted at instructional farm in the department

of soil science, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G) to study the

“Effect of secondary and micronutrient elements on rice productivity. The

objectives of the experiment were

1. To study the effect of application of secondary and micronutrients on soil

fertility.

2. To study the influence of secondary and micronutrients on productivity

potential of rice.

3. To find out the concentration of major, secondary and micronutrient in plant

and their uptake by crop.

The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three

replications. The treatments consist of twelve combination of different nutrient

management Viz. control (T1), MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha -1

(T2) ,100%RDF (T3),100%

RDF +MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(T4), 100% RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

(T5), 100% RDF

+ S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

(T6), 100% RDF +ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(T7), 100%

RDF+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(T8), 100% RDF +S @ 20 kg

ha-1

(T9), 75% RDF +MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(T10),75% RDF+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(T11), 75% RDF+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(T12).

Rice variety “Mahamaya” with a seed rate of 40 kg ha-1

was sown on June

22, 2007 in nursery and transplanted on July 24, 2007 with a row spacing of

15x15 cm. Harvesting was done during November 12-14, 2007. Grain and Straw

yield (q ha-1

) were recorded and statistically analyzed. Nitrogen, phosphorus,

potassium, sulphur, magnesium and zinc status of soil both at initial and harvest

stages were determined. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, magnesium

and zinc contents and their uptake by plant was also determined using standard

methods of chemical analysis.

The results are highlighted below:

1. The maximum grain and straw yield were recorded in the treatment receiving

100% RDF + ZnSO4 @25 kg ha-1 + MgSO4 @25 kg ha-1

followed by the

application of 100% RDF +ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

.

2. Application of 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 @25 kg ha-1

encouraged maximum absorption of N, P, S, Mg and Zn content in grain and

straw , whereas application of 100% RDF+ ZnSO4 @25 kg ha-1

favored

maximum absorption of K content. Application of 100% RDF + S @ 20 kg

ha-1

increased the P content in grain and straw both.

3. Nutrient management viz. 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ Mg SO4 @

25 kg ha-1

led to higher total uptake of N, S, Mg and Zn at significant level

and 100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

had significantly higher total uptake

of K whereas, application of 100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

resulted in higher

total uptake of P.

4. Nutrient management viz. 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ Mg SO4 @

25 kg ha-1

led to significant influence on Mg and Zn status of soil and

application of 100% RDF + S @ 20 kg ha-1

significantly influenced the P and

S status of the soil over other treatments. Whereas maximum K content in soil

was recorded with the application of 100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

.

Nitrogen content in soil was maximum with the application of 75%RDF +

MgSO4@ 25 kg ha-1

.

5. The maximum benefit: cost ratio was recorded with the application of 100%

RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

followed by application of 100% RDF + ZnSO4

@ 25 kg ha-1

+ Mg SO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

and minimum in control.

However, application of 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 @

25 kg ha-1

is superior in terms of yield, nutrient content, uptake and soil fertility,

but the application of 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

gave the maximum

benefit: cost ratio.

The result of the present study are concluded as under –

Rice production with recommended dose of fertilizers with secondary and

micronutrient also maintained the fertility status of soil .The maximum rice yield,

nutrient content and uptake was observed with the application of 100% RDF + Zn

SO4 @ 25 Kg ha-1

+ Mg SO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

, followed by the application of 100%

RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

. Therefore application of T8 (100% RDF + Zn SO4

@ 25 Kg ha-1

+ Mg SO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) is recommended for optimize rice yield

followed by application of 100% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH WORK

In the light of experience gained during the course of investigation and

results obtained, it is felt that the following points should be given due

consideration in future studies.

1. Experiments on rice and its existing cropping sequence along with different

fertility levels including secondary and micronutrients should be conducted to

maximize the productivity and sustain soil health in different soil types of

chhattisgarh.

2. Zinc and sulphur deficiency is most prominent in rice soils to reduce the yield

therefore study should be conducted in rice to optimize its level in different

soil types for enhancing the productivity of paddy soils.

3. The studies on zinc should be conducted with nitrogenous and sulphur

fertilizers to evaluate its interaction to maximize crop yield in different soil

types.

4. Studies should be conducted to evaluate the effect of Ca: Mg ratio in different

soil types on the availability and uptake of nutrients with special emphasis on

source – sink relations to maximize crop yields.

“Effect of secondary and micronutrient elements on rice (Oryza sativa L.)

productivity”

by

Nitin John

ABSTRACT

The present investigation entitled “Effect of secondary and

micronutrient elements on rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity” was carried

out at the instructional farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

(C.G.) during kharif season of 2007-08. The soil of the experimental field was

loamy in texture (Inceptisol) locally knows as “Matasi” The soil was neutral in

pH and had low nitrogen, medium phosphorus and high potassium. The

experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The

treatments consisted of different nutrient management viz. control (T1), MgSO4

@ 25 kg ha -1

(T2) ,100%RDF (T3),100% RDF +MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(T4), 100%

RDF + MgO @ 5 kg ha-1

(T5), 100% RDF + S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

(T6), 100% RDF

+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(T7), 100% RDF+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+MgSO4 @ 25 kg

ha-1

(T8), 100% RDF +S @ 20 kg ha-1

(T9), 75% RDF +MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(T10),75% RDF+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(T11), 75% RDF+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

+

MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

(T12 ). Rice variety “Mahamaya” with a seed rate of 40 kg

ha-1

was sown on June 22, 2007 in nursery and transplanted on 24 July, 2007 with

row spacing of 15x15 cm. Harvesting was done on November 12-14, 2007.

Results revealed that the highest grain and straw yield as well as nutrient

content, uptake and fertility status of soil were recorded in 100 % RDF + Zn SO4

@ 25 kg ha-1

+ MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

, followed by the application of 100% RDF

+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

. Therefore application of T8 (100% RDF+ZnSO4 @ 25 kg

ha-1

+MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

) is recommended for optimize rice yield followed by

the application of 100% RDF +ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

.

Department of Soil Science (Dr. S.S.Sengar)

College of Agriculture, Major Advisor

Raipur (C.G.)

Date………………

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Available nitrogen in soil (kg ha-1)

0

50

100

150

200

250

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

Treatments

Avail

ab

le N

in

kg

ha-1

Before sowing

After harvest

Grain and Straw yield of rice (q ha-1)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

treatments

Gra

in a

nd

Str

aw

yie

ld (

q h

a-

1) Grain yield

Straw yield

Available phosphorus in soil (kg ha-1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

Treatments

Avai

labl

e P

in k

g ha

-1

Before sowing

After harvest

Available nitrogen in soil (kg ha-1)

0

50

100

150

200

250

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

T11

T12

Treatments

Ava

ilabl

e N

in k

g ha

-1

Before sowing

After harvest

Available potassium in soil (kg ha-1)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

Treatments

Ava

ilab

le K

in

kg

ha-

1

Before sowing

After harvest

Available sulphur in soil (kg ha-1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

Treatments

Ava

ilabl

e S

in k

g ha

-1

Before sowing

After harvest

Available magnesium in soil (kg ha-1)

0

50

100

150

200

250

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

T11

T12

Treatments

Avai

labl

e M

g in

kg

ha-1

Before sowing

After harvest

Available zinc in soil (ppm)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

Treatments

Ava

ilabl

e Zn

in p

pm

Before sowing

After harvest

Total nitrogen uptake (kg ha-1)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

T11

T12

Treatments

Tota

l N u

ptak

e in

kg

ha-1

Total N uptake

Total phosphorus uptake (kg ha-1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

Treatments

Tota

l P u

ptak

e in

kg

ha-1

Total P uptake

Total potassium uptake (kg ha-1)

0

50

100

150

200

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

T11

T12

Treatments

Tota

l K u

ptak

e in

kg

ha-1

Total K uptake

Total magnesium uptake (kg ha-1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

T11

T12

Treatments

Tota

l Mg

upta

ke in

kg

ha-1

Total Mg uptake

Total sulphur uptake (kg ha-1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

Treatments

Tota

l S

up

take

in

kg h

a-1

Total S uptake

Total Zn uptake (gm ha-1)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

Treatments

To

tal

Zn

up

take

in

gm

ha-

1

Total Zn uptake

Table: 4.4 Effect of secondary and micronutrient elements on N, P, K, S, Mg and Zn status of soil before

sowing and after harvest of rice

Before sowing After harvest

Treatment

s

Available

N kg ha-1

Availabl

e

P kg ha-1

Availabl

e

K kg ha-

1

Available

S kg ha-1

Availabl

e Mg kg

ha-1

Availabl

e Zn

ppm

Availabl

e N kg

ha-1

Avail

able P

kg ha-

1

Available

K kg ha-1

Available

S kg ha-1

Available

Mg kg ha-1

Available

Zn ppm

T1 143.17 14.04 263.89 17.63 208.00 1.42 156.52 16.64 186.06 12.25 164.58 1.51

T2 158.83 17.09 294.19 19.90 219.67 1.59 176.77 18.62 203.29 14.72 202.05 1.80

T3 223.41 16.00 301.05 18.07 210.00 1.62 209.26 18.94 203.93 14.14 165.34 1.91

T4 196.09 17.56 267.40 19.59 224.00 2.26 170.85 18.72 195.50 15.16 205.63 2.07

T5 228.63 15.29 273.51 15.27 220.67 1.89 206.67 16.56 194.10 13.18 184.65 2.01

T6 203.57 20.69 274.36 17.43 211.35 1.60 178.02 22.06 195.93 18.97 165.25 1.60

T7 203.58 20.93 283.81 17.60 213.00 2.18 181.20 19.25 211.32 13.94 177.63 2.72

T8 195.22 21.51 302.76 18.42 226.33 2.76 176.42 21.14 195.63 19.26 206.39 3.11

T9 223.39 18.26 272.29 19.62 214.00 2.42 204.07 22.14 206.09 20.56 168.48 1.99

T10 220.28 16.43 295.08 17.38 218.00 2.04 212.65 19.46 204.43 15.39 192.89 2.04

T11 212.97 18.13 278.55 18.51 210.33 1.86 203.50 18.53 190.04 15.76 164.85 2.07

T12 202.53 18.77 294.16 17.22 221.35 2.47 202.08 19.58 207.24 20.11 184.37 2.79

Sem± 15.99 1.52 11.78 1.41 - 0.21 4.55 0.703 - 0.69 4.24 0.158

CD

(P=0.05)

46.90 4.47 34.56 2.70 NS 0.62 13.35 2.06 NS 2.02 12.46 0.46

Table: 4.5 Effect of secondary and micronutrient elements on pH and EC (dsm-1

) of soil before

sowing and harvesting of rice

Treatments

Before sowing After harvest

pH EC (dsm-1

) pH EC (dsm-1

)

T1 7.18 0.23 7.10 0.22

T2 7.17 0.23 7.13 0.22

T3 7.17 0.23 7.14 0.21

T4 7.27 0.23 7.10 0.23

T5 7.28 0.24 7.11 0.21

T6 7.24 0.25 7.0 0.21

T7 7.10 0.22 7.0 0.20

T8 7.00 0.23 7.0 0.21

T9 7.22 0.23 7.11 0.22

T10 7.17 0.22 7.12 0.20

T11 7.25 0.23 7.0 0.10

T12 7.24 0.24 7.13 0.20

Sem± - - - -

CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS

Table: 4.2 Effect of secondary and micronutrient elements on N, P, K, S, Mg and Zn content in grain and

straw of rice

Grain Straw

Treatment

s

N (%) P (%) K (%) S (%) Mg (%) Zn (ppm) N

(%)

P (%) K (%) S (%) Mg (%) Zn (ppm)

T1 1.02 0.25 0.33 0.12 0.12 15.40 0.47 0.12 1.88 0.10 0.20 23.60

T2 1.07 0.27 0.32 0.14 0.13 15.79 0.51 0.13 2.04 0.11 0.22 26.23

T3 1.21 0.27 0.34 0.13 0.12 15.61 0.48 0.13 1.97 0.10 0.22 26.94

T4 1.23 0.26 0.35 0.14 0.13 16.36 0.51 0.12 2.17 0.11 0.20 28.26

T5 1.18 0.28 0.35 0.12 0.13 15.77 0.54 0.12 1.89 0.11 0.22 25.79

T6 1.23 0.27 0.38 0.14 0.12 15.41 0.52 0.13 1.95 0.13 0.20 26.89

T7 1.21 0.26 0.41 0.15 0.13 17.16 0.56 0.13 2.27 0.13 0.20 29.58

T8 1.26 0.28 0.37 0.17 0.14 18.85 0.57 0.13 2.10 0.14 0.24 30.49

T9 1.19 0.31 0.38 0.16 0.12 16.30 0.51 0.15 1.97 0.13 0.22 27.87

T10 1.15 0.28 0.35 0.14 0.13 15.72 0.43 0.12 1.94 0.12 0.21 26.77

T11 1.15 0.27 0.36 0.14 0.12 16.61 0.48 0.13 1.92 0.13 0.21 29.56

T12 1.19 0.29 0.34 0.15 0.13 17.12 0.53 0.13 1.97 0.12 0.23 29.21

Sem± 0.025 - - 0.007 - 0.733 - - - 0.005 - 1.18

CD

(P=0.05)

0.07 NS NS 0.02 NS 2.15 NS NS NS 0.01 NS 3.46

Table: 4.1 Effect of secondary and micronutrient elements on grain and

straw yield of rice (q ha-1

)

Treatments Yield of rice (q ha-1

)

Grain Straw

T1- Control 32.13 36.96

T2- MgSO4@ 25 kg ha-1

34.17 45.92

T3- 100% RDF 50.27 55 .91

T4- 100% RDF+ MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

51.53 68.51

T5- 100% RDF+ MgO @ 10.135 kg ha-1

50.87 56.45

T6- 100% RDF +S @ 6.7 kg ha-1

51.70 62.44

T7- 100 % RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

54.20 66.50

T8- 100% RDF +ZnSO4 @25 kg ha-1

+Mgso4 @ 25 Kg ha-1

54.67 70.36

T9- 100%RDF +S@ 20 kg ha-1

49.90 61.80

T10-75%RDF +MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

46.60 54.55

T11-75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

45.90 63.60

T12-75% RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha +MgSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1

47.53

53.45

SEm± 2.16 5.86

CD (P=0.05) 6.34 17.20

RDF=Recommended dose of fertilizer, S= Sulphur , MgO=MagnesiumOxide,ZnSO4=Zinc sulphate,

MgSO4=Magnesium sulphate

Table: 4.3 Effect of secondary and micronutrient elements on total uptake

of nutrients by crop

Treatments Total N

uptake

kg ha-1

Total

p

uptak

e kg

ha-1

Total K

uptake kg

ha-1

Total S

uptake kg

ha-1

Total

Mg

upta

ke kg

ha-1

Total

Zn

uptake

gm ha-1

T1 50.86 12.48 81.08 7.54 10.94 148.62

T2 60.01 15.22 104.19 10.04 14.59 183.86

T3 87.74 20.91 125.16 12.11 17.89 230.51

T4 98.17 21.61 168.23 14.99 20.28 279.10

T5 90.34 20.78 124.46 12.12 19.73 239.17

T6 96.33 21.70 141.79 17.55 18.48 253.81

T7 102.79 22.92 171.89 16.74 20.62 289.50

T8 109.23 24.25 168.04 19.18 22.47 317.82

T9 91.46 24.71 127.45 17.64 19.24 253.99

T10 76.85 19.83 122.58 13.05 17.50 220.26

T11 83.28 20.58 138.62 14.70 18.62 265.10

T12 85.03 20.61 121.08 13.56 18.40 238.53

Sem± 4.63 1.15 12.20 0.80 0.98 18.23

CD

(P= 0.05)

13.60 3.27 35.79 2.36 2.90 53.48

Table4.6: Details of economics of rice cultivation

Rate: Grain @ Rs. 800 q-1

and Straw @ Rs. 30 q-1

Treat

ment

Fixed cost

Rs.ha-1

Variabl

e cost

Rs.ha-1

Total cost

Rs.ha-1

Gross realization,

Rs.ha-1

Grain Straw Total

Net

return

Rs.ha-1

B: C

ratio

T1 11380.16 560 11940.16 25706.67 1108.8 26815.47 14875.31 1.24

T2 11380.16 910 12290.16 27333.34 1377.6 28710.93 16420.77 1.33

T3 11380.16 3271 14651.16 40213.34 1677.3 41890.63 27239.47 1.85

T4 11380.16 3621 15001.16 41226.67 2055.3 43281.97 28280.81 1.88

T5 11380.16 3371 14751.16 40693.34 1693.3 42386.83 27635.67 1.87

T6 11380.16 3646.2 15026.36 41360.00 1873.2 43233.20 28206.84 1.87

T7 11380.16 4071 15451.16 43360.00 1995.0 45355.00 29903.84 1.93

T8 11380.16 4421 15801.16 43733.34 2110.8 45844.13 30042.97 1.90

T9 11380.16 4391 15771.16 39920.00 1854.0 41774.00 26002.84 1.64

T10 11380.16 2943.8 14323.96 37280.00 1635.5 38916.50 24592.24 1.71

T11 11380.16 3393.8 14773.96 36720.00 1908.0 38628.00 23854.04 1.61

T12 11380.16 3743.8 15123.96 38026.00 1603.5 39630.17 24506.21 1.62

Appendix- II: Fixed cost of cultivation of rice per hectare

S.

No.

Particular Input Rate (Rs.) Total cost

(Rs. ha-1

)

A Nursery

1 Land preparation

(Ploughing, harrowing &

levelling)

Tractor 1 hours 300 ha-1

300

2 Fertilizer 1.04 kg N

0.80 kg P205

10.87

21.13

11

17

3 Seed bed preparation 4 man days 80 332

B Transplanted area

1 Ploughing (twice) Tractor 5 hours 300 1500

2 Puddling & levelling

(Twice)

Tractor 3 hours 300 900

3 Transplanting 30 man days

(15 men & 15

women)

80 2400

6 Harvesting, threshing,

winnowing & cleaning

35 man days (15

men & 20 women)

80 2800

7 Land revenue

For one season 500 500

8 Irrigation Two irrigation 500 1000

C Sub Total 9760

D Miscellaneous (10 %

common cost)

976

E Interest on capital @ 12%

per year

For 6 month 644.16

GRAND TOTAL

(C+D+E)

11380.16

Appendix- III: Variable cost of cultivation of rice per hectare

Treatment Seed

rate

(kg

ha-1

)

Rs.

q-1

Rate

(Rs.ha-

1)

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT (Kg ha-1

) Labour Rate

(Rs.)

Total (Rs. ha-

1)

N P K MgO S ZnSO4 MgSO4

T1 40 800 320 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 80 560

T2 40 800 320 0 0 0 25 3 80 910

T3 40 800 320 100 60 40 3 80 3271

T4 40 800 320 100 60 40 25 3 80 3621

T5 40 800 320 100 60 40 5 3 80 3371

T6 40 800 320 100 60 40 6.7 3 80 3646.2

T7 40 800 320 100 60 40 25 3 80 4071

T8 40 800 320 100 60 40 25 25 3 80 4421

T9 40 800 320 100 60 40 20 3 80 4391

T10 40 800 320 75 45 30 25 3 80 2943.8

T11 40 800 320 75 45 30 25 3 80 3393.8

T12 40 800 320 75 45 30 25 25 3 80 3743.8

Rate: Urea 50 kg @ Rs. 260, DAP 50 kg @ Rs. 575, ZnSO4 25 kg @ Rs. 800, MgSO4 25 kg @ Rs. 350, S-dust 5 kg @ Rs.280, MOP

50 kg @ Rs.260

Grain and Straw yield of rice (q ha-1

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

treatments

Gra

in a

nd

Str

aw

yie

ld (

q h

a-

1) Grain yield

Straw yield

Fig: 4.1 Effect of secondary and micronutrient elements on grain and straw yield of rice crop