EFFECT OF EXHAUST TEMPERATURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A DIESEL … · 2018. 7. 8. · diesel dengan...
Transcript of EFFECT OF EXHAUST TEMPERATURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A DIESEL … · 2018. 7. 8. · diesel dengan...
EFFECT OF EXHAUST TEMPERATURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A DIESEL ENGINE WITH EGR
NAVINDRAN AlL. SUBRAMANIAM
Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with (Automotive)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
DEC 2010
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ABSTRACT
The aim of this project is to determine the effect of the exhaust temperature on the
performance of the diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with respect to
engine speed, throttle, biodiesel fuel and diesel fuel. Experiments have been performed
for diesel fuel and bio-diesel fuel with 50% of throttle position for with and without
EGR system. Engine brake torque, brake power and the exhaust temperature have been
investigated for both fuels. All data were collected using data acquisition system which
operates with Dewesoft software. The data were then exported to the Microsoft excel in
order to construct graphs for performance analysis for each type of fuel and the engine
conditions. From the analysis, it was found that the existence of EGR valve were
reducing the exhaust temperature. Other than that, the torque produced by the engine
with EGR valve were also lower than the engine without EGR valve. This shows that the
exhaust temperature has an effect on the engine performance and allows the reduction of
NO formation.
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ABSTRAK
Tujuan projek mi adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh suhu ekzos pada prestasi enjin
diesel dengan resikulasi gas buang (EGR) bergantung kepada kelajuan enjin, gas, bahan
api biodiesel dan diesel. Eksperimen telah dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan bahan api
diesel dan biodiesel dengan 50% bukaan pendikit yang menggunakan sistem EGR dan
tanpa sistem EGR. Daya kilas, kuasa enjin, dan suhu ekzos telah diselidik bagi kedua-
dua jenis bahan api. Semua data dikumpul dengan menggunakan sistem data
pengambilalihan yang beroperasi dengan perisian Dewesoft. Data tersebut kemudian
dieksport ke Microsoft Excel untuk tujuan pemplotan graf bagi menganalisis prestasi
untuk setiap jenis bahan api dan keadaan enjin. Dan hasil analisis tersebut, didapati
bahawa dengan penggunaan injap EGR, ia telah mengurangkan suhu ekzos dan daya
kilas enjin berbanding dengan tanpa mjap EGR. Hal mi menunjukkan bahawa suhu
ekzos mempengaruhi prestasi enjin dan membolehkan pengurangan pembentukan NOx.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE
EXAMINER'S DECLARATION ii
SUPERVISOR'S DECLARATION
STUDENT'S DECLARATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABS TRAK viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.3 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Project Objectives 3
1.4 Project Scope 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Diesel internal combustion engine history and process 4
2.1.1 Working procedure of diesel engine 5
2.2 Glow plug 8
2.2.1 Type of glow plug 9 2.2.2 Function of glow plug 9
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x
2.2.3 Design of a glow plug 10 2.2.4 Heating coil 10 2.2.5 Insulating filter 11 2.2.6 Central electrode 12 2.2.7 Electrical connection 12
2.3 Injection system 12
2.3.1 Direct injection 12 2.3.2 Pre-chamber system 13 2.3.3 Turbulence chamber method 14
2.4 Exhaust Gas Recirculation system (EGR) 15
2.4.1 Type of EGR valves 16
2.5 Bio-diesel 19
2.6 Torque and Power 20
CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND SPECIFICATION
3.1 Engine and Apparatus 22
3.1.1 Engine 22 3.1.2 Dynamometer 24 3.1.3 Pressure Sensor 25 3.1.4 Pressure transducer cooling system 26 3.1.5 Thermocouple 27 3.1.6 Gas Analyzer 29 3.1.7 Data Acquisition system 30 3.1.8 Engine cooling 36
3.2 Experimental setup 37
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 Result and Discussion for biodiesel 39
4.3 Result and Discussion for diesel 43
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Introduction 47
5.2 Conclusion 47
5.3 Recommendation 48
REFERENCES 49
APPENDICES 50
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
3.1 Engine specification 23
3.2 Pressure transducer specification 25
3.3 Thermocouple specification 28
3.4 Gas analyzer specification 30
3.5 Data Acquisition System specification 32
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
2.1 Internal combustion engine 5
2.2 Operating cycle of a four-stroke diesel engine 7
2.3 Glow plug 8
2.4 Glow plug design 10
2.5 Heating coil 11
2.6 Direct injection 13
2.7 Per-combustion chamber 14
2.8 Swirl chamber 15
2.9 Ported EGR valve 18
2.10 EGR valve 18
2.11 Chemical process of biodiesel fuel 19
3.1 Mitsubishi 41368 diesel engine 23
3.2 Eddy current dynamometer 24
3.3 Kistler model 6041A pressure sensor 25
3.4 Water pump 26
3.5 Inlet and outlet water hose 27
3.6 K-type Thermocouple 28
3.7 Gas analyzer 29
3.8 Data Acquisition system 31
3.9 Schematic diagram of data acquisition system connection 32
3.10 Starting tab of Dewesofi software 33
3.11 Pressure transducer setup tab 34
3.12 Analyzer tab while the testing is conduct 35
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3.13 Engine cooling tank 36
3.14 Engine cooling system diagram 37
4.1 Performance graph for biodiesel fuel with EGR 40
4.2 Performance graph for biodiesel fuel without EGR 41
4.3 Exhaust temperature versus engine speed graph for biodiesel fuel 42
4.4 Performance graph for diesel fuel without EGR 44
4.5 Performance graph for diesel fuel with EGR 45
4.6 Exhaust temperature versus engine speed graph for diesel fuel 46
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
H pi
T Torque
Wb Brake power
Vd Displacement volume
N Engine speed
Thf Fuel flow rate
B Cylinder bore
S Piston stroke
n Number of cylinder
N-rn Newton meter
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation
TDC Top Dead Center
BDC Bottom Dead Center
Bmep Brake mean effective pressure
RPM Revolution per minute
Bsfc Brake specific fuel consumption
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Heat is a form of energy which can be transferred from a medium to another
medium when it is connected to each other. Heat or thermal energy exists when
chemical reaction occurs resulting into a process known as combustion process. Thus
inventors throughout the century have invented a few machines which operate based on
thermal energy. Internal combustion engines are one of the inventions which use thermal
energy application. The internal combustion engine is an engine that works based on the
air-fuel mixture combustion process in the combustion chamber. Due to high thermal
conversion, gases inside the chamber expand. These expanded gases produces high
amount of force that is used on moveable parts application which are parts inside the
engine, such as pistons and crankshaft. By the linear movement of the piston and the
rotation movement of the crankshaft, it produces mechanical energy.
The internal combustion engine uses a few types of fuel as the main source to
produce thermal energy. One of them is diesel, which is used as the main fuel in diesel
engine. Most of the heavy duty vehicles are using diesel engines, because these engines
can provide high power-to-weight ratios or high torque and higher thermal efficiency (K.
Rajan and K.R. Senthil Kumar, 2009). The diesel engine uses the heat of compression to
ignite and to burn the air-fuel mixture, which is injected into the combustion chamber
during the end of compression stroke.
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Unfortunately, after the combustion the diesel engine produces a waste product.
These waste products are various mixtures of Nitrogen Oxide compounds with varying
characteristics. It affects the ozone layer and is also harmful to humans. Many inventors
and engineers have done various researches and experiments in order to reduce the
amount of Oxides of Nitrogen produced by the engine while operating. As the results
from the researches and the experiments, the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system
was developed. This EGR system can reduce the amount of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
which is produced by the engine.
The EGR system reduces the amount of NOx by recirculating small amounts of
exhaust gases into the intake manifold. By mixing the exhaust gases with the air-fuel
mixture, it reduces the peak combustion temperature and pressure (G.H.Abd-Alla,
2001). NOx formed when the combustion temperature exceeds about 1371 °C. Therefore,
when the peak combustion temperature and pressure is reduced, amount of NOx
produced is also reduced
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Performance of a diesel engine is affected by various parameters. One of the
parameters is the intake air temperature. When cool air enters the combustion chamber,
performance of the engine will be increased. This is because cool air has more density
which contributes to a perfect combustion process. However, this also increases the
exhaust emission. To overcome this problem, engineers came up with the Exhaust Gas
Recirculation system, which is a process of recirculating small amounts of exhaust gas
into the combustion chamber to reduce the quantity ofNox but this process will result in
reduction of combustion temperature and this will affect the performance of the engine.
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1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE
The main objectives of this project are:
i. To setup a diesel engine for experiment
ii. To test the engine while operating in 50% throttle.
iii. To compare the performance and the exhaust temperature of the diesel engine
with and without EGR using diesel and biodiesel fuel.
1.4 PROJECT SCOPE
The scopes of this project are:
i. Install the four cylinder diesel engine
ii. Installation of instruments on a diesel engine
iii. Engine performance testing with EGR and without EGR
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 DIESEL ENGINE HISTORY AND PROCESS
The diesel internal combustion engine was invented by a German engineer
named Rudolf Diesel. Rudolf Diesel has filed the patent of the method and design for
the diesel engine on February 27th 1892 at the patent office in Germany. After Rudolf
Diesel filed the patent, the inventor attempted to construct the most efficient engine. In
year 1893, Rudolf Diesel successfully came out with the first diesel engine model with
an efficiency of approximately 26%. After a few more years, Rudolf Diesel
accomplished a great achievement by producing a diesel engine that operates at 75%
efficiency. In the 1920's this diesel engine was then redesigned into a smaller and
compact model. The development of the diesel engine is continued and it was
redesigned by many other inventors (Robert Bosch, 2004).
Figure 2.1: Internal combustion engine
Source: Bryant, L., The Development of the Diesel Engine
Diesel internal combustion engine is a heat engine which converts the chemical
energy into mechanical energy. From the energy produced, the mechanical parts in the
engine will move, such as the piston and the crankshaft. Movement of the mechanical
parts will produce kinetic energy which drives the vehicle.
2.1.1 Working procedure of diesel engine
Working procedure of a diesel engine is the same as a gasoline engine, but there
are a few differences in parts compared to gasoline engine. The diesel engine differs
from gasoline engine primarily in the way the combustion process occurs. Fuel ignites
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On its own for diesel engines where else for gasoline engines, fuel is ignited by the spark
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created from the spark plug. There are two types of diesel engine, which are the 2 stroke
and 4 stroke engine. There are 4 strokes in a 4 stroke diesel engine; the first stroke will
be the intake stroke. In this stroke, the intake valve will open according to the camshaft
lobe and permits the air flow into the combustion chamber while the piston will move
downwards to develop suction force, so that the air can flow into the combustion
chamber. Once the piston reaches to BDC position, the intake stroke ends and the
compression stroke will start. In this stroke, the piston will move upward and will
compress the air to 30 - 55 bar in the combustion chamber. When the piston starts to
move upward, both valve is closed as to prevent air leakage from the combustion
chamber. Due to compression, the air will be highly charged with thermal energy. This
stroke will be over, when the piston reaches TDC position. When the air is fully
compressed, the combustion stroke will start. In this stroke, fuel is injected at just the
right moment and ignited. The heat produced by compressed air ignites the fuel in the
diesel engine. The energy developed from the combustion will force the piston back
down to BDC position again. When this stroke occurs, both valves are closed. Once the
piston reached BDC position, the piston will move back to TDC position again, this
movement of the piston is marked as the exhaust stroke. When this stroke occurs, the
intake valve is closed where else the exhaust valve is opened. When the piston moves to
TDC position, it will force the exhaust gas to move out from the combustion chamber.
After the exhaust stroke is over, the cycle will continue with intake stroke again as
shown in Figure 2.2
0
a) Intake stroke b) Compression stroke
c) Power stroke d) Exhaust stroke
Figure 2.2 a-d: Operating cycle of a four-stroke diesel engine
Source: Robert Bosch, Basic principles of the diesel engine
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2.2 GLOW PLUG
Glow plug is a device that is used in a vehicle that does not require a spark plug
to ignite the fuel. This device will be supplied with electricity as to be heated up. This
produced heat will increase the air temperature in the combustion chamber and this helps
the engine to start easily when the engine is cold.
Figure 2.3: Glow plug
Source: NGK Spark plug. CO. LTD.
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2.2.1 Type of glow plug
There are two main types of glow plug, which is the Metal glow plug and the
Ceramic glow plug. For Metal glow plug, the heating coil is made of metal, where else
Ceramic glow plug, the heating coil is made of compositions of ceramic and metal.
2.2.2 Function of glow plug
Typically, a glow plug comprises of a heating coil in a metal tube closed at one
end and it's filled with electrically insulating ceramic powder. The closed end of the
glow plug is fixed through a hole in the cylinder head into the combustion chamber of a
diesel engine. When the glow plug is supplied with the electric power, it produces heat
that the surface temperature reaches above 1000°C within few seconds. Once the fuel is
injected into the combustion chamber, the air-fuel mixture ignites.
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2.2.3 Design of a glow plug
The design of a glow plug consists of a few components which are the heating
coil, insulating filter, central electrode, and electrical connection. Figure 2.4 shows the
design of a glow plug.
[HeU
Figure 2.4: Glow plug design and mechanism
Source: NGK Spark plug. CO. LTD.
2.2.4 Heating coil
Heating coil is made of metal. When current is supplied to the coil, it starts to
glow and spread the heat to its surroundings. Different heating coil diameters are used to
change the glowing time of the glow plug. Figure 2.5 shows the heating coil is glowing
when the current is supplied.
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Figure 2.5: Heating coil when glowing
Source: NGK Spark plug. CO. LTD.
2.2.5 Insulating filter
Insulating filter is used to protect the heating coil from vibration and high
impact. It also provides an optimal transmission of produced heat. This insulating filter
is made from the special magnesium oxide powder. This powder is used due to its ability
to conduct heat and insulate electricity.
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2.2.6 Central electrode
The central electrode is functioned to convey the current from the battery to the
heating coil.
2.2.7 Electrical connection
The electrical connection used to connect the glow plug to the battery supply.
2.3 INJECTION SYSTEM
Basically, a diesel engine has three types of injection systems which depend on
the structure of the combustion chamber in a diesel engine. The design of the
combustion chamber determines the quality of the combustion. The combustion chamber
designs create turbulence effects which improves the mixing and distribution of the air-
fuel mixture inside the combustion chamber.
. Direct injection
. Pre- chamber system
. Swirl chamber method
2.3.1 Direct injection
For direct injection system, the process uses multi-holes nozzle. The fuel injector
is fixed through a hole into the combustion chamber. This injector will inject the fuel at
high pressure, so that the fuel will be atomized and easily burnt. The special design of
the intake port in the cylinder head creates an air vortex whereas the design of the
combustion chamber creates the air flow pattern. Figure 2.6 shows the direct injection
System.
Injector
1 / 2. Glow plug
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Direct injector
Figure 2.6: Mechanism for direct injection system
Source: NGK Spark plug. CO. LTD.
2.3.2 Pre-chamber system
For the Pre-chamber system, there are two parts of combustion chamber. One is
the pre-chamber and another is the main combustion chamber. These two chambers are
connected by several drilled holes. During the compression stroke, a part of the
compressed air will be pressed into the pre-chamber. The fuel will be injected directly
into the pre-chamber when the piston reaches to TDC position and the injected fuel
combusts partially in the chamber. The high temperature caused by the combustion will
increase the pressure and the content is blown through the drilled holes into the main
combustion chamber where the actual combustion will happen. Figure 2.7 shows pre-
chamber system.
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