Educational Technology

From 1980 through today

Educational Technology in the 1980’s

•---Growth and Redirection

• Sensen Li

Growth:• Interest in Instructional Design• in Business, Industry, Military,

International• areas • Influence of Instructional

Design • in Public Schools & in Higher

Education• • 1983, more than ¼ Instructional Improvement• Centers were Disbanded

Why…• Ernest Burkman:

• Business: driven by Interests• Military: relate to application

• Public Schools(Non-profit-make) : dispersed structure slow information flow-rate reluctant to accept others’ advice

Efficiency

• Interest in application of cognitive psychology Principles in ID

• Actual Effects in this decade

• Increasing Interest in microcomputers for Instructional purpose Produce Computer-based InstructionDevelop new models of ID

• Computer began to be used as tools to • automate some ID tasks

• 1983, Computers used for instructional purpose in more than 40% of all elementary schools, and more than 75% of all secondary schools in the U.S.

• Why…

• 1) Inexpensive 2) convenient 3)perform many functions performed by the large computers

• In 1980, Robert Taylor of Teachers’ College, Columbia, placed computers uses in education into 3 categories:

• ---Tutor: the computer acts like a human tutor

• ---Tool: the computer aids in the performance of everyday work

• ---Tutee: the computer “learns” what it is taught

Key Individuals:• Jean Piaget• description of children’s developmental

stages & conviction that children develop intellectually through interaction with the environment

• Jerome Bruner, the cognitive scientist, argued for active participation through discovery learning

• The social learning theories of Albert Bandura and the rediscovered Lev Vygostsky led to new interest in the learning from and with others.

Summary of the 80’s• Bridge of 1970’s and 1990’s to

present

• Accumulation of Experience

• Slow but Meaningful Growth

1990’sHighlights

A broadening world of technology and theory

The Advancement of Technology• Multimedia PC’s are developed.• CAI and many other programs are

available on CD-ROM’s.• 1991: the World Wide Web is

developed at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee.

History, History of Computers, and the History of Computers in Education. Retrieved 09/05/07, from http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html

A Hypertext History of Instructional Design. Retrieved 09/05/07, from http://www.coe.uh.edu/courses/cuin6373/idhistory/1990.html

Advancement of Technology• 1994: Netscape Navigator web

browser is created by Marc Andreessen and James H. Clark.

• New graphics and multimedia are created for the internet.

• Some schools are rewiring for Internet access.

High Hopes for Education• At the end of the 80’s people

predict that the computer will revolutionize instructional practices.

• Papert predicts that the computer is going to invoke “radical change in the educational system” and that the ratio of computer per student would be 1:1.

The Real Picture• By 1995, schools reported that they

had a 1:9 computer to student ratio.• Although schools had a good deal of

technology, it was not widely used.• If teachers did use computers in the

classroom, it was for drill and practice or for teaching computer skills like word processing.

The Growth of Ed Tech• The growth in industry:

– The Performance Technology Movement: caused more careful analysis of performance problems.

– Electronic Performance Support Systems: computer-based systems designed to support workers in job tasks and to have access to work related information base.

Growth of Ed Tech• The growth in education:

– Rapid Prototyping: process for developing inchoate design projects and then rapidly test them through tryout and revision cycles in order to ultimately create quality design materials with minimal time involved.

– Distance Learning via the Internet.

Growth in Ed Tech• Growth in theory: Constructivism

– Constructivism is a theory based on socially constructed concept of reality.

– Adopting this view, technologists must change the entire approach to educational technology.

References:1.) A Hypertext History of Instructional Design. Retrieved

09/05/07, from http://www.coe.uh.edu/courses/cuin6373/idhistory/1990.html

2.) History, History of Computers, and the History of Computers in Education. Retrieved 09/05/07, from http://www.csulb.edu/~murdock/histofcs.html

3.) History of Instructional Technology. Retrieved 09/05/07, from http://www.minich.com/education/psu/instruttech/week2/history.htm

4.) Rieser, R. A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part II A History of Instructional Design. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(2), 57-67.

5.) Dempsey, J.V. & Reiser, R.A. (2007). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology, 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education Inc.

Current Trends in Education

Technology

Computer Use• K-12 Schools

– Statistics– Influence of Interactivity

• Distance Learning

Internet Influence• Online Courses

• Course Management System

Educational Technology:

1980 - todayQuestions?