Educational Technology

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Educational Technology

• Educational technology is the effective use of technological tools in learning. As a concept, it concerns an array of tools, such as media, machines and networking hardware, as well as considering theoretical perspectives for their effective application.

Definitions

• According to the Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT, 2008) it is possible to define educational technology as “the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources” (Richey et al. 2008).

Engineers and social scientists view of the term “technology”

Engineers, technicians, and technologists:technology as a tool for material construction basedon a systematic engineering knowledge of how todesign artifacts Social scientists:technology as a process for material constructionbased on the organization of knowledge for theachievement of practical purposes and also basedon any tool or technique of doing or making bywhich capacity is extended (Luppicini 2005).

Luppicini’s (2005) definition

• Educational technology is a goal oriented problem solving approach utilizing tools, techniques, theories, and methods from multiple knowledge domains, to

• (1) design, develop, and evaluate, human and mechanical resources efficiently and effectively in order to facilitate and leverage all aspects of learning, and

• (2) guide change agency and transformation of educational systems and practices in order to contribute to influencing change in society

Scope of Educational Technology

• Educational technology thus refers to the use of both physical hardware and educational theoretics

• It encompasses several domains, including• learning theory, • computer-based training, • online learning, and, • where mobile technologies are used, m-

learning

The scope can be accessed from the following points:

1. Determination of Objectives2. Improvement in Teaching Learning Process3. Development of Teaching Learning Material4. Improvement in Teaching Training5. Development of Teaching Learning Strategies6. Proper Use of Audio Visual Aids7. Utilization of the Sub-System of Education8. Development of Curriculum9. Proper Use of Hardware and Software10. Provides Feedback

Relevance to modern Education

Changed people’s traditional continuing education idea

• Concept of open education• changed the single teachers and student’s

relationship in the past, into relationships of teachers -students, students- teaching resources, students-students

• personalized learning• life-long education, Continuous learning and

anytime, anywhere learning • improved the efficiency and effectiveness of

teaching

• made the teaching methods of continuing education becoming diversification and beyond time and space.

• provided more resource to diversification of educational method

• helped the process of liberalization of continuing education

• regulated management of continuing education

To continue continuing education innovation

• Concept innovation

• Management innovation

• Content innovation

• Method innovation

• Resource innovation

Media

Projected

• Refers to those aids where a bright light is passed through a transparent picture by means of a lens and an enlarged picture is thrown or projected on the screen.

Types of projected aids

• OHP

• Digital Projectors

• Laptops & Computers

• Power Point Slides

• Film Strips

Over Head Projector

• It consist a glass area with a transparent glass covering onto which light is focused from below. A Projector lies above this base (over the head) which magnifies the light coming from below and projects it onto the desired point.

• Advantages– Easy to handle– No necessary for darkened room– easy to transport

• Limitations– Depends on power– Straining the eyes

• A  Digital Projector / video projector  is an image projector that receives a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a projection screen using a lens system. 

• IT has HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) Portal that can connect the laptop or computer with them.

Computers & Laptops

• Computers & laptops revolutionized the way things are done in any field.

• Vital for making presentations, computer programming languages

• Internet knowledge

Power point Slides

•  A collection of pages arranged in sequence that contain text and images for presenting to an audience. It often refers to a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. See presentation graphics, PowerPoint and slide transition.

Film Strips

Film strip projector

Film strips

• The filmstrip was a common form of still image instructional multimedia, once commonly used by educators.

• Filmstrips provided an easy and inexpensive requiring very little storage space and being very quick to rewind for the next use. Filmstrips were large and durable, and rarely needed splicing.

Non- Projected

• Those aids which do not require projector, projection screen or electricity.

• Can be simply shown , hung on the wall, touched and handled by any learner

2D- Non –Projected Aids

• Blackboard/ Chalkboard – a reusable writing surface on which text or

drawings are made with sticks of calcium sulphate or calcium carbonate,

– Blackboards were originally made of smooth, thin sheets of black or dark grey slate stone.

– Modern versions are often green because the colour is considered easier on the eyes.

Advantages

• Cheap

• No power dependence

• Can be used in broad day light

• No maintenance costs

• Mistakes can be corrected instantly

Graphs

• Graph is defined as a visual represanatation of numerical data. Graph is fundamentally a tool for expressing number relationships, which is much easier to visualize that can be done if the statement were made only in words and figures

Types of graph

• Line graph

Bar graph

Circle\Pie graph

Pictorial Graph

Maps

• Maps constitute and indispensible aid in teaching many subject like geography, history, economics and social studies. The learning of these subjects becomes unreal, inadequate and incomplete without map media

Limitations of Maps

• Map should indicate accurate, well planed, well printed, wall mounted and durable

• Many of the maps are not visible to all the students in the class

• The teacher often does not take effort to teach map reading to the students.

• Each type of map should have the relevant details.

Charts

• A chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical material which presents a clear visual summery. The main function of the chart is always to show relationships such as comparisons, relative amounts, developments, processes, classification and organization.

Advantages

• Present matter symbolically

• Present abstract ideas in visual form

• Summarizes information

• Shows relationships by means of facts, figures and statistics

Posters

• A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters inculde both textual and graphic elements although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Poster are designed to be both eye-catching and informative. Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers, propagandistic, protestors and other group trying to communicated a message. Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compare to original art work.

Characteristics

• Use minimum words

• Simplicity of layout

• Efficient use of colors

• Attractive and catchy

Uses

• Presents a single idea or a subject forcefully and effectively

• Motivates the class

• It can highlight events and projects

Limitations

• Poster conveys a single theme

• The lettering if not attractive and accurate, makes the poster illegible

Flash cards

• Flash cards are used for presentation of an idea in the form of posters, pictures, words and sentences. A single card or a whole series may be flashed in front of the class. They aim to develop the power of observation, identification quick comprehension and retention

Advantages of Flash card

Easy to carryPictorial contents presented in a series are

easily recognized by the group

Limitations

• The students cannot get the complete view of the concept

3D Teaching Aids

Models

Models are used for demonstrating the three dimensional representation of real things or abstract things. They can be used in a wide range of instructional situations.

They are particularly used for some specific purpose

• As visual support material in instruction

• As a objects for study or manipulation in individualized learning

Advantanges

• They can reduce very large objects to a size that can be conveniently observed and handled by students

• They can be used to demonstrate the interior structures of objects or systems with clarity

References

• www.nine.org.uk

• Wikipedia

• www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/education/what-is-the-scope-of-educational-technology.html