Educational technology

EDU 703 MODERN EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES

Part B

Educational Technology

• Combination of two terms

• Education + Technology

• Education

- process of bringing up or leading out the inherent potentialities from the pupil.

-process by which the knowledge, skills and attitude are transmitted to the members of the society.

• Technology refers to the techniques as well as technical contrivances which enhance a process

• It is a systematic way of applying the technique to achieve an objective


• It can be therefore defined as the systematic application of technology in the field of education

• According to G.O.M. Leith ‘Educational Technology is the application of scientific knowledge about learning and the conditions of learning to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and learning.’

Concept of Educational Technology

• Wider term which is more than the sum of its parts

• It comprises

• Technology in Education

• Technology of Education

Technology in Education

• Use of Audio-Visual Aids in education

• Use of hardware in education

Technology of Education

• Use of techniques and methodologies of teaching and learning

• Software aspect

A-V Aids


A-V Aids

Meaning of Educational Technology

• It is a system of 5M’s

• Machines

• Materials

• Men

• Media

• Methods

• Works together for the fulfilment of specific educational objectives

Meaning of ET

• ET connotes three meaning

• ET 1

• ET 2

• ET 3

ET 1

• Refers to the application of Physical Science and Engineering Technology for instructional purposes

HARDWARE APPROACH

ET 2

• Refers to the application of scientific principles to instruction. (Psychological Theories)

SOFTWARE APPROACH

ET 3

• Modern view of educational technology

• It incorporates ET 1 and ET 2

SYSTEM APPROACH

Nature and Characteristics of ET

• ET is the application of scientific principles to education

• It lays stress on the development of methods and techniques for effective teaching-learning

• It emphasis the designing of measuring instruments for testing learning outcomes

• It involves input, output and process aspect of education

• It is not synonym of use of audio-visual aids

• ET is a comprehensive term and is not to be viewed in terms of its parts or processes.

• It includes instructional technology, teaching technology, programmed learning, micro-teaching etc..

• ET includes instructional design, audiovisual media, learning process, teaching strategies and evaluation techniques.

Significance of Educational Technology

• Helps to release the teacher from the routine role of information giving

• More time for planning, arranging and evaluating learning experiences and outcomes

• Creation of multi-media learning environments in classrooms

Significance of ET

• Involvement of maximum senses

• Utilises maxims of teaching

o Proceed from known to unknown

o Proceed from simple to complex

o Proceed from easy to difficult

o Proceed from concrete to abstract

o Proceed from particular to general

Significance of ET

• Attention compellers

• Motivating force

• Reduce verbalism and monotonous teaching

• Helps in clarifying concepts

• Substitute for direct experience

• Meets inadequate resources

• Develops scientific attitude

Significance of ET

• Helps in better learning and retention

• Makes teaching learning attractive, inspirational and effective

• Cater to individual differences of students

Principles of Educational Technology

• Principle of Purposiveness

• Principle of Economy

• Principle of Ease in the use of an aid

• Principle of Availability

• Principle of Simplicity

• Principle of Stimulation

• Principle of Self -preparation

Audio- Visual Aids

• Materials that help to make learning experiences clear and vivid by appealing to these senses are called a-v aids.

• The effective application of such technology is audio-visual technology

Also known as..

• Educational communication technology

• Audio visual media

• Learning resource

• Instructional or educational media

Audio-Visual Aids

• A-V aids are multisensory materials which motivate and stimulate the individual.

• These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the pupil quicken learning facilities for clear understanding.

A-V aids

• According to Edgar Dale “ audio-visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped”.

Psychology of using A-V aids

Research Shows that...

People generally remember...

10% of what they read

20% of what they hear

30% of what they see

50% of what they see and hear

70% of what they say

90% of what they say and do

This arithmetic, though not exact, highlights the importance of av aids

CLASSIFICATION OF A-V AIDS

Classification of A-V Aids

Projected aid

Non Projected aid

Activity aids

Projected aids

Projected aid is one which items to be observed is projected on a screen using electronic and mechanical devices.

Film Projector

• Films in the form of motion pictures

• It enrich learning by presenting a series of meaningful experience involving motion

• Can enlarge or reduce the actual size of the object to suit the need

Film Strip Projector

• Film strip is the connected series pictures, drawings or photographs

• Some film strips are accompanied with sound

Slide Projector

• The picture or diagram which are drawn in suitable medium is called Slide. (Glass or Transparency)

Episcope and Epidiascope

• Episcope is used for the projection of opaque objects

• Pictures, photographs, drawing or an opaque material within the size of the platform of the episcope can be projected

• Epidiascope can project opaque as well as transparent objects

OHP

• This is called Over Head Projector because it projects the image behind and over the head of the teacher

• The transparent visual is placed on a horizontal platform at the top of the light source

• The teacher can place the transparent plate on the platform and write or draw on it anything that is to be visualised using suitable pen

LCD Projector

• LIQUID Crystal Display is the most advanced and sophisticated projected aid

• LCD replaced all other projected and non projected aids today

• Can present a topic by using computer made slide, graph, pictures, video clips, movies and special effects

Non Projected Aids

• Graphic Aids

• Display Boards

• Three Dimensional Aids

• Audio Aids

Graphic Aids

• They are visual aids such as graphs, pictures, charts etc..

• They can convey the message by a combination of written and pictorial visuals that could be meaningful by suitable captions

• The criteria for good graphics are that they should be simple, legible and brief

Graphic Aids

• Graphs

o Shows relationship between two variables

o Bar graphs, line graphs, pie diagrams etc.

• Diagrams

o Explain many factors at the same time

o Explain facts more clearly

Graphic Aids

• Posters

bold and attractive representation of ideas

Catches eye and conveys the massage

• Maps

• Accurate representation

• Geographical

• Industrial

• Political

• Historical

Graphic aids

• Cartoon• Humorous and exaggerated

caricature of a person or situation in the form of picture or sketch

• Comics

• Series of cartoon depicting a story

Graphic aid

• Flash Card

• used in language especially in Lower Classes

• Exhibits for a few seconds

• Picture and Photographs

• Makes the ideas clear and comprehensive

Charts

• Combination of graphic and pictorial media

• Different types are display chart, flow chart, tabular chart, tree chart, time chart

Display Aids

• Black Board

• Roll up board

• Peg Board

• Hook and Loop Board

• Flannel Board

Display boards

• Bulletin Board • Magnetic Board

Three Dimensional Aids

• Models• Models are concrete

representations of objects, their size being adjusted to make it handy and conveniently observable. It clearly exhibits the structure or function of the original

• Objects

Objects may be defined as the real things from their natural settings eg. Rock, Coin, Stamp

Three Dimensional Aids

• Specimen

Part of an object which has been removed for convenient observation

• Mock-ups

an operating model usually for a process, designed to be worked with directly by the learner for specific training or analysis

It is an imitation of real process

Diorama• Three dimensional scene in depth,

incorporating a group of modelled

objects and figures in a natural settings.

Audio Aids

• Radio

• Recoding Instruments

Activity Aids

• Field trip and excursion

• Exhibition

• Demonstration

Activity Aids

• Dramatisation

Museum

Planetarium

Aquarium

terrarium

• Used for rearing plants or animals under natural condition

Vivarium

Computer Assisted Instruction

• Self learning technique

• Offline or online

• Interactive instructional technique

• Combination of text, graphics, sounds and video

Teaching Machine• A piece of device designed

to be operated by a student

• The student is presented with a question

• He/she has to respond either by writing or by pressing a button to indicate the correct answer

• An account is kept of the response made by student

Dale’s Cone of Experience

• Edgar Dale, the exponent of audio-visual aids in teaching is the originator of ‘Cone of Experiences’

• The Diagram appears in his book ‘Audio-Visual Methods in Teaching’ (1964)

• All the learning experiences which can be utilised for classroom teaching are sown by Edgar Dale in a pictorial form which he called the cone of experiences

Categories of Cone of Experience

• Direct Purposeful Experiences

• Contrived Experiences

• Dramatic Participation

• Demonstration


1. Direct Purposeful Experiences

2. Contrived Experiences

3. Dramatic Participation

4. Demonstrations

5. Field Trips

6. Exhibits

7. Motion Picture

8. Radio, Recordings, still pictures

9. Visual Symbols

10. Verbal Symbols


• Gained through experience

• Not only direct but also purposeful

• It provides a means to establish correct initial concepts in the minds of pupil


• Experience gathered from a working model which is an editing of reality and differs the original either in size or in complexity

Educational Significance of OHP

1. A projected image has great power to hold attention of the

audience for a long time

2. Projected images are effective for a big class

3. Projected image claries the information

4. Comparative light weight of the equipment makes it portable

5. Saves time

6. No need of darkening the room

7. The operation task of OHP is very simple

Educational Significance of LCD

• Any information displays in the computer screen can be projected

• Can project anything such as still pictures, motion films and animated films

• Makes e-leaning possible for a large group

• Can provide sound effects also

• Consumes less amount of electricity

• Thin, light weight and easy to use

Educational Television

• USA started using television for instruction purpose in 1932

• Television first came in India in 1959 (Doordarsan)

• Second TV station was established in Mumbai in 1972

• Television got a boost in 1982 when broadcast started in colour

• In 1990 a foreign channel CNN started broadcasting

Educational TelevisionGovt. of India started many projects to use

education as an instructional media • Secondary school television project(1961)

• Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (1975)

• Indian National satellite project (1982)

• UGC- Higher Education Television Project (1984)

• IGNOU Doordarsan Telecast (1991)

• Gyandarshan educational channel (2000)

Educational Significance of Educational Television

• Television is the best available teacher to teach a large number of students

• Provides common experience to all

• Provides an opportunity to the teachers to observe the instructional strategies of other teachers

• Provides technical advantage not ready available in the classroom

• Each student get feeling that they are

sitting at the front row of the class

Educational Significance of Educational Television

• It can incorporate useful films

• Films can bring into classroom without any preparation

• Permits inclusion of up-to-date information

Educational Significance ofRecording Instruments

• Valuable classes can be preserved

• Tape recorder is economical. Tape can be erased and reused

• Speeches of well-known personalities can be recorded at convenient place and can bring to the school for replay

• Provides flexibility for the teacher to edit and evaluate material

• Being a kind of voice mirror, it can be

used for improving spoken language

Educational Significance of Recording Instruments

• Pre-recorded lessons on languages teaches not only content but the correct pronunciation, proper accent and intonations

• Recordings can be easily done from other sources

• Oral recordings of students can be used for criticism and remediation

• Debate, discussions and seminars can be recorded for review and evaluation

Test

1. Use of Hardware in Education is Technology ----------Education

2. ET 3 is known as ------------approach

3. Which are the 5M’s in Educational Technology?

4. ET 1 is known as ----------approach

5. Write any two maxims of teaching

6. Write any two Principles of Educational Technology

Classification of A-V Aids

Projected aid

Non Projected aid

8. Name any two graphic aids

9. Epidiascope projects ------------------as well as transparent material

10.Full form of LCD

11.Give an example of activity aid

12.‘Cone of Experience’ was designed by -----------------




3. -------------------------

4. Demonstrations

5. -----------------------

6. ----------------

7. Motion Picture


9. ------------------------

10. Verbal Symbols

14. --------------is used for rearing plants or animals under natural condition

15. Series of Cartoon depicting a story is ----------

Answers

1. Technology in Education

2. Systems Approach

3. .MachinesMaterialsMenMediaMethods

4. Hardware approach

5. Proceed from Known to unknown, from easy to difficult

6. Principle of purposiveness, principle of economy

7. Activity aids

8. Picture, chart

9. Opaque

10.Liquid Crystal Display

11.Dramatisation

12.Edgar Dale

14. Terrarium

15. comics




3. Dramatic Participation

4. Demonstrations

5. Field Trips

6. Exhibits

7. Motion Picture


9. Visual Symbols

10. Verbal Symbols

Educational technology

Education

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