Educational Psychology:Educational Psychology:Theory and PracticeTheory and Practice

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Student Diversity

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ISBN: 0-205-37338-0

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Organizing QuestionsOrganizing Questions

What Is the Impact of Culture on Teaching and Learning?

How Does Socioeconomic Status Affect Student Achievement?

How Do Ethnicity and Race Affect Students’ School Experiences?

Organizing QuestionsOrganizing Questions

How Do Language Differences and Bilingual Programs Affect Student Achievement?

What Is Multicultural Education? How Do Gender and Gender Bias

Affect Students’ School Experiences?

How Do Students differ in Intelligence and Learning Styles?

Impact of Culture on Teaching Impact of Culture on Teaching and Learningand Learning

What is Culture? Factors Influencing Cultural

Background Tendency to Reflect

Mainstream Middle-Class Values

Disadvantages for Children from Other Cultures

Socioeconomic StatusSocioeconomic Status

What is Socioeconomic Status? Levine and Levine’s (1996)

Taxonomy Upper Class (3 percent) Upper Middle Class (22 percent) Lower Middle Class (34 percent) Upper Working Class (28 percent) Lower Working Class (13 percent)

The Urban Underclass

Role of Child-Rearing PracticesRole of Child-Rearing Practices

Differences between Middle-Class and Working and Lower-Class Families Kinds of Parent-Child Activities Parental Expectations

Link between Income and Summer Learning

Role of Schools as Middle-Class Role of Schools as Middle-Class InstitutionsInstitutions

Competitive versus Cooperative Classroom Structure Individuality Future Time Orientation

School and Community FactorsSchool and Community Factors

Funding and Social Class Differences

between Schools Serving Lower- and Middle-Class Students

School and Community FactorsSchool and Community Factors

Factors Influencing Motivation, Achievement, and Mental Health in Very Impoverished Neighborhoods Crime Lack of Positive Role Models Inadequate Social and Health Services

Is the Low Achievement of Is the Low Achievement of Children from Low-Income Children from Low-Income

Groups Inevitable?Groups Inevitable? Intensive Interventions

Reading Recovery Success For All

Reductions in Class Size

Implications for TeachersImplications for Teachers

Recognize Varying Degrees of Preparation.

Avoid Stereotypes, Low Expectations, and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies.

Ethnicity and RaceEthnicity and Race

Ethnic Group Ethnicity Race

Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Racial and Ethnic Composition of the United StatesUnited States

Minority Group Increasing Proportion of

Nonwhites and Latinos Implications for U.S. Education

Academic Achievement of Academic Achievement of Minority-Group StudentsMinority-Group Students

Gap in Academic Achievement Correspondence between

Achievement Gaps and Differences in SES

Why Have Minority-Group Students Why Have Minority-Group Students Lagged in Achievement?Lagged in Achievement?

Socioeconomic Status Inferior Schools Instruction Inconsistent with

Culture Low Expectations

Effects of School DesegregationEffects of School Desegregation

Brown v. Board of Education Desegregation and Busing Effects of Desegregation on

Academic Achievement

Teaching in Culturally Diverse Teaching in Culturally Diverse SchoolsSchools

Use Fairness and Balance. Choice of Texts and Instructional

Materials Supplement Textbooks Reach out to Parents and

Families. Avoid Stereotyping. Set Rules Forbidding Racial or

Ethnic Bias.

Teaching in Culturally Diverse Teaching in Culturally Diverse SchoolsSchools

Emphasize Valuing Cultural Heritage and Contributions to History and Civilization.

Use Multicultural Classroom Decorations.

Avoid Resegregation. Avoid Culturally Insensitive

Assignments.

Language Differences and Language Differences and Bilingual ProgramsBilingual Programs

Language Minority Limited English Proficiency

(LEP) English as a Second Language

(ESL)

Bilingual EducationBilingual Education

Types of Bilingual Programs

Characteristics of Bilingual Programs

Effectiveness of Bilingual Programs

Research Results Forms of Instruction Problems with Bilingual

Education Movement against Bilingual

Education

Multicultural EducationMulticultural Education

“…including non-European perspectives in curriculum…” (p. 118)

Dimensions of Multicultural Dimensions of Multicultural EducationEducation

Content Integration

Knowledge Construction

Prejudice Reduction

Equity Pedagogy

Empowering School Culture

How do Gender and Gender Bias How do Gender and Gender Bias affect Students’ School Experience?affect Students’ School Experience?

Child’s Sex Gender-Role or

Sex-Role

Do Males and Females Think and Do Males and Females Think and Learn Differently?Learn Differently?

Greater Variability Within than between Sexes

Areas of Difference Self-Estimation of Academic

Skills by Males and Females

Sex-Role Stereotyping and Sex-Role Stereotyping and Gender BiasGender Bias

Causes of Behavioral Differences

Treatment in Schools

Avoiding Gender Bias in Avoiding Gender Bias in TeachingTeaching

Avoiding Stereotypes Promoting Integration Treating Females and Males

Equally

Intelligence and Learning StylesIntelligence and Learning Styles

Difficulty in Defining Intelligence

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Definitions of Intelligence

“G” Factor Multiple Intelligences

Eight Multiple IntelligencesEight Multiple Intelligences

Logical/Mathematical

Linguistic Musical Naturalist Spatial Bodily/Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal

Origins of IntelligenceOrigins of Intelligence

Heredity versus Environment Impact of the Family Impact of School Experience

Other Factors Affecting Learning Prior Knowledge Motivation Quality of Instruction

Theories of Learning StylesTheories of Learning Styles

Different Ways of Learning Field Dependence versus Field

Independence Learning Environment

Preference

Aptitude-Treatment InteractionsAptitude-Treatment Interactions

Inconsistent Research Results Positive Effects in a Few

Studies

End of Chapter 4End of Chapter 4