Introduction to Clinical Psychology: Science, Practice and Ethics Chapter 1 Definition and Training...

Introduction toIntroduction to

Clinical Psychology:Clinical Psychology:Science, Practice and EthicsScience, Practice and Ethics

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Definition and TrainingDefinition and Training

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Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005

APA Division 12 DefinitionAPA Division 12 Definition

“The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels.”


Characteristics of Clinical Characteristics of Clinical PsychologyPsychology

Emphasis on science Emphasis on science • DeterminismDeterminism• EmpiricismEmpiricism• Hypothetical constructsHypothetical constructs

Emphasis on maladjustmentEmphasis on maladjustment Emphasis on the individuals Emphasis on the individuals

(nomethetic vs. idiographic)(nomethetic vs. idiographic) Emphasis on Helping Emphasis on Helping


Activities of Clinical PsychologistsActivities of Clinical Psychologists

ResearchResearch TeachingTeaching PsychotherapyPsychotherapy Psychological Psychological

assessmentassessment ConsultationConsultation AdministrationAdministration


Norcross, Karg, & Prochaska, 1997Norcross, Karg, & Prochaska, 1997

Activity % involved in % Time Psychotherapy 84 37

Diagnosis/Assessment 74 15Teaching 50 09Clinical Supervision 62 07Research/Writing 47 10Consultation 54 07Administration 52 11


A day in the life of a Clinical A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr Melinda Losee)Psychologist (Dr Melinda Losee)

Monday8:00 - check messages, e-mail, return calls9:00 - psychotherapy client10:00 - psychotherapy client11:00 - case conference -review new cases12:00 - continuing education luncheon1:00 - intake new psychotherapy client2:00 - consult with psychiatrist re: inpatients3:00 - intake new psychotherapy client4:00 - supervision of Master’s level clinicians5:00 - paperwork


A day in the life of a Clinical A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee)Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee)

Tuesday8:00 - exercise9:00 - check messages, return calls, prepare10:00 - score/interpret psychological testing11:00 - report writing12:00 - lunch1:00 - psychotherapy client2:00 - psychological evaluation3:00 - psychological evaluation continued4:00 - psychotherapy client5:00 - paper work/return calls


A day in the life of a Clinical A day in the life of a Clinical Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee)Psychologist (Dr. Melinda Losee)

Wednesday8:00 - check phone and e-mail, return calls9:00 - report writing10:00 – psychotherapy client11:00 – Policy Committee12:00 – Wellness Committee/lunch1:00 - consultation with inpatient psychiatry2:00 - consultation continued3:00 - consultation continued4:00 - report-writing5:00 - paper work/return calls


Distinguishing Clinical Psychology Distinguishing Clinical Psychology from Related Professionsfrom Related Professions

PsychiatryPsychiatry Clinical Social WorkClinical Social Work Counseling Counseling

PsychologyPsychology School PsychologySchool Psychology

ConsultationConsultation


Training in Clinical PsychologyTraining in Clinical Psychology

Undergraduate Undergraduate preparationpreparation

Graduate SchoolGraduate School Continuing Continuing

Professional Professional EducationEducation


Undergraduate PreparationUndergraduate Preparation

Education in PsychologyEducation in Psychology• Basic psychology coursesBasic psychology courses• Clinically-relevant coursesClinically-relevant courses• Statistics and research methodsStatistics and research methods

Broad Liberal Arts EducationBroad Liberal Arts Education• ““Hard” sciencesHard” sciences• Related social sciencesRelated social sciences


Getting into Graduate SchoolGetting into Graduate School

Grade Point AverageGrade Point Average Graduate Record ExamsGraduate Record Exams Research experienceResearch experience Clinically-relevant experienceClinically-relevant experience Letters of recommendationLetters of recommendation


Graduate Training in Clinical Graduate Training in Clinical Psychology: OverviewPsychology: Overview

Scientist-Practitioner ModelScientist-Practitioner Model Criticisms of Scientist-Practitioner ModelCriticisms of Scientist-Practitioner Model Alternative Model – Psy.D.Alternative Model – Psy.D. Professional SchoolsProfessional Schools Clinical-Scientist ModelClinical-Scientist Model


Scientist-Practitioner ModelScientist-Practitioner Model

Clinical Psychology – a branch of Clinical Psychology – a branch of scientific psychologyscientific psychology

Training in research and practiceTraining in research and practice Link between science and practiceLink between science and practice ““Scientist-practitioner psychologists Scientist-practitioner psychologists

embody a research orientation in their embody a research orientation in their practice and a practice relevance in practice and a practice relevance in their research” (Belar & Perry, 1999)their research” (Belar & Perry, 1999)


Scientist-Practitioner TrainingScientist-Practitioner Training Training in three broad areas:Training in three broad areas:

• ResearchResearch• AssessmentAssessment• InterventionIntervention

Advanced education in core areas of psychologyAdvanced education in core areas of psychology• Biological basesBiological bases• Learning and cognitionLearning and cognition• Social influencesSocial influences• Individual differencesIndividual differences

Experiential learningExperiential learning• Clinical practica (leading to pre-doctoral internship)Clinical practica (leading to pre-doctoral internship)• Research mentoring (leading to doctoral dissertation)Research mentoring (leading to doctoral dissertation)


TermsTerms

Scientist-practitioner Scientist-practitioner model = Boulder model = Boulder


Criticisms of Boulder ModelCriticisms of Boulder Model

Training is not integratedTraining is not integrated Faculty are poor role-modelsFaculty are poor role-models Most applicants interested in practiceMost applicants interested in practice Few clinical psychologist do researchFew clinical psychologist do research Research training not necessary to be Research training not necessary to be

a good cliniciana good clinician


Alternatives to Scientist-Practitioner Alternatives to Scientist-Practitioner ModelModel

Scholar-practitioner model (Vail model)Scholar-practitioner model (Vail model) De-emphasis on research experience De-emphasis on research experience

(although continue training in research)(although continue training in research) Relatively greater emphasis on Relatively greater emphasis on

psychological service deliverypsychological service delivery


Alternative DegreeAlternative Degree

Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) Emphasis is on training for practiceEmphasis is on training for practice First program 1968 – University of First program 1968 – University of

IllinoisIllinois Currently – about 25% of APA Currently – about 25% of APA

accredited doctoral training accredited doctoral training programs in clinical psychology offer programs in clinical psychology offer Psy.D.Psy.D.


Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)

Focus of training is on clinical service Focus of training is on clinical service deliverydelivery

Exposure to research methods – but Exposure to research methods – but not expected to do researchnot expected to do research

Dissertation does not require original Dissertation does not require original research research


Professional SchoolsProfessional Schools

Free-standing (not affiliated with a Free-standing (not affiliated with a university)university)

For-profit private institutionsFor-profit private institutions Emphasis is on clinical trainingEmphasis is on clinical training Psy.D. or Ph.D. Psy.D. or Ph.D. Accept large classesAccept large classes Faculty tend to be part-timeFaculty tend to be part-time


Free-Standing Professional School Free-Standing Professional School vs. vs.

University-Based Doctoral ProgramUniversity-Based Doctoral Program CostsCosts Class sizeClass size FacultyFaculty Research EmphasisResearch Emphasis


Clinical-Scientist Clinical-Scientist

Commitment to training in researchCommitment to training in research Commitment to training in assessment Commitment to training in assessment

and therapy methods that have and therapy methods that have research supportresearch support

Prepare students for careers in clinical Prepare students for careers in clinical researchresearch


Academy of Psychological Clinical Academy of Psychological Clinical ScienceScience

To foster training in clinical science To foster training in clinical science researchresearch

To advance clinical science research and To advance clinical science research and theorytheory

To foster application of clinical science To foster application of clinical science to human problems in responsible and to human problems in responsible and innovative waysinnovative ways

To foster dissemination of clinical To foster dissemination of clinical science science


Scholar Practitioner

Scientist Practitioner

Clinical Scientist

Practice

Science

Graduate Training Programs in Clinical Psychology


Post-Doctoral Training Post-Doctoral Training

LicensureLicensure• Most states require one year of supervised Most states require one year of supervised

post-doctoral experiencepost-doctoral experience Research/Academic CareerResearch/Academic Career

• 1 to 3 years of pos-doctoral training 1 to 3 years of pos-doctoral training experience is commonexperience is common

• Grant-supported post-doctoral fellowshipsGrant-supported post-doctoral fellowships


Continuing Professional Education Continuing Professional Education

““Continuing Professional Education (CPE) in Continuing Professional Education (CPE) in psychology is an ongoing process consisting of psychology is an ongoing process consisting of formal learning activities that (1) are relevant to formal learning activities that (1) are relevant to psychological practice, education and science, psychological practice, education and science, (2) enable psychologists to keep pace with (2) enable psychologists to keep pace with emerging issues and technologies, and (3) allow emerging issues and technologies, and (3) allow psychologists to maintain, develop, and psychologists to maintain, develop, and increase competencies in order to improve increase competencies in order to improve service to the public and enhance contributions service to the public and enhance contributions to the profession” (American Psychological to the profession” (American Psychological Association)Association)


Continuing Professional EducationContinuing Professional Education

Maintaining Maintaining licensurelicensure

Expanding practiceExpanding practice Voluntary Voluntary

certification (e.g., certification (e.g., ABPP)ABPP)


Introduction to Clinical Psychology: Science, Practice and Ethics Chapter 1 Definition and Training...

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