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Transcript of Education Optimized
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Chapter 4 Education in UK
Sept. 2005
Xiao Huiyun
100s of free ppts fromwww.pptpoint.com library
http://www.pptpoint.com/http://www.pptpoint.com/ -
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Objectives If the family is central to people's lives,
surely their next most significant
experience is their education. In thischapter we will begin with a briefsurvey of the development of freeuniversal education since the last
century, and then take a closer look atthe main institutions in which Britishpeople are formally educated.
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Focal Questions What do you think are among the most outstanding
changes in the English education system since the19th century?
What does thestreaming
system mean to you?Do you think the system is reasonable? Why?
What are some of the recent changes that havetaken place in a) primary schools, b) secondaryschools, and c) higher education?
Is university life in Britain different from that inChina? If so, in which aspects? Apart from universities, can you name some other
higher and further education institutions in Britain?
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Procedures Presentation by Students Focal
questions 2 & 4
Lectures by the teacher
Class discussion Exploitation
ActivitiesAssignment for the next chapter
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Soul of British Society
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A1 Change & Reform in
Schools Before 1870 school set up by churches, 40% of
children aged 10 attended
From 1870 onwards government took responsibility for
education in response to changes caused by industrialrevolution and movement for social & political reform
The 1944 Act in England& Wales gave all children theright to free secondary education
The tripartite system
at end of primary educationchildren are selected by means of streaming. Those onthe top stream (20%) went to grammar schools. Therest went to secondary modern and technical schools
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A 1 Change & Reform cont. 1960s introduction of comprehensive schools
early selection & streaming not fair, equal
educational opportunities & meritocracy In 1999 85% of children attended
comprehensive schools while 16% went toremaining gr. schools or private schools,
problems of streaming still remain, holdingback of brighter students, unjustified labelling
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A 1 Change & Reform cont. Types of Secondary Schools today
Comprehensive schools +85%
Grammar schools 4%
secondary modern schools 4%
City Technology Colleges (CTCs ) Specialist schools (England only)
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A1 Change and Reform cont. Recent reforms -- 1988 Education Reform Act
National Curriculum for 5 16 year-olds and
regular exams -- National Tests at 7, 11, 14(p58)
Introduction of CTCs -- sponsors & main focusof curriculum
More power given to schools to run their affairswithin the framework of national curriculum
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A 1 Change & Reform cont The National Curriculum in England and Wales
is divided into four Key Stages (KS), three coresubjects (English, Mathematics and Science)
and nine non-core foundation subjects.
The Key Stages are age-related: KS 1 goes upto age seven, KS 2 from seven to eleven, KS 3
from eleven to fourteen (pre-GCSE) and KS 4from fourteen to sixteen (preparation for GCSEand equivalent vocational qualifications) -
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A 1 Reform & Change Key
Stages and Tests
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A1 Change & Reform cont National Curriculum subjects: England
English, Mathematics,
Science, Design and Technology
this incorporatescraft and design, food technology
ICT- Information and communications technology
History
Geography Art and design
Music
Physical Education
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A 1 Change & Reform cont. In Scotland there is no legally prescribed
national curriculum but the Scottish
ExecutiveEducation Department sets outguidelines for teachers.
The curriculum in Northern Ireland is set
by the Northern Ireland Council forCurriculum, Examinations andAssessment.
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A 1 Change & Reform cont 1992 all polytechnics and some colleges
of higher education become universities.
1997 In universities grants arescrapped in favour of student loans, fee 1000 pound sterling
1998 National scheme using laptops
expected to spread to all schools in 21stcentury
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A2 Schools Today Primary
Phase Pre-school education is available (often on a fee-
paying basis) for children aged two to four/fivethrough playgroups and nursery schools. Theemphasis is on group work, creative activity andguided play
Compulsory education begins at five in England,Wales and Scotland and four in Northern Ireland
There is little or no specialist subject teaching and
great emphasis on literacy and numeracy in earlyyears The usual age for transfer to secondary schools is
eleven in England, Wales and Northern Ireland andtwelve in Scotland.
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A 2 Schools Today
Secondary Phase
Compulsory education ends at age sixteen, thoughmany pupils stay on beyond the minimum leavingage . The main exam pupils should take is GCSE.
About 90% of state secondary school pupils inEngland, Wales and Scotland go to comprehensiveschools, which provide a wide range of secondaryeducation for most children of all abilities from adistrict in the eleven to eighteen age range (twelve toeighteen in Scotland)
At age sixteen pupils in England and Wales maytransfer to sixth form colleges or tertiarycolleges ,leading to GCE A level
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A 2 School Today Exams
Examinations
At 16 students in England and Wales take GCSE
examinations. These examinations are taken bystudents of all levels of ability in any of a range ofsubjects and may involve a final examination, anassessment of work done during the two year course,or both of these things. At 18 some students taken
A-level examinations, usually in not more than 3subjects. It is necessary to haveA-levels in order togo to a university or other institutions of highereducation
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A 2 School Today Exams
Examinations
In Scotland students take the SCE examinations. Ayear later, they can take examinations called
HIGHERS, after which they can either go straight toa university or spend a further year at school andtake the Certificate of Sixth Year Studies. In Scotlandthe university system is different to that in Englandand Wales. Courses usually last four years rather
than three and students study a larger number ofsubjects as part of their degree.
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A 2 Schools Today Achieve-
ment and Social Class
Since 1980s reform a general improvement inqualifications by pupils at 16
Still a significant relationship betweenachievement of children and their parentssocial class
80% of children from professional middleclass attend university compared with 17%from the poorest homes
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A 2 Schools TodayIndependent Schools
Fee-paying, known as public schools
7% of schoolchildren attending
Good teaching staff Eton educated 19 Prime Ministers, 6
Chancellors of Exchequers, Shelley,
Orwell, founded in 1440 by HENRY VIto educate sons of the poor for serviceof church & state. (see p69 for more)
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A 2 School Today PublicSchool -- Eton College
Eton with the tutor
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A 2 Schools Today PublicSchool -- Eton College
Eton Pupils
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A2 Schools Today PublicSchools
Harrow School East Ham GrammarSchool for Boys
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Universities
110 universities in UK. 93 in England, 13 inScotland, 2 in Wales and 2 in N. Ireland
Over 42% of pupils become universitystudents on leaving school at 18
Two other main universities. University ofBuckingham (800 students) Open University(over 20,000 students). The latter non-residential university offering courses foradults of all ages. (more on p61 concerning
important changes)
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A 3 Institutions of HigherLearning Entrance Procedures
In the third term of Year 12 students preparetheir applications to university
Applications are then made in the first termof the Year 13 through one centralisedorganisation known as UCAS (Universitiesand Colleges Admissions Service )
Students can apply to a maximum of six
universities/institutions. Admission selection on basis of A level
results, schools &an interview
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A 3 Institution of Higherlearning Entrance Procedures
If a university or institution is impressed by thestudents UCAS form they will send an offer of aplace conditional upon obtaining certain stated ALevel grades
The final decision on which institution the student willactually attend will be taken when the A Level resultsare published in mid-August.
In the case of Cambridge applicants may be asked toobtain a good mark in an extra exam (called theSTEP), which they can sit just after the A Levelexams.
Applications through UCAS to Oxford and Cambridgealso have to be sent by a special early deadlineaccompanied by a special extra form.
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A 3 Institution of HigherEducation Cambridge
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Cambridge
Cambridge University was founded in1209 by students fleeing from Oxfordafter one of the many episodes ofviolence between the university and the
town of Oxford.
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Former Vice-Chancellor
His term of office hasseen majorinnovation and
expansion atCambridge and aperiod whereCambridge hastopped league tables
and drawninvestment from theinternationalbusiness community.
Sir Alec Broers
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Cambridge
Professor Sir Alec Broers said: I became Vice-Chancellor because I believed
that I could help Cambridge build on its
strengths by reaching out. Companies andindividuals from all over the world haveworked with us to move forward our researchagenda, and weve worked hard to attract
and support outstanding students from manycountries and backgrounds. The Vice-Chancellor is the principal academic
and administrative officer of the University.
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Vice-Chancellor, Cambridge
It is a great honour that theUniversity of Cambridge haschosen me to be its Vice-Chancellor and to follow inthe footsteps of a heritage
of eminent Vice-Chancellors,including Professor Sir AlecBroers, Dame RosemaryMurray and Sir DavidWilliams.
Leading a University withnearly 800 years' history
and a pre-eminent status onthe world intellectual stageis a daunting prospect, but Iam looking forwardwholeheartedly to thechallenges ahead.
Professor AlisonRichard
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A 3 Institution of HigherEducation Oxford University
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A 3 Institution of HigherEducation Oxford
Oxford University. Legend has it that OxfordUniversity was founded by King Alfred in 872. A morelikely scenario is that it grew out of efforts begun by
Alfred to encourage education and establish schoolsthroughout his territory. There may have been agrammar school there in the 9th century. A grammarschool was exactly what it sounds like; a place forteaching Latin grammar. The University as we knowit actually began in the 12th century as gatherings
of students around popular masters. The universityconsisted of people, not buildings. The buildingscame later as a recognition of something that alreadyexisted. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew.
http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Alfred_the_Great.htmhttp://www.britainexpress.com/History/Alfred_the_Great.htmhttp://www.britainexpress.com/History/Alfred_the_Great.htm -
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducations Chancellor, Oxford
I am very pleased to havebeen elected Chancellor ofOxford University.
Oxford is one of the greatestuniversities in the world. Ithas played a distinguishedpart in the history of ourcountry and our continent,and has much to contributeto our success and our well-being as a civilisedcommunity in the future.
Chris Patten
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducations Vice-Chancellor
Sir Colin Lucas has beenVice-Chancellor of theUniversity of Oxford since1997. He is the first Oxford
Vice-Chancellor to serve forseven years, following theextension of his originalfour-year term of office,which has enabled him tosee through a wide-ranging
reform of the University'ssystem of governance
Sir Colin Lucas
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Oxbridge
The Boat Race between Oxford & Cambridge startedJune 10, 1829
The event is now a British national institution, and istelevised live each year. The race has been won by
Cambridge 77 times and Oxford 71, with one dead heatin 1877. The most recent event was amongst the closestin history, with Oxford winning by less than a foot. Oneentertainment for spectators is the possibilty of a boatsinking. This has occurred on three occasions; to theOxford crew in 1925 and to Cambridge in 1859 and in1978.
The race is currently run over a four mile and 374yardstretch of the River Thames between Putney andMortlake inLondon.
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britishhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit_of_length)http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milehttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milehttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit_of_length)http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/British -
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Oxbridge
The Dark Blue Crew Oxford won the2003 Boat Race, and
with it the AberdeenAsset ManagementTrophy, by thenarrowest of
margins after one ofthe most excitingfinishes of all time.
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A 3 Institutions of Higher EducationOxbridge Boat Race
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Oxbridge
The Light Blues & Dark Blues
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Universities
Glasgow University NottinghamUniversity
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A3 Institute of HigherEducation Buckingham Uni.
Verney Park Campus Chandos RoadCampus
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A 3 Institution of HigherEducation Open University
The Open University is ranked in the topfive of UK universities for the quality ofteaching, according to a newly-
published national table. The university, whose headquarters are
at Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, has fifthspot ahead of Oxford and UniversityCollege London in the Sunday TimesUniversity Guide 2003s table ofuniversities with the best marks forteaching
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A 3 Institution of HigherEducation Open University
The University Milton KeynesPagoda
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A3 Institutions of HigherLearning Crisis
Universities in crisis
In most universities resources are spent onday-to-day teaching and research; non-
essential work, such as building maintenance,has been put on the back-burner. At the sametime academic salaries have stalled: plumbersearn more than professors; research staff arepaid less than school dinner ladies. So top
academics are fleeing to the US and there arechronic shortages of teaching staff in areassuch as law, computing, maths and computers
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A3 Institutions of HigherEducation Crisis
How has all this come about? It boils down to a simple equation:
government funding has remained staticover the past few decades while thenumber of students has skyrocketed. Asa result, Britain would now have tospend 3.5bn a year just to bring theamount it spends per student up to the
EU average. And to return to studentfunding levels of a decade ago an extra5.9bn in annual grants would beneeded, roughly an extra 3p in thepound in income tax. The Week
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation -- Universities
University graduates dominate Britishpolitical leadership, especially those
from Oxbridge Thatcher, Blair, fromOxford; 2/3 of Blairs cabinet members
educated at Oxford or Cambridge
Individuals still feel positive abouteducation
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A3 Institute of Higher EducationTeacher Training
To qualify as a teacher in Britain
One can take a 4-year Bachelor of
Education (BEd) degree
Or follow any degree with a one- yearPGCE.
In either case 2/3 of training will takeplace in school classrooms
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Students Activities
Choir, Clare College
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Students Activities
Pubbing
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Students Activities
f
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Soccer
f h
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A 3 Institutions of HigherEducation Choir
h d &
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A 4 Further Education &Training FECs
Further education (FE) is distinct from highereducation (HE)
FE comprises all provision outside school forpeople aged 16 and over, up to GCE A level or
equivalent exams. There are 500/600 FECs. Students study part-time or in the evening FE Colleges have strong links with industry and
commerce, employers often being involved inthe design of the courses, e.g. secretarial
studies & mechanical engineering. FEC also offer foundation courses for older
students returning to study after years ofworking to gain qualification for entry of highereducation
A 4 F h Ed i &
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A 4 Further Education &Training YTS
Objectives of Youth Training Scheme:
To give a training opportunity to school leavers whodid not get a job or go on to university
To ensure that these young people learn how totransfer the skills they learn in one job to another
Education elements in the training are supplied byFECs
Critiques: 1. artificially reduce unemployment figures2.reinforce young peoples status asdetermined by their class background3. jobs are not guaranteed after training
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End of Presentation