Providing Holistic Financial Empowerment to Marginalized ...
Education of the Marginalized with Special Reference TO India
-
Upload
hathib-ahmad-ahmad -
Category
Education
-
view
517 -
download
0
Transcript of Education of the Marginalized with Special Reference TO India
What is Marginalization?
Marginalization is forcing a person or a particular group of a particular society to be away from the mainstream of the society by denying him or it all the rights and opportunities for developing himself or itself by getting education and participating in such developmental activities.
By Hathib k.k.
Discrimination is treating different categories of people of a society or group in different manner that some categories among them are treated with injustice and prejudice by denying them privileges that are offered to the other categories because of some hidden causes .
What is Social Discrimination? By Hathib k.k.
Social Exclusion is making a person or a particular group of a particular society out of the social order by denying them even the most primary human rights. It is a severe than marginalization that in marginalization, such groups enjoy the basic rights, though they are forced to remain at a corner of the society without getting opportunity for developing themselves, as the privileged groups do.
What is Social Exclusion? By Hathib k.k.
It is clear that Marginalization and Social Exclusion Occur When there is Social Discrimination
By Hathib k.k.
Individual discrimination is when an individual is denied the provisions and rights give to others in a society on account of some prejudice. Individual discrimination occurs in families, in classrooms, and at times in society itself on account of prejudice of parents, lack of skill in classrooms, or because of some epidemic called aids.
Individual Discrimination By Hathib k.k.
Social discrimination occur when a particular group of a particular society is denied the provisions and rights given to other groups in that society on account of their existence in a particular gender, religion, cat, race, linguistic group etc. Here rights are denied not on the basis of one’s individual traits or characteristics, but on the basis of the social background that he belongs to.
Social Discrimination By Hathib k.k.
There are Different Types of Discrimination. The Following Slides Make a Glance at them
By Hathib k.k.
Gender discrimination or Gender bias is denying some particular gender groups the rights and opportunities that are enjoyed by some other gender groups of the same society only because they belong to this particular gender. Hence, if a person who belongs to a particular gender is denied an opportunity because that person doesn’t deserve it on the basis of the qualifying criteria, it cannot be called gender discrimination or gender bias.
Gender Discrimination or Gender Bias
By Hathib k.k.
Racial discrimination is denying some particular racial groups the rights and opportunities that are enjoyed by some other racial groups of the same society only because they belong to this particular race. Hence, if a person who belongs to a particular race is denied an opportunity because that person doesn’t deserve it on the basis of the qualifying criteria, it cannot be called racial discrimination.
Racial Discrimination By Hathib k.k.
Cast discrimination is denying some particular cast groups the rights and opportunities that are enjoyed by some other cast groups of the same society only because they belong to this particular cast. Hence, if a person who belongs to a particular cast is denied an opportunity because that person doesn’t deserve it on the basis of the qualifying criteria, it cannot be called cast based discrimination.
Cast Based Discrimination By Hathib k.k.
Religious discrimination is denying some particular religious groups the rights and opportunities that are enjoyed by some other religious groups of the same society only because they belong to this particular religion. Hence, if a person who belongs to a particular religion is denied an opportunity because that person doesn’t deserve it on the basis of the qualifying criteria, it cannot be called religious discrimination.
Religious Discrimination By Hathib k.k.
Linguistic discrimination is
denying some particular
Linguistic groups the rights and
opportunities that are enjoyed
by some other linguistic groups
of the same society such getting
education in their own mother
tongue.
Linguistic Discrimination By Hathib k.k.
Linguistic discrimination is
denying some particular
Linguistic groups the rights and
opportunities that are enjoyed
by some other linguistic groups
of the same society such getting
education in their own mother
tongue.
Linguistic Discrimination By Hathib k.k.
And it is widely said and discussed that there have been severe discriminations in India on the basis of religion, cast, race, language, gender etc., and for making such people, too, the part of mainstream, the Constitution as well as different Govt. policies offer some positive discrimination towards such people.
By Hathib k.k.
Positive Discrimination is some
special privileges and reservation
offered to the marginalized groups,
in different developmental areas like
education, employment,
administration etc. to fetch them,
too, into the mainstream of the
society. It is also known as
compensatory discrimination on the
argument that they were
marginalized on account of different
historical and social factors
Then What is Positive Discrimination?
By Hathib k.k.
The following slides discuss the provisions and privileges that Indian Constitution offers to the marginalized groups as a part of Positive Discrimination Policy.
By Hathib k.k.
Article 14
The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
By Hathib k.k.
Article 14 Actually Says
That all the people should not be treated in the same manner, but people belong to same circumstances should be treated in the same manner.eg. Each person should not be taxed by the same standard, but the people of the same circumstances should be taxed by the same standard
By Hathib k.k.
Hence Article 14 Does say
That all the people should not be considered for admission for educational institution or appointment for the govt. sector on the basis of same criteria, but people of same circumstances shall be considered on the basis of same criteria
By Hathib k.k.
Article 15 (3)
Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children ( Actually the Article is for Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. How ever, on the basis of this the state should not hesitate to offer special provisions for such people)
By Hathib k.k.
Article 15 (4)
Nothing in this article or in clause ( 2 ) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes ( clause ( 2 ) of Article 29 says that no citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them)
By Hathib k.k.
So the Indian Constitution says that the state shall not misinterpret the main clause of the Article 15 and clause (2) of the Article 29 for denying the
special provision for the marginalized ones.
By Hathib k.k.
Article 17
Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden The enforcement of any disability arising out of Untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law
By Hathib k.k.
So Article 17 strictly prohibits segregation on the basis of religion or cast or such issue in classrooms and school campuses, which often make students from such circumstances stop their education
uncompleted .
By Hathib k.k.
Article 30 (1)
All minorities, whether
based on religion or
language, shall have the
right to establish and
administer educational
institutions of their choice
By Hathib k.k.
Article 30 (2)
The state shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language
By Hathib k.k.
So Article 30 ensures that the people of Minority groups also get enough opportunity for gaining proper education so that to be a part of the
mainstream .
By Hathib k.k.
Article 350 (A)
It shall be the endeavor of every State and of every local authority within the State to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups; and the President may issue such directions to any State as he considers necessary or proper for securing the provision of such facilities.
By Hathib k.k.
S497 of the Indian
Penal Code
Whoever has sexual intercourse with a person who is and whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the wife of another man, without the consent or connivance of that man, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape, is guilty of the offence of adultery, and shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both. In such case the wife shall not be punishable as an abettor.
By Hathib k.k.
So S497 of IPC says that people of different circumstances may not be treated in the same manner
By Hathib k.k.
Let’s see the reservation of seats for the marginalized groups in different Educational Institutions
By Hathib k.k.
Government Colleges
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Open Quota Reservation
Distribution of Total Seats
By Hathib k.k.
Government Colleges
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
SEBC EBFC SC/ST
8% 10%
15%
7%
5%
1% 1%
3%
Distribution of Reserved Seats Out of 50 % of the Total Seats
EZ
MU
LC OBX
OBH
SC
ST
SEBC( Socially & Educationally
Backward Classes)
EBFC ( Economically Backward
Among Forward communities)
SC/ST( Scheduled Cast &
Scheduled Tribes)
EZ ( Ezhave) ,MU ( Muslim)
LC ( Latin Cathelic)
OBX( Other Backward
Christians)
OBH( Other Backward Hindus)
SC( Scheduled Cast)
ST ( Scheduled Tribe)
By Hathib k.k.
Mandatory reservation in Aided & Affiliated Colleges
50%
15% 5% 10%
20%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Forward Community colleges
40%
15% 5%
20% 20%
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%
Minority Community colleges
By Hathib k.k.
Reservation in Self financing Programmes
50%
15% 5% 9% 8% 2% 1% 5% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
By Hathib k.k.
As it has been echoing at the air during different eras that women in India has been being deprived since the ancient period, and the
major factor behind this miserable status of them, is the
discrimination in the case of education, the constitution as well
as different Governments of different ages in India have been offering them many a privilege in
the case of education.
By Hathib k.k.
The status of women during Vedic Age is seen through two
dimensions: Some view that they enjoyed high position while some others are of the view that they were severely segregated by the male dominant society. Another view is that they had been equal to men during early Vedic Age
while their status got deteriorated during the later Vedic Age.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period
By Hathib k.k.
If you look at it through a traditionalist’s view you can see
that women enjoyed higher status that people offered them all the sorts of honor and respect as a
mother, wife and daughter, and they were provided education
exclusive for them, which concentrated on the duties of women to husbands, religious
rituals etc.
By Hathib k.k.
If you look at it through a
modernist’s eye, you will say that
such a respect itself is a part of
hypocrisy that they were forcing
them sit at the chambers at home
by providing such a ‘respect’.
By Hathib k.k.
However, even those who say that there were educational
opportunities for women during Vedic Age, are of the view that
girls were not allowed to participate in Upanayana Ceremony i.e. the initial
ceremony for starting education during the Vedic Age
By Hathib k.k.
And the modern critics may proclaim that even the
Kshathriya Women were not allowed to indulge in practicing warfare arts or martial arts, as
you can hardly see women warriors of the great Epic
Periods.
By Hathib k.k.
More over, most of the legendary women in India
were ardent devotees of their husbands, who
displayed unprecedented honesty and service to their husband even by sacrificing
their own interests and tastes.
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
With all these we can assume that, though the women in India during
the Vedic Age were honored and served just below to God, they were
not allowed to actively indulge in public activities with male counter
parts. This was the common phenomena in the educational
system, too, that women during those times were provided
education at their homes, that too , related with their duties as a
women as well as the religious rituals and scriptures.
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
There are different views on the status of women during Budhist
Age, too. Some are of the view that during later Vedic age, status of women was so tragic, and Budha
was liberator for them, who allowed them join Sanghas and Viharas. Some other say that the status of
women became deteriorated during the Budhist Period.
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
An article, written by Ashwani Kumar and Namita Singh
(http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1997_01_02.pdf), says that it was during Budhist Age that women became exactly equal to
men.
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
History regards the Medieval Age in India i.e. the age when India was
ruled by the Muslim Kings, the status of women was the most
pathetic, as they were not allowed to go outside or participate in public activities because of the Purdha System. However, as
historians say, the women of upper class families were enjoying
education at their home.
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
And it is widely said that the status of women started climbing upwards during the British Rule in India, as
the Christian Missionaries took charge of spreading modern
education in India. (http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com
/india-2/changes-in-the-status-of-indian-women-during-british-rule-
essay/4400/)
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
They started the first girls school
in Bombay in 1824.
The Hunter Commission in
1881, recommended female
education
After 1882, Girls were allowed to
get admitted for higher
education.
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
The Social Reform Movement of 19th Century under the leadership of Rajaram Mohan Rai, played a
vital role in the enhancement of the status of women in India. They
worked hard for the abolishment of the social evil called ‘Sati’. They were also successful in making
great awareness among people on the importance of modern
education for gents as well as women.
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
Like Rajaram Mohan Rai,
Ishwar Chandra vidyasagar, also
played an important role in the
enhancement of the status of
women in India. He was the real
force behind the passing of
Widow Remarriage Act of 1856.
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
Maharshi Karve was another
pioneer in this regard, who
started SNDT Women’s
University in Maharashtra in
1916
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
Leaders like Mahathma Gandhi,
Swami Vivekananda, Swami
Dayananda Saraswati and Annie
Besant were also the ardent
promoters of women education
and enhancement of their social
status.
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
Different women organizations of
the time like Bharat mahila Parishad
(1904), Bharat Stri
Mahamandal(1910) Women’s Indian
Association (1917), National Council
of Women in India (1925) and All
India Women’s Conference (1927)
also fought for the development of
women in all the walks of life.
By Hathib k.k.
Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination Policy in India
However, Women folk was still a
marginalized group during the time
when India gained independence .
Later Indian Constitution and
different Governments in different
eras introduced and implemented
different Provisions and Schemes, as
a part of Positive discrimination
Policy in India
By Hathib k.k.
Now, we are going to discuss the provisions and privileges offered to Women Folk in India by the
Indian Constitution and Governments
By Hathib k.k.
Article 15 (3)
Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children ( Actually the Article is for Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. How ever, on the basis of this the state should not hesitate to offer special provisions for such people)
By Hathib k.k.
S497 of the Indian
Penal Code
Whoever has sexual intercourse with a person who is and whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the wife of another man, without the consent or connivance of that man, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape, is guilty of the offence of adultery, and shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both. In such case the wife shall not be punishable as an abettor.
By Hathib k.k.
Article 16
Article 16 of constitution of India ensures equal employment opportunity to every citizen of India. As per article 16 there should not be any discrimination in respect of employment opportunity under the State only on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, and place of birth, residence or any of them
By Hathib k.k.
Article 39
Article 39:- Article 39 of constitution of India ensures the benefit of the directive principles of state policy to the women.. Article 39(a) of directive principles of state policy ensures and directs a state to apply policies which focus on a men and women have an equal right of adequate means of livelihood and article 39(c) ensures equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
.
By Hathib k.k.
Article 243
Article 243:- Article 243 of constitution of India ensures reservation of seats in gram panchayat for women.
By Hathib k.k.
It was launched in 1988 as a result of following the recommendations of the New Educational Policy of 1986 for the empowerment of women in rural areas especially of women of socially and economically marginalized sectors of the society.
Mahila Samakhya Programme(1988)
By Hathib k.k.
Enhancement self esteem & self confidence in women Building positive image of women Development of critical thinking in women Fostering collective decision making & action among women Enabling for accurate choice regarding to education,
employment and health Ensuring equal participation in the developmental process Providing information, knowledge & skill for economic
independence Providing legal literacy on their rights and provisions.
Mahila Samakhya : Objectives
By Hathib k.k.
It was a part of SSA. The main focus of this scheme was to provide educational facilities for girls belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, minority communities and families below the poverty line in Educationally Backward Blocks.
Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya of 2004
By Hathib k.k.
This is a conditional cash transfer scheme for the girl child with insurance cover which would go a long way towards ensuring the survival of the girl child and assuring a better life for her. The direct and tangible objective of the scheme is to provide a set of financial incentives for families to encourage them to retain a girl child, educate her and prevent child marriage.
Dhanalakshmi Scheme (2008)
By Hathib k.k.
Dhanalakshmi Scheme :Conditions
For all girls born after 19 November 2008 Girls who are on immunization On enrolment in school and retention in school till Standard 8 An insurance maturity cover will be taken for the girl child
born after 19 November 2008 and if the girl child remains unmarried till the age of 18 years, she will get Rs. 1 lakh.
The scheme will apply to all girl children irrespective of their socio-economic status and the number of girl children in the family.
By Hathib k.k.
Saakshar Bharat has been formulated in 2009 with the objective of achieving 80% literacy level by 2012 at national level, by focusing on adult women literacy seeking – to reduce the gap between male and female literacy to not more than 10 percentage points
By Hathib k.k.
The Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) Sabla is a centrally sponsored program of Government of India initiated on April 1, 2011 under Ministry of Women and Child Development.
Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent girls(RGSEAG)
By Hathib k.k.
Enabling the Adolescent girls for self-development and empowerment Improve their nutrition and health status. Promote awareness about health, hygiene, nutrition, adolescent reproductive
and sexual health (ARSH) and family and child care. Upgrade home-based skills, life skills and integrate with the National Skill
Development Program (NSDP) for vocational skills. Provide information/guidance about existing public services such as PHC,
CHC, Post Office, Bank, Police Station, etc.
(RGSEAG): Objectives
By Hathib k.k.
Statistics show that there has been tremendous improvement among women folk in India in the case of education and employment, though the crime and harassment against them is going on increasing day by day
By Hathib k.k.
So let us go through the present status of women compared to the past in the coming slides
By Hathib k.k.
27.20%
80.90%
8.90%
64.60%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
1951 2011
Men
Women
Literacy Rate Among Men and Women from 1951 to 2011
By Hathib k.k.
Literacy Rate Among Men and Women from 1951 to 2011
What a tremendous Improvement! Look, there an increase of about 25% in the case of women literacy rate, while it was only about 16% in the men literacy rate between 1991 and 2011
By Hathib k.k.
Level Wise Enrollment at School Stage Among male and female from
1951 to 2014 Figures are in Lakhs
By Hathib k.k.
13800000.00
67200000.
5400000.00
62800000.
0.00
10000000.00
20000000.00
30000000.00
40000000.00
50000000.00
60000000.00
70000000.00
80000000.00
1950-51 2013-14
Men
women
Level Wise Enrollment at Primary Level Among male and female from
1951 to 2014
By Hathib k.k.
Level Wise Enrollment at Upper Primary Level Among male and
female from 1951 to 2014
2600000
33700000.
500000.
32000000.
0.00
5000000.00
10000000.00
15000000.00
20000000.00
25000000.00
30000000.00
35000000.00
40000000.00
1950-51 2013-14
Series 1
Series 2
By Hathib k.k.
Level Wise Drop-outs at School Stage Among male and female as the
Census in 2013-14
21.50%
39.20% 48.10%
18.30%
32.90%
46.70%
19.80%
36.30% 47.40%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
1-V 1-V111 1-X
Boys
Girls
Total
By Hathib k.k.
Level Wise Drop-outs at School Stage Among male and female of SC
Category as the Census in 2013-14
17.50%
42.40% 51.80%
15.40%
34.40%
48.00%
16.60%
38.80% 50.10%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
1-V 1-V111 1-X
Boys
Girls
Total
By Hathib k.k.
Level Wise Drop-outs at School Stage Among male and female of ST
Category as the Census in 2013-14
31.90%
49.80% 63.20%
30.70%
46.40%
61.40%
31.30%
48.20% 62.40%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
1-V 1-V111 1-X
Boys
Girls
Total
By Hathib k.k.
So it shows that the percentage of girls who stops education uncompleted at any level is lesser than the number of boys from all the categories of the society in India. It is also amazing to see that the percentage of dropouts among girls at all levels is lesser than total percentage dropouts.
By Hathib k.k.
Statistics of Examination Results at Class X in 2010
73.20%
67.20%
62.40%
77.40%
71.30%
61.50%
75%
69% 62%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
General SC ST
Boys
Girls
Total
By Hathib k.k.
So it shows that the percentage of girls who pass the examination at class X is greater than the number of boys except in ST category of the society in India. It is also amazing to see that the percentage of girl students who pass class X exam is greater than the percentage of the total students who pass class X examination in India
By Hathib k.k.
Statistics of Examination Results at Class X in 2010
73.20%
67.10%
65.40%
81.50%
75.80%
69.70%
77%
71% 67%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
General SC ST
Boys
Girls
Total
By Hathib k.k.
So it shows that the percentage of girls who pass the examination at class X11 is greater than the number of boys except in all the categories of the society in India. It is also amazing to see that the percentage of girl students who pass class X11 exam is greater than the percentage of the total students who pass class X11 examination in India
By Hathib k.k.