Education Decentralisation Education Decentralisation in Indonesia:in Indonesia: Lesson Lesson

Learned and ChallengesLearned and Challenges

Fasli Jalal, PhDFasli Jalal, PhDDirector General for Non Formal Education and YouthDirector General for Non Formal Education and Youth

Ministry of National EducationMinistry of National EducationIndonesiaIndonesia

..

Structure of the Government & Education

Government Government structurestructure

President

Line ministries Ministry of home affairs Guidance on minimum

standard

Governor minimum standardsupervision

District head / mayor

Technical agency (dinas)

Technical agency (dinas)

Education Education structurestructureIslamic

S3S3:

doctorate

Islamic S2

S2: magiste

r

19-22

Islamic S1

S1: bachelo

r

Diploma 1-3

16-18

Islamic SSS

General SSS

Voctech SSS

Package C

Voc training

13-15

Islamic JSS

Junior Secondary School

Package B

7-12

Islamic PS

Primary School Package A

Islamic KG

Kindergarten

Playgroup

Islamic Islamic General General Formal Education System Formal Education System Non-formal Ed. System

COMPULCOMPUL

SORYSORY

Basic figures of education, Basic figures of education, 2001/022001/02

Pupil School Teacher

Primary 25,850,849 148,516 1,164,808

Junior sec 7,466,458 20.842 476,827

Senior sec 5,051,640 12,307 363,508

Higher ed 2,915,291 1,944 292,949

Source: Indonesia/Educational Statistics in Brief, 2001/02Source: Indonesia/Educational Statistics in Brief, 2001/02

COMPARISON OF HDI AMONG SELECTED COMPARISON OF HDI AMONG SELECTED ASIAN COUNTRIES: 1995-2003ASIAN COUNTRIES: 1995-2003

COUNTRYYEAR

1995 2000 2002 2003

Thailand

Malaysia

Philippine

Indonesia

China

Vietnam

58

59

100

104

111

120

76

61

77

109

99

108

70

59

77

110

96

109

74

58

85

112

104

109

Source: UNDP (1995, 2000, 2002, dan 2003)

HDI of IndonesiaHDI of Indonesia Year HDI

1975 •0.465

1980 •0.526

1985 •0.578

1990 •0.619

1995 •0.664

2000 •0.684

2002 •0.662

•Source: BPS, Bappenas, UNDP (2001). Indonesia HDR 2002.

Diversity of district/municipalitiesDiversity of district/municipalities,, 19991999TOP 5 HDI

South Jakarta 75.1 Yogyakarta 73.4 Ambon 73.0 East Jakarta 72.8 Manado 72.5BOTTOM 5 West Lombok 49.9

Jaya Wijaya 48.7

Sampang 47.3

West Sumba 45.4

Fak Fak 43.6

Source: Indonesia/Human Development Report, 2001Source: Indonesia/Human Development Report, 2001

INDONESIA’S HDI RANK (2002)INDONESIA’S HDI RANK (2002)

No ProvinceLife

Expectancy

(years)

Adult Literacy

Rate

(%)

Mean Years of Schooling

(years)

Adjusted Real per Capita

Expenditure

(Rp. 000)

HDI

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Jakarta

Sulawesi Utara

D.I. Yogyakarta

Kalimantan Timur

Riau

Kalimantan Tengah

Sumatera Utara

Sumatera Barat

Bali

Jambi

Banten

Maluku

72

71

72

69

68

69

67

66

70

67

62

66

98

99

86

95

97

96

96

95

84

95

94

96

10,4

8,6

8,1

8,5

8,3

7,6

8,4

8,0

7,6

7,4

7,9

8,0

617

588

611

592

588

586

589

589

596

586

609

576

75,6

71,3

70,8

69,9

69,1

69,1

68,8

67,5

67,5

67,1

66,6

66,5

Source: UNDP, Bappenas, BPS, 2003 NOT FOR Q

UOTATION

No PROVINCE Life Expectancy

Adult Literacy

Mean Years of Schooling

Adjusted per Capita

HDI

131415161718192021222324252627282930

Jawa TengahBengkuluNangroe Aceh D.Sumatera SelatanJawa BaratLampungMaluku UtaraBangka BelitungSulawesi SelatanSulawesi TengahKalimantan SelatanGorontaloJawa TimurSulawesi TenggaraKalimantan BaratNTTPapuaNTB

696568666566636669636164666564646559

869396949393969284939395838887847478

6,57,67,87,17,26,98,46,66,87,37,06,56,57,36,36,06,05,8

594587558583592583583588587580596573594578580563578583

66,366,266,066,065,865,865,865,465,364,464,364,164,164,162,960,360,157,8

Lanjutan…

Source: UNDP, Bappenas, BPS, 2003 NOT FOR Q

UOTATION

DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATION INDEX AMONG DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATION INDEX AMONG DISTRICTS/MUNICIPALITIES (2002)DISTRICTS/MUNICIPALITIES (2002)

No District/MunicipalityMelek huruf dewasa (%)

Rata-rata lama pendidikan (tahun)

HDI Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Jakarta Timur

Ternate

Bireuen

Kutai

Mataram

Fakfak

Sanggau

Indramayu

Sampang

Jayawijaya

99

98

97

96

95

86

84

76

56

32

10,9

10,1

9,0

7,7

7,4

6,4

5,7

5,1

2,9

2,2

1

47

63

114

198

228

286

303

340

341

Source: UNDP, Bappenas dan BPS, 2003

NOT FOR Q

UOTATION

..

General features of decentralization of government management

in Indonesia

General concept of (educ) General concept of (educ) decentralizationdecentralization

• Transfer of authority of educational policies from central government

• Shifting of various educational decisions from government to people

delegate discretion of ed. policies & money needed

to finance the responsibility

It is the people who benefit from ed. being offered

they should be in a better position to make decisions

on their own behalf

Overall gov. management Overall gov. management decentralizationdecentralizationin Indonesiain Indonesia

Central gov authority: • foreign politics, defence & security, justice, monetary & fiscal,

religion, • national planning, national standardization, etc.Other matters (incl. education)• decentralized to district/municipality level

Ed. decentralization in Ed. decentralization in IndonesiaIndonesia

Radical type of decentralization: from extreme centralization down to school level

Pilars for educational Pilars for educational decentralisation in Indonesiadecentralisation in Indonesia

• Educational reformation• Democratisation• Community participation• Profesionalism• Financial support• Political will

Ed decentralization Ed decentralization ((11))from central to local from central to local governmentgovernment

• Central gov: national standard (curr, exam, minimum provision standard); requirement for admission, transfer, certification; org & dev of higher ed, etc.

• Prov gov: equitable student selection & acceptance, provision of learning materials, assist in hi-ed manag, etc.

• District/municipality gov: all other aspects.

Political will & financial supportPolitical will & financial supportConstitution*• Every citizen is entitle to education• Every citizen should enroll in basic education and the government

should finance it (art 31:2)

Act # 20/2003 on National Ed. System• Financing ed: shared responsibility of national gov, local gov, and

community (art 46:1)• Ed. funds** are allocated at a minimum of

20% of national gov. budget20% of local gov budget (art 49:1)

* IVth amendment of the 1945 Constitution** excluding salary of educators & service ed. expenditure

Important features Important features of the new system of of the new system of EducationEducation

• Democratisation in education• School & community based• Curriculum: competence based• Freedom to schools & teachers to promote

profesionalism

Ed decentralization Ed decentralization ((22))from central government to from central government to schoolschoolVehicle • School based management (SBM)• Equiped with education board (district/municipality), school committee (school level)

Education board • Provide advice for ed. decision making at district/municipality level• Provide financial support & concepts for education provision• Controlling the application of transparency & accountability for ed. finance & provision• Mediator for executive-legislative-community in the development & provision of ed.

School committee • Similar tasks, at school level

Educ. board--school committee--logal Educ. board--school committee--logal gov--schol relationshipgov--schol relationship

District head/ mayor Education board Local parliament

Education division

School comittee

Education board

School/out of school alternatives

Other educational institution

School comittee

Role of various parties in SBMRole of various parties in SBM

School Government School board

School comittee

Teacher

•Recruitment + selection •Teaching assignment •Career+remuneration

•Teachers’ MIS•Equal access to ed. promo, •CRU*

•Selection criteria for teachers •PA** criteria

•Selection procss•Teachers’ EPA***

Student

•Selection •Ed. process•Evaluation •Direct subsidy provision

•Competence standard•CRU

•New entrants selection criteria •Select subsidy recipients, •PA criteria

•Monitor student selection•Schools’ EPA

Finance

•Annual planning•Block grant from gov

•Direct block grant •Earmarked tax for ed, •CRU

•Allocation of subsidy to school•PA criteria

•Review annual school plan+budget•Schools’ EPA **CRU: complaint resolution unitCRU: complaint resolution unit **** PA: performance audit PA: performance audit ****** EPA: external PA EPA: external PA

Source: Ed. Reform in the Context of Regional Autonomy: the Case of Indonesia, 2001Source: Ed. Reform in the Context of Regional Autonomy: the Case of Indonesia, 2001

Stages of school decentralizationStages of school decentralization

Laws & regulation• To support (i) greater authority of school principal, (ii) roles of educational board & school

committee, (iii) quality assurance role of gov.Socialization• Audience: government & parliament (all levels), principal, teachers & union, business

leaders, community leaders • Managing different interests to establish agreement in order to have better quality ed.• Need to prepare good public relation strategy (new roles of stakeholders & program benefits)Integrated info-system• Ensuring good linkage b/n: central gov – school level• Develop capabilities on the collection & use of reliable data for planning & strategy

development for increasing quality of ed. services

Purpose• Improving quality & effectiveness of schooling through decentralization of school

finances and enhanced accountability of schools to all stakeholders

Mechanism• Offered to voluntarily interested distrcts and schools (3 districts & 50 schools)• Stake holders’ seminars, school trainings, technical assistance on the development

of strategies for ed. finance.

Results: • Grant mechanism for improved allocation of operational resources to schools by

district gov.• Integrated school level planning, budgeting, and financial management system• School governance concept

Results of study Results of study (1)(1)DSSD (Decentralized Social Service Delivery) DSSD (Decentralized Social Service Delivery)

DSSD: focal area, activity, and DSSD: focal area, activity, and objectiveobjectiveFocal area Activity Objective

System of district allocation of reso-urces to school

Dev. of grant mechanism for allocation of resources to schools by the districts

Improve equity & efficiency of resource allocationIncreased resources to schools

School financial management system

Training for integrated school level planning, budgetting, financial management reporting

Improved efficiency, transparency, & accountability in managing school resources

School/education governance system

Training for better school governance and development of role of school committee

Broaden ed. debate, promote horizintal accountability & role of civil society in ed. Management and strengthen school level governance

Source: Progress in the Direction of SBM, 2003Source: Progress in the Direction of SBM, 2003

Ed financing in pilot districtsEd financing in pilot districts

Magelang

West Lampung

Purworejo

APBD/capita* 1,081,195

393,297 375,961

Share education in APBD 37.2 % 41.2 % 51.8 %

APBD ed budget per capita* 402,602 162,204 194,886

Ed salaries/total ed 87.5 % 79.1 % 94.5 %

% non-salary budget 12.5 % 20.9 % 5.5 %

Non-salary per capita (APBD only)* 50,165 33,922 10,801

% non salary budget in APBD 4.6 % 8.6 % 2.9 %

Source: Progress in the Direction of SBM, 2003Source: Progress in the Direction of SBM, 2003

* US$ 1 = Rp 8,509 (15 Nov. 2003)* US$ 1 = Rp 8,509 (15 Nov. 2003)

The next stepThe next step

• Continue develop resource allocation formula• Persist with DBO as an interim strategy but refocus on targetting• Extend important innovations to all districts, eg. (i) consolidated & performmance

based school budgetting (ii) school/community managed construction• Extend best features of capacity building models• Develop a coherent quality control system driven by learning indicators• Design & develop central technical support• Develop systematic research strategy in a gradual transition to more evidence

based policy making• Focus early on building the capacity of school principal

Results of study Results of study (2)(2)CIDACIDA**: regional consultations in West Sumatra on the use of Education Board and : regional consultations in West Sumatra on the use of Education Board and School CommiteeSchool Commitee

Purpose• Obtaining initial regional input to the concept of educational board (EB) and school

committee (SC)

Mechanism• Direct, face to face consultation, of 90 representatives of central level, provincial level,

district/ municipality level, community leaders, and intelectuals

Results: bottom-up consensus on essential concepts & working mechanism relative to EB & SC

• Function & organization of EB & SC• EB & wider organization and SC with the old PTA• Benefit & funding of EB & SC• EB & SC members and SC of private school• Time line for establishing EB & SC

** Involves CIDA, Bappenas, MONE, and World Bank Involves CIDA, Bappenas, MONE, and World Bank

Lesson learnedLesson learned

• Schools have the capability to manage SBM program. The capabilities vary among schools

• School capacity should be included as one of the criteria to apply SBM• Apllication of the SBM should be conducted through pilot, replication, and

dissemination steps• To better understand school management characteristics, in-depth studies are

needed during the pilot step • There is a need to put gov. commitment explicitly to the financing of education on

the laws & regulations

ChallengesChallenges

• Need more preparation on educational service standards, capability of the local gov., resources adequacy

• Full authority to district/municipality government was not balanced with human readiness

• Reduction of inequality of resources allocation to regions• High dependency on central gov. budget on education

So what?So what?

Given the diversity of Indonesian regions blangket approach is not suitable decentralisation is a must

Strategy for education decentralisation:– More independent & autonomous management at school level– How to support school?

strengthen school committee improve school finance & management system