Edible Seaweeds Sold in the Local Public Markets in Tawi-Tawi,...

Keywords: bioprospecting, ethnophycology, Philippine local knowledge, resource management, seaweed taxonomy

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Edible Seaweeds Sold in the Local Public Markets in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines

Philippine Journal of Science148 (4): 803-811, December 2019ISSN 0031 - 7683Date Received: 27 Aug 2019

Richard V. Dumilag*

Institute of Oceanography and Environmental ScienceMindanao State University – Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography

Boheh Sallang, Sanga-Sanga, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi 7500 Philippines

Documenting local knowledge regarding the identity and use of wild resources in rural communities is a pressing concern because such knowledge is likely disappearing into oblivion. As easily perceived, the large crowds in public markets provide opportunities for the exchange of local resources. Tawi-Tawi is one of the rural areas in the Philippines for which a list of seaweed species sold in the local marketplace has not been reported to date. Here, a survey of Tawi-Tawi public markets resulted in a list of seven commercialized seaweed species – namely Caulerpa lentillifera, Caulerpa cf. macrodisca ecad corynephora, Caulerpa cf. racemosa, Eucheuma denticulatum, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Kappaphycus striatus, and Solieria robusta. The local name, description, and other key trade information for each seaweed ethnotaxon were provided. This study contributes to filling in data gaps in ethnophycological literature in the Philippines and its value placed on it by various stakeholders.

INTRODUCTIONEthnophycology is a branch of ethnobiology that deals with the study of interrelationships between humans and algae (Arenas 2016), with seaweeds as relatively the most studied group. One hundred forty-seven (147) species of seaweed worldwide are believed to be edible, of which many are also known to have other commercial surpluses (Pereira 2016). The fact that seaweeds are a lucrative source of natural products, whose uses are still being explored, has made several reviews covering their chemistry and biology works in progress (e.g., Smit 2004, Stengel et al. 2011, Pérez et al. 2016, Makkar et al. 2016, Cikoš et al. 2019).

Public markets are places where buying and selling take place between resident consumers and traders. More than points of a product exchange, these areas are becoming

key nexuses for knowledge generation (McMillian 2002, Delgado 2004, Cetina 2006). For example, many fields in social sciences identify market studies as a goldmine of historical and cultural epistemology (Tangires 2008, Brown and Miller 2008, Morales 2009, Silalahi et al. 2015) while scientists ferret out various resources sold from local markets for food development, drug discovery, bioprospecting, among others (e.g., Albuquerque et al. 2007, Lee et al. 2008, Monteiro et al. 2010, Randriamiharisoa et al. 2015, Lima et al. 2016). Notwithstanding the long and intimate association of humans to seaweeds, the range of ethnophycological studies involving local markets in the Philippines remains limited.

Seaweed is an important food source commodity in the Philippines. Its domestication in the islands of Tawi-Tawi, southern Mindanao has been one of the largest producing areas in the Philippines (Romero 2002, Hurtado

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2013). Of the seaweed species domestically grown, eucheumatoids – particularly Kappaphycus alvarezii – are the most widely commercialized. Eucheumatoids are the world’s main sources of carrageenan (Doty and Norris 1985) – a hydrocolloid used as thickener, emulsifier, or binder to various food products (Necas and Bartosikova 2013). Remarkably, the commercial cultivation of eucheumatoids in Tawi-Tawi goes far beyond the livelihood it offers. The advent of seaweed commercialization across the Sulu Archipelago (Doty 1973, Parker 1974) has historically impacted the ebb and flow of human migration in Tawi-Tawi (Nimmo 1986). In Sitangkai Islands, the southernmost border boundary of Tawi-Tawi, seaweed farming has entrenched women to make a vital contribution to the economy of their farms to the communities in which they live (Aming 2004). In more recent years, commercial seaweeds of Tawi-Tawi became a trope in local festivities (known as the Agal-agal festival), which celebrates the rich seaweed bounty. It is said that such a festival promotes solidarity among its local peoples as well as boosts tourism activities in Tawi-Tawi (Sali and Gonzales 2017, Romero et al. 2017).

Aside from eucheumatoids, other seaweeds produced in Tawi-Tawi have had long found elemental to the daily diets of its local people. It is highly likely that the first settlers of Tawi-Tawi, the Sama Dilaut (Badjao), had the earliest and widest seaweed resource use. Any exact date on the origin of this practice would perhaps be pure conjecture; however, seaweed trades in Tawi-Tawi prior to its domestication could be traced back to as early as the 1700s (Fry 1970). Studies on seaweed diversity in Tawi-

Tawi are only a few (Trono 1972, Puig-Shariff 2015, Tahil and Liao 2019). While Tawi-Tawi has become the “site-of-choice” for various studies involving eucheumatoids, the area has received a disproportionate share of scholarly attention concerning other edible seaweeds locally utilized in the area. The present paper, therefore, focuses attention on a fundamental question on the identity of the common seaweed species sold in Tawi-Tawi public markets.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study SiteTawi-Tawi (Figure 1) is located at the tip of the southwest area of Sulu archipelago of Mindanao. The province covers a land area of 1,087.40 km2. The expanse of Sulu Sea to its north, the Sabah Sea to its west, and the North Kalimantan Sea from western and southern borders geographically divide the region from the Sulu province, Malaysia, and Indonesia, respectively. Politically, Tawi-Tawi also includes the Mapun Is. (formerly Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi) and the Turtle Islands whose geographic locations are nearer to Sabah, Malaysia (about 20 km) than that of most islands of Tawi-Tawi.

Tabuh (Figure 2) is the local market in Tawi-Tawi. In this study, two major tabuh were visited: the Bongao Public Wet Market (5°04’11.2’’N 119°53’02.0’’E) in Bongao and the Batu-Batu Public Market (5°04'11.2"N 119°53'02.0"E) situated at the Panglima Sugala Municipal Fish Port. In terms of size and number of traders and buyers, these two marketplaces are the largest in Tawi-Tawi.

Figure 1. Maps showing the location of Tawi-Tawi in the Philippines and respective study areas.

Dumilag: Edible Seaweeds in Tawi-Tawi MarketsPhilippine Journal of ScienceVol. 148 No. 4, December 2019

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InterviewSamples of morphologically different species of seaweeds were purchased, which were subsequently used for voucher preparation. Information on seaweed merchandise from target marketplaces was obtained via an unstructured interview with vendors as the respondents. Following Tito and Liao (2000), the information was directly extracted: (1) local name of the seaweed, (2) source, (3) seasonality, (4) price, and (5) usage. The interview was done twice i.e., July and August 2019. A total of 38 vendors participated in this study, representing six and 32 respondents from Bongao and Batu-Batu Public Markets, respectively.

Species IdentificationSpecies identification in situ was done based on morphological criteria. Key phenotypic features were examined, documented, and used the most recent literature (Ganzon-Fortes et al. 2005, Tan et al. 2013, Belton et al. 2015, Huisman 2015, Pattarach et al. 2019) to identify each taxon down to species level. Voucher specimens were prepared using the protocol of Trono and Ganzon-Fortes (1988) but untreated with formalin. Exsiccatae were lodged in Mindanao State University (MSU) Herbarium at the MSU – Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography in Boheh Sallang, Sanga-Sanga, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi.

Confirmation of Seaweed Source OriginAfter the interview, one of the seaweed source areas – Belatan Is. (Pondohan Tiyadtad, 5°03'57"N 120°01'02"E) – was also visited to confirm the presence of each of the species identified in this study. Underwater photographs of habit specimens were taken using a Canon PowerShot D30 (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) camera.

RESULTS

Market AmbianceThe Bongao Public Wet Market (Figure 2A) operates daily from 06:00 AM to 05:00 PM. The present market structure was built adjacent to the Chinese Pier, the central hub for vessel transportation in the entirety of Tawi-Tawi. The area was covered by a concrete base. There are 24 tiled tabletops inside, mainly occupied by regular vendors (magdagang-dagang) who exclusively sell fish and other marine merchandise. Sellers hawk their goods in loud voices. Peak hours start from 01:00 PM to 05:00 PM. There were only six vendors (both survey months) who permanently sell seaweeds. All of them participated in the interview. They were situated inside the marketplace proper. Seaweed stockpiles are commonly placed inside karut (sack) or pastan (basin). All vendors were female.

Batu-Batu Public Market (Figure 2B) is a periodic type of market and operates every Friday only, with high foot traffic at 02:00 PM onwards but – beginning 24 Aug 2019 – the operation was moved every Saturday from 08:00 AM onwards. During peak hours, the number of vendors was comparably two-fold than that of the Bongao Public Market. Goods consisted of both wet and dry merchandise. Vendors hawk their produce in loud voices. On the first survey, a total of 20 vendors sell seaweed produce in the area, of which 12 (60%) respondents participated; on the next visit, 20 (62.5%) of the 32 vendors joined the interview. There were seven respondents who consistently joined both surveys.

In the open-air were the seaweed produce displayed over karut. Seaweed stockpiles were placed inside karut, tiklis (bamboo basket) (Figure 2C), or tambusâ (Figure 2D), a traditional bag made up of weaved coconut leaves. All vendors were female. Magsaliyu or barter transaction was still a common practice, especially between farmers and fishers. Magsaliyu is characterized as an innovative negotiable transaction between traders. For example, da tumpuk (a handful heap) of seaweed can be exchanged for pieces of panggi bagun (sweet potato), sayul (vegetables), or buah-buah (fruits).

Figure 2. Vendors selling edible seaweeds in public market (tabuh) in (A) Bongao Public Wet Market and (B) Batu-Batu, Panglima Sugala in Tawi-Tawi. Stockpiles of seaweeds placed inside (C) tiklis and (D) tambusâ.


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Seaweed Source AreaThe Pondohan Tiyadtad is part of the Belatan group of islands. A pondohan is a small community of seaweed farmers residing in stilt houses amidst the sea. The Pondohan Tiyadtad is characterized as a wide seagrass bed ranged from small patches to large meadows. The substrate of the area is primarily sandy with several coral bommies and large stones scattered here and there. Indications of seagrass destruction were observed, most probably due to human activities such as seaweed farming and boat anchoring and transport.

Seaweed Species A total of seven seaweed species (three chlorophytes and four rhodophytes) are offered for sale in the local markets of Tawi-Tawi. They were chiefly known locally as agal-agal, latoh (gamay in Tausug), and gulaman, and were confirmed to occur at least in Belatan Is. (one of seaweed area sources). All species can be harvested year-round but vendors in Bongao Public Market consistently claimed that gulaman can be unavailable for some months (the vendors did not specify). The prices of seaweed goods, regardless of species, were the same per marketplace. The prices were fixed. Seaweed vendors from Batu-Batu Public Market offered Php 10.00 (around USD 0.15–0.20) per heap but doubled its price in the Bongao Public Wet Market. Vendors believe that their seaweeds are beneficial to the welfare of the whole community; however, no respondent provided any specific health benefits. According to the vendors, buyers prepare seaweeds as a salad commonly mixed with onions, tomatoes, and vinegar. Table 1 shows the summary information extracted from the seaweed vendors from the study sites.

Latoh. Also locally referred to as gamay in Tausug, latoh constitutes the species of Caulerpa. They are found abundantly growing in seagrass meadows characterized by sandy substrates. Three species were recognized: Caulerpa lentillifera (Figure 3A), Caulerpa cf. macrodisca ecad

Figure 3. Caulerpa species sold at public markets in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. (A) Caulerpa lentillifera in situ habit and (B) a photo showing its erect assimilators with densely covered subspherical ramuli. (C) Caulerpa cf. macrodisca ecad corynephora in situ habit and (D) a photo illustrating its assimilator bearing oppositely arranged turbinate ramuli. (E) Caulerpa cf. racemosa in situ habit and (F) a photo showing its typical spherical to clavate ramuli. All scale bars measure 2 mm.

Table 1. Seaweed species sold in local markets in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, including local names and source.

Species Voucherspecimen

Local name Source*

1. Caulerpa lentillifera MSU-00011 Latoh, GamayBalimbing Proper, Belatan Is., Tongbangkaw, Tandubas Is.

2. Caulerpa cf. macrodisca ecad corynephora MSU-00012 Latoh, Gamay Belatan Is., Tongbangkaw, Tandubas Is.

3. Caulerpa cf. racemosa MSU-00013 Latoh, Gamay Belatan Is., Tongbangkaw, Tandubas Is.

4. Eucheuma denticulatum MSU-00014 Agal-agal, Spinosum Belatan Is., Tongbangkaw, Tandubas Is.

5. Kappaphycus alvarezii MSU-00015 Agal-agal, Tambalang Belatan Is., Tongbangkaw, Tandubas Is.

6. Kappaphycus striatus MSU-00016 Agal-agal, Katunay Belatan Is., Tongbangkaw, Tandubas Is.

7. Solieria robusta MSU-00017 Gulaman Belatan Is., Tongbangkaw, Tandubas Is.

*For this study, the only source origin was confirmed in Pondohan Tiyadtad, Belatan Is.


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corynephora (Figure 3B), and Caulerpa cf. racemosa (Figure 3C). Characteristic to Caulerpa species sold in the public markets in Tawi-Tawi were their bottle green colored thalli with assimilators bearing succulent ramuli that come in various shapes. C. lentillifera differed sharply from other congeneric produce by having erect assimilators densely covered by subspherical ramuli. Both C. macrodisca ecad corynephora and C. racemosa developed assimilators with oppositely arranged ramuli. The former species distinctively bear clavate to turbinate ramuli, while the shape of the latter species ranged from clavate to mostly spherical.

Agal-agal. Agal-agal is the local name given for three species – namely Eucheuma denticulatum (Figures 4A–B), Kappaphycus alvarezii (Figures 4C-D), and K. striatus (Figures 4E–F). In Pondohan Tiyadtad, Belatan Is., E. denticulatum was found growing in the wild near seaweed farm areas consisting of K. alvarezii and K.

Figure 4. Species of Euchuema, Kappaphycus, and Solieria sold at public markets in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. (A) Underwater photo of a wild Eucheuma denticulatum attached on rock and (B) its habit, scale = 4 cm. (C) Kappaphycus alvarezii grown on a rope and (D) its habit, scale = 3 cm. (E) Kappaphycus striatus grown on a rope and (F) its habit, scale = 4 cm. (G) Underwater photo of Solieria robusta and (H) its habit, scale = 3 cm.

striatus. These are the most common seaweed species in Tawi-Tawi public markets. Locals can tell them apart as spinosum, tambalang, and katunay, respectively. The color of agal-agal ranged from yellow and pale brown to grass green or a mixture thereof. The thalli of agal-agal were cartilaginous and sympodial, axes were cylindrical. E. denticulatum differed from K. alvarezii and K. striatus by having relatively thinner axes (< 1 cm diameter) beset with regular whorls of spines to entirely smooth on some portions. Both K. alvarezii and K. striatus had smooth axes with dichotomous to irregular branching pattern. K. striatus formed bushier branches near tips. The dichotomous branching is generally more consistent in K. striatus than in K. alvarezii.

Gulaman. Gulaman is identified as Solieria robusta (Figures G–H). The species was found growing on rock entangled with Laurencia sp. Distinct to this species was its yellow, smooth cylindrical, soft gel-filled branches. Its axes spanned up to 4 mm and appeared as radially and distichously branched. Its axes gradually reduced in width upward to pointed apices. Probably during harvest and transportation and in part due to its delicate thallus, gulaman often vend as a fragment of branches on heaps, thus obscuring its overall distichous branching pattern.

DISCUSSIONSeaweeds are important in the traditional diet of the local people of Tawi-Tawi. Public markets in Tawi-Tawi constitute strong seaweed entrepreneurship virtually participated in by local women. Dubbed as the “food basket of Tawi-Tawi” (Mercado 2008), the public concourse of seaweed traders and possible buyers in Batu-Batu was found significantly larger (i.e., a larger difference in terms of the number of respondents) than that of Bongao. Although the majority of local seaweed occupations involve domestication of eucheumatoids, the local people of Tawi-Tawi also gather substantial amounts of wild seaweeds for trade. Here, on the basis of morphology, seven species were identified. It appears that the number of seaweed ethnotaxa elsewhere in the Philippines, particularly the northern region of the country (Dumilag 2018), is higher than what is so far known in Tawi-Tawi. Probably, such a list for Tawi-Tawi will be increased once the research is conducted involving non-trade taxa (i.e., those that are gathered exclusive for food sustenance and other commercial purposes) at wider sampling site coverage.

Except for S. robusta, all identified species are widely known marketed in a much wider area in the Philippines (Zaneveld 1959; Moreland 1979; Hurtado-Ponce 1983, 1992; Marcos-Agngarayngay 1983; Tungpalan 1983;


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Cordero 1987). Only S. robusta (known as tajuk bau’no) is also found on sale in the local public markets in Zamboanga (Tito and Liao 2000), a province 300 km off north Tawi-Tawi. The same species locally referred to as lumitamana has also been reported to have commercial value in Suva and Nausori markets in Fiji (South 1993). Many taxa in the genus Caulerpa, in particular within the Caulerpa racemosa complex, are difficult to identify due to morphological variability (Sauvage et al. 2013, Belton et al. 2014) brought by environmental factors (Peterson 1972, Gacia et al. 1996). Those identified Caulerpa species sold in Tawi-Tawi markets belong to this complex; therefore, the use of a more reliable tool (molecular approaches) to validate species identification for this group is strongly suggested.

The total production and other relevant data on the distribution and source availability of wild edible seaweed resources in Tawi-Tawi are hitherto unknown. Attempts to domesticate other seaweed species, aside from eucheumatoids, are yet to be realized in the area. However, their potential to contribute to food security and sustainable aquaculture has long been harnessed in other areas in the Philippines, e.g., Caulerpa farming in Batangas (Trono and Denila 1987), Cebu (Trono 1988, Romano 1999), and Palawan (Mundo et al. 2002). The same holds true for Tawi-Tawi, the market supply of S. robusta in Zamboanga (Tito and Liao 2000), which remains widely dependent on wild stocks.

Market knowledge is particularly relevant for local seaweed resources demanded by various stakeholders. Cataloging species names in any given region remain as a fundamental reference for seaweed conservation planners and resource managers. Without basic information on the identity of these resources, it would be difficult to evaluate their status and implement proposed conservation measures. The negative impacts of the changing climate to seaweed communities are undoubtedly of no exception (Harley et al. 2012). Many seaweed communities in the Philippines in their natural stock have also been suggested to be highly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures, including overharvesting and habitat degradation (Largo 2002). The list of seaweed species presented in this study serves as an important resource tool for future bioprospecting in Tawi-Tawi. Natural products from seaweeds have long been fertile sources of nutrient and bioactive compounds. For example, various Caulerpa and eucheumatoid species contain high nutrient and bioactive compounds (e.g., Smit 2004, Gaillande et al. 2016). S. robusta is also a potential source of carrageenan (Chiovitti et al. 1999) but its domestication has yet to be realized. Studies have found that S. robusta possesses significant antifungal (Khanzada et al. 2007), hypolipidaemic (Ara et al. 2002), and anticancer properties (Hori et al. 1988,

Tariq et al. 2001, Yen et al. 2004).

Ethnophycological studies involving identification of local resources must begin to place greater worth more than ever (Turner 2014), particularly in this modern time where many of the recent societal challenges can be resolved using identified specimens (Soltis 2007, Upton et al. 2019). Accordingly, the present study is offered as a contribution to Philippine ethnophycology whose attention is little, yet many of its aspects – once unraveled – can certainly aid address various problems that the Philippine society faces today.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe author would like to thank A. M. Diansuy, A. B. Hadjirul, S. K. Kalimuddin, A. A. Juaini, A. Sanuddin, N. Sanuddin, S. Z. B. Halun, and K. J. B. Serag for their valuable help during the conduct of the study. S. U. Damsik and A. L. Recto are acknowledged for thoughtful conversations on the topic. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their insightful comments on further developing this manuscript.

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