BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle.
Ecosystem - Napa Valley College Structure.pdfEcosystem Structure 1. Population Interactions 2....
Transcript of Ecosystem - Napa Valley College Structure.pdfEcosystem Structure 1. Population Interactions 2....
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Ecosystem =
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Ecosystem =
A group of interacting populations and their
physical environment.
All interacting by a flow of energy and
with their physical and chemical
environments.
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Ecosystems can be
Small
Large
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Ecosystems
1. Population Interactions
2. Energy Flow
3. Material Cycles
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Ecosystems
1. Population Interactions
2. Energy Flow
3. Material Cycles
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Modes of Nutrition
• Autotrophs
– Capture sunlight or chemical energy
– Primary producers
• Heterotrophs
– Extract energy from other organisms or
organic wastes
– Consumers, decomposers, detritivores
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Simple
Ecosystem
Model
Energy
input from
sun
Nutrient
Cycling
Producers
Autotrophs (plants and other
self-feeding organisms)
Consumers
Heterotrophs (animals, most fungi,
many protists, many bacteria)
Energy output (mainly metabolic heat)
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Role of Organisms
• Producers
(photoautotrophs)
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Primary Producers
Photoautotrophs
+ + + C6H12O6
+ O2
sugar oxygen Sunlight + water + CO2 + minerals =
=
Energy Materials
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Role of Organisms
• Consumers
1. Herbivore
2. Carnivores
3. Omnivores
4. Parasites
5. Decomposers
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Role of Organisms • Consumers
1. Herbivore
2. Carnivores
3. Omnivores
4. Parasites
5. Decomposers
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Role of Organisms • Consumers
1. Herbivore
2. Carnivores
3. Omnivores
4. Parasites
5. Decomposers
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Role of Organisms • Consumers
1. Herbivore
2. Carnivores
3. Omnivores
4. Parasites
5. Decomposers
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Role of Organisms • Consumers
1. Herbivore
2. Carnivores
3. Omnivores
4. Parasites
5. Decomposers
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Trophic Levels
• Feeding relationships
– All organisms at a trophic level are the same
number of steps away from the energy input
into the system
• Autotrophs are producers
– closest to energy input
– first trophic level
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4th trophic level
3rd trophic level
2nd trophic level
1st trophic level
Food Chain
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Food Chain
• A straight-line
sequence of who
eats whom
• Simple food
chains are rare in
nature
marsh hawk
upland sandpiper
garter snake
cutworm
plants
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Food Web
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Biological Magnification
Non-degradable or slowly degradable
substances become more and more
concentrated in tissues of organisms at
higher trophic levels of a food web
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DDT in Food Webs
• Synthetic pesticide banned
in United States since
1970s
• Carnivorous birds
accumulate DDT in their
tissues, produce brittle egg
shells
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Ecosystems
1. Population Interactions
2. Energy Flow
3. Material Cycle
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Energy Flow
• Primary Productivity
• Gross primary productivity
• Net primary productivity
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Primary Productivity
• Gross primary productivity is
ecosystem’s total rate of photosynthesis
• Net primary productivity is rate at which
producers store energy in tissues in
excess of their aerobic respiration
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Ecological Pyramids
• Primary producers are bases for
successive tiers of consumers
• Biomass pyramid
– Dry weight of all organisms
• Energy pyramid
– Usable energy decreases as it is
transferred through ecosystem
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Pyramids of biomass
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 54.12a
What causes there to be less biomass at higher levels?
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Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 54.11
Pyramids of energy
What causes there to be a loss of energy at each tropic level?
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Thermodynamics
• First Law – energy is neither created
nor destroyed when converted
from one form to another
• Second Law – whenever
there is a change of energy
from one form to another,
some is lost in the form of
heat and thus cannot
perform work
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One-way flow of energy
+
1 C6H12O6 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Heat
energy rich energy poor
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2nd Law Cont.
Entropy – a measure of disorder in a system
• disorder spontaneously increases over time
• Matter has a tendency to reach a higher state
of entropy and lower state of potential energy
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“The Rule of Ten” or “10% Law”
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Ecosystem Structure
1. Population Interactions
2. Energy Flow
3. Material Cycle (Biogeochemical Cycle) • Hydrologic cycle
– Water
• Atmospheric cycles
– Nitrogen and carbon
• Sedimentary cycles
– Phosphorus and other nutrients
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Water Cycle
atmosphere
ocean land
evaporation
from ocean
425,000
precipitation
into ocean
385,000
evaporation from land
plants (evapotranspiration)
71,000
precipitation
onto land
111,000
wind-driven water vapor
40,000
surface and
groundwater
flow 40,000
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Aquifer
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Plants Influence the Water Cycle
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Plants Protect Soil
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Hubbard Brook Experiment
• A watershed was experimentally
stripped of vegetation
• All surface water draining from
watershed was measured
• Deforestation caused increase in
nutrient content of runoff water
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The Effect of Deforestation on nutrient erosion
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Wetlands
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Groundwater Pollution
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Dust Bowl – 1930s
Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas
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Groundwater Depletion
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Galveston
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Carbon Cycle
Reservoir:
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Carbon - Biomass Holding Stations
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Decomposition
Rates
Higher rates in forests
due to favorable
conditions
(moist and warm)
Not much carbon
accumulates
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Peat Bog Slow decomposition
due to anaerobic
conditions, more C
accumulates
Peat Moss Bog man
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Source to Atmosphere
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Carbon Cycle
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Greenhouse Effect
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Galveston
4°C = 0.6m sea level
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Comparison of the Muir Glacier, SE
Alaska, in 1941 and 2004
Muir Glacier, SE Alaska
August, 1941 August, 2004
photo: William Field photo: Bruce Molnia
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Arctic Ice Cap
• water 200m below
the arctic icecap –
1996 was 1°C
warmer than in 1991
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1990-present – decades of
record-breaking disasters
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Carbon dioxide (CO2)
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) – 50% Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – 25%
Methane (CH4) – 15% Nitrous oxide (N2O) – 10%
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80’s Hair Do’s
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Nitrogen Cycle
• Reservoir – atmosphere
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Nitrogen Fixation
• Source to Plants –
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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
• Source to Plants –
Cyanobacteria Bacteria in
Root Nodules of Legumes
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Decomposition
• Source to Plants –
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Plant Limiting Factor for Growth
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Nitrogen Cycle – Atmospheric N-fixing bacteria
ammonium
Nitrogen (N2) (NH4)
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Nitrogen Cycle –
Organic Material Ammonifying bacteria ammonium (NH4)
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Nitrogen Cycle –
NH4+ Nitrifying Bacteria NO3
-
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Nitrogen Cycle –
NO3- Denitrifying Bacteria N2
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Nitrogen Cycle
nitrate (NO3-) Plant Uptake
ammonium (NH4+)
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Oligotrophic waters of coral reefs
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The mystery of coral reefs
•Reefs support an
impressive diversity
and abundance of
life
•Where do the
nutrients come
from?
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Cyanobacteria fix nitrogen for the
community
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• Algal growth in and on the coral is dominated
by nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria
• Flow over the reef and light levels determine N
fixation rate
• How do
we know?
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Leave ceramic plates for turf algae
to grow on
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Nitrogen fixation measurement • Generate acetylene (H-CΞC-H) by
dropping calcium carbide (Ca-CΞC-Ca)
into water and collect gas that bubbles up
• Then inject gas into air above water
(head space) in
“doughnut” flume
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Nitrogen fixation measurement
• “doughnut” flume
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• Cyanobacteria “reduce” acetylene to ethylene (H2-C=C-H2)
• They can’t tell it’s not N2
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• We measure amount of ethylene produced over time as proxy for N2 fixation
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We can compare N fixation over
time and at different light levels
3 Sept Exp 1
All Data Points
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Elapsed Time (min)
Eth
yle
ne c
on
c.
(nm
ol)
NFix vs Light
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
PAR (micromol photons)
slo
pe
31-Aug
1-Sep
2-Sep
3-Sep