BIOLOGY TASKBIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLEPOLLUTIONRECYLING ORGANIC WASTEVanny Andriani Waisaka Febri. BVincent Yogi Pratama

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

Group 9

DEFINITION

By organisms

and chemical reactions

Biotic compounds

Abiotic

compounds

CLASSIFICATIONWater Cycle

Carbon and Oxygen Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Phosphorus Cycle

Sulphur Cycle

WATER CYCLE

Long Cycle

Moderate Cycle

Short Cycle

SHORT CYCLE

evaporation of the

sea

occur condensation and forming

clouds

rain and the water

flow to thge sea

again

by sun

MODERATE CYCLEback from river

to the sea

evaporatin of the sea

steam and gas condensationsteam moves

and forming cloud

reduction in rainfall on land

flowing

by wind

LONG CYCLEforming glaciers

back into the sea

evaporation of sea water

sublimation

forming clouds

winds and clouds

forming

snow fell

melt

move

by sun

VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE

OXYGEN AND CARBON CYCLE

CO2 diffuse into the palisade tissue

CO2 required in photosynthesis

releasing O2

O2 inhaled by human to run metabolism

Metabolism release CO2 and H2O as its waste

CO2 and H2O required by plants

to run photocynthesis

died living things mineralized by microorganism

Mineralization of organic

substances produce oil and

natural gas

Oil and natural gas are burnt,

releasing CO2 to the atmosphere

CO2 diffuse into the palisade tissue

on plants

on plants

HOW ATMOSPHERE TAKE THE CARBON ?

atmosphereThrough photosynthesis

Through organisms that form a tissue of carbon.

Through respiration

Through the decomposition of animals and

plants

Burning fossil

VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE

VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE

NITROGEN CYCLEvertebrate consume nitrogen through nutrient

digested into a smaller form of amino acids and components of

nucleotides

used for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids

the excess will be

oxidized to obtain energy

it will excreted by

urin and feces

in the body

VERTEBRATE

NITROGEN CYCLEN2 (Nitrogen)

NH3 (Ammonia)

NO2- (Nitrit)

NO3- (Nitrat)

Used by plants

Decomposed by microorganims

Anabaena azolla

Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrosococcus sp.

Nitrobacter sp.

by root

died

back to the atmosphere

PLANTS

VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE

PHOSPHORUS CYCLEformation

of sediment

from erosion

and weathering

of rocks

plant takes in

phosphate dissolved

in soil water Herbivores

obtain phosphoru

s from eating and carnivorou

s obtain from

herbivores

animals released

phosphate in the urine and feces

decomposed by fungi

and bacteria

at the sea

on land

VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE

SULPHUR CYCLE

organic

sulphur

H2S

elemental S

SO4

mineralization

sulphur oxidation

sulphur oxidation

sulphate reduction

THE BACTERIA THAT CONTRIBUTE

• Thiobacillus• Chromatium

sulphur oxidation

• Desulfovibrio• Desulfomaculumsulphate

reduction

VISUALIZATION OF THE CYCLE

POLLUTION

Group 8

CLASSIFICATION

POLLUTION

air pollution

water pollution

land pollution

sound pollution

light pollution

thermal pollution

visual pollution

AIR POLLUTIONNo. Pollutant Produced Form

1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fossil fuel use (oil and coal), natural gas, and forest burning.

2 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and

nitrogen monoxide (NO)

Fossil fuel use such as for motor vehicles that produce exhaust

3 Carbon monoxide (CO) Fossil fuel use such as for motor vehicles that produce exhaust from incomplete combustion

4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)

Cooling agent in AC, fridge, and aerosol spray

5 Radiation of radioactive materials

From nuclear

effects on living beings, in some degree, can cause mutations, a variety of diseases caused by gene abnormalities, and even death.

AIR POLLUTIONNo. Pollutant Effects

1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Greenhouse effect (Temperature increases. So, the ice sheets can melt especially glaciers especially at the South pole. Melting ice may increase sea levels all over the world and drown cities and number of islands. This may also increase storms and climatic changes that affect farming, fisheries and human life).

2 Carbon monoxide (CO) When the body is lacking oxygen, it can cause nausea and headache. Once the content of carbon monoxide in air reaches 0.1%, it can cause death.

3 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2 )

Acid rain or acid snow (can cause damages to forest, crop plants, and plantation. It also causes rusting of materials that are made of metal such as bridges, railways, and buildings. Acid rain decreases the pH of soil, rivers, and lakes that affect the health and survival of the organisms within them).

AIR POLLUTIONNo. Pollutant Effects

4 Ozone (O3) This thinning of ozone layer results in reduced ability to perform its shielding function in keeping UV radiation from the earth. UV radiation that reaches earth may cause destruction and disturbance of human health, skin cancers and cataracts, disturbance of oceanic food chains and destruction of crop plants and plantations.

LAND POLLUTION

pollution

domestic wastes

farming wastes

mining wastes

CAUSES

domestic

wastes

•from garbage in large amounts

•from plastic rubbish difficult destroyed, bottles, synthetic rubber,broken glass, and cans, detergents which are non bio degradable (naturally difficultdescribed)

farming

wastes

•from the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides

mining

wastes

•from the use of mercury (Hg)

EFFECTS

domestic

wastes

•decreased quality of ground water. it can be seen from its physical characteristic such as odor, color, and taste, even the presence of oil.

farming

wastes

•plants wilt and reduce their yield and may eventually even die

•endanger and killed soil organisms that important to decaying process

•causing cancer and is lethal

mining

wastes

•mercury is toxic and can be lethal if it enters the organisms

WATER POLLUTION

pollution

domestic wastes

farming wastes

industry wastes

oil tanker

spillages

WATER POLLUTIONdomestic waste• such as detergents, sewage, and feces play a large role in

river pollution• polluted rivers that contain pathogenic bacteria and viruses

can cause the outbreak of diseases• Sewage and garbage also need oxygen to be degraded and

decomposed, so the oxygen concentration in water may decrease when these pollutants are present.

industrial waste• some wastes still contain harmful and toxic substances

such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), Chrome (Cr), cooper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni)

• can harm the life of aquatic organisms• mercury can destroy the nervous system when it enters the

body and causes paralysis, even death

WATER POLLUTIONfarming waste• by the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides,

and herbicides• will poison aquatic organisms and human wo

used the water

oil tanker spillages• oil spillage that pollutes water in the oceans

comes from both the tanker and offshore factory failures

• destroys ocean organism life such as sea birds and fishes by oil that sticks on bird’s feathers and fish’s gills

CONTAMINATION

contamination

chemical waste

inorganic waste

organic waste

impact on organisms

CONTAMINATION• can be decomposed or degraded

by microorganismsorganic waste

• can not be decomposed and difficult to degrade by microorganisms

• this can cause water to be hard because they contain calcium ions (Ca) and magnesium ions (Mg)

• , these ions can be toxic such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) is very dangerous for the human body

inorganic waste

• contaminants such as soaps, eradication of pests, chemical dyes, leather tanning solution and radioactive substances

• can kill annoying and aquatic animals, water plants and possibly also humans

chemical waste

SOUND POLLUTION caused by the noise of motor vehicles,

aircraft, the roar of the engine factory, radio / tape recorder, which reads loud that it interferes with hearing, roadway noise, and as well as high-intensity sonar

will disturb human life and can even damage hearing permanently

LIGHT POLLUTION comes from the exterior and interior lighting

of buildings, billboards, commercial property, offices, factories, roads and stadium lights

due to light pollution, bird can not migrate to the right place because the star and the moon that as navigator is invisible

sea turtles also have not come to the beach and lay eggs as usual because of fear of the light

astronomers can not observe and find objects in space because of too much light that covered the night sky

THERMAL POLLUTION waste hot water from power plant installation

is usually discharged directly into rivers, increasing water temperature and cause thermal pollution

aquatic animal populations will decline at higher temperatures, only a few kinds can live at temperatures above 40oCof animals that

oil and petrochemical kind of polluting waters will form a thin layer on the surface of the water that prevents the exchange of oxygen in the water with the atmosphere

fish can not breathe and marine plants can not photosynthesize cause of death in biota

VISUAL POLLUTION which can refer to the presence of overhead

power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash or municipal solid waste

even the trees as elements of urban green evicted by the presence of billboards. beside as the lungs of the city, green trees also contribute in terms of psychology to residents of the city. too many concrete buildings and advertisements will make people easy to stress, because it is far from nature

VISUALIZATION OF THE POLLUTION

RECYCLING THE ORGANIC WASTE

GROUP 8

PREFACE

organic waste become hazardous waste to the environment as the human behavior does not match with the concept of ‘back to nature’. household waste, agricultural waste even human organic waste are harmful to the environment. little effort has been practiced but almost resulting in no impact.

in developing countries, the government has set up rules that dictated every organic waste must be used until their full potential has used up and propagated recycling, reuse, and repair.

in the large cities, a massive quantities of waste has been produced with inadequate facilities to dealing with it and much of this waste is either left to rot in the streets, or is collected and dumped on open land near the city limits.

DOMESTIC AND HOUSEHOLD WASTE

it is usually cooked or uncooked food scrapes, often mixed with non organic waste like plastic that can not be composed.

produced in small quantity in developing countries, domestic waste are

usually produced in larger quantity than the industry waste

COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED ORGANIC

WASTE

by this, waste generated at institutional buildings, such as schools, hotels and restaurants. The quantities of waste here are much higher and the potential for use in conjunction with small-scale enterprise is good.

ANIMAL AND HUMAN WASTE

there are serious health risks involved with handling sewage connected with bacteria and fungi lived in raw sewage

Human faecal residue: produced in large quantities in urban areas and is

dealt with in a variety of ways. can present enormous health risks often found in slum areas or poor region the most commonly used method is anaerobic

digestion to produce biogas and liquid fertiliser Animal residue

commonly used as a source of fertiliser, being applied directly to the land, or as a source of energy, either through direct combustion (after drying) or through digestion to produce methane gas

AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE

remains after the processing of crops (e.g. maize stalks, rice husks, foliage, etc.)

there are a wide variety of applications for this residue, ranging from simple combustion on an open fire to complex energy production processes that use this waste as a fuel stock

COMPOSTING the decomposition occurs because of the action of

naturally occurring micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi

composting can convert organic waste into rich, dark coloured compost, or humus, in a matter of a few weeks or months

organic material, the remains of dead animals and plants, is broken down and consumed by micro-organisms and eaten by small invertebrates

there are some benefit of composting : it provides a useful way of reclaiming nutrients from organic

refuse saves valuable landfill space and possible contamination of

land and water due to landfill ‘leachate’ can be used as fertiliser on farmland or in the garden improves the condition of soils

METHODS OF COMPOSTING SYSTEM

backyard composting• the waste can be placed in a and left to

decompose for 2 – 3 months• produces a rich compost which can be used as

a fertiliser on fields or gardens

neighbourhood composting• laid out in long rows and turned occasionally

and another method is the rotating bin method which uses a series of closed

co-composting• co-composting is technique whereby

organic food waste is mixed with human or animal excreta and composted

FORMS OF DECOMPOSITION

anaerobic

•the breakdown of the organic material is caused by bacteria and fungi that thrive in low or no-oxygen conditions

•takes place in closed containers

aerobic

•bacteria and fungi which thrive in high oxygen conditions are responsible for the decomposition

•the decomposition teke places in containers that allow air to enter

PRODUCTION BIOGAS process whereby organic matter is broken down by

microbiological activity and takes place in the absence of air

biogas can be produced by digesting human, animal or vegetable waste in specially designed digesters

The benefit of this digestion are: the production of methane for use as a fuel the waste is reduced to slurry which has a high nutrient

content which makes an ideal fertiliser during the digestion process pathogens in the manure are

killed, which is a great benefit to environmental health biogas can be used for a number of applications,

including lighting, cooking, electricity generation and as a replacement for diesel in diesel engines.

BIOGAS CYCLE

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