Economic Impact Study of the Ohio River Bridges Project

8/2/2019 Economic Impact Study of the Ohio River Bridges Project

1/37

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bea

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2/37

Qbmic g` Hgeqceqx

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QBMIC G@ HGEQCEQX

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3/37

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4/37

Hjbpqc} 26 Keq}gashqkge

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kx g}lbekvca qg p}cxceq qjc bebi{xkx bea `keakelx g` cbhj b}cb }crsk}ca m{ qjc xqbqsqc|kqjke qjc hgeqczq g` gqjc} }cicbeq hgexkac}bqkgex% Qbmic 2 mcig| xsddb}kvcx |jc}c|kqjke qjkx aghsdceq cbhj g` qjc xqbqsqg}{ kqcdx kx baa}cxxca%

Qbmic 26 Xqbqsqg}{ Hgdpikbehc Iggnsp Qbmic

Xqbqsqg}{ ]crsk}cdceq Hjbpqc}*x+ g`qjkx Aghsdceq

2% Chgegdkh kdpbhqx ge czkxqkel hgddc}hkbi bea keasxq}kbi accigpdceq = & 8

=% _gqceqkbi kdpbhqx ge cdpig{dceq =

8% _gqceqkbi `g} `sqs}c accigpdceq ecb} qjc p}gfchq b}cb) kehisakel

ighbqkgex g} keqc}hjbelcx qjbq |kii dbzkdkvc gppg}qsekqkcx g}accigpdceq

= & 8

1% @kxhbi kdpbhqx ge }ccescx qg ighbi sekqx g` lgc}edceq 1

3% Acdbeax ge lgc}edceq xc}khcx) xshj bx psmikh xb`cq{) psmikh |g}nx)cashbqkge) vgekel bea mskiakel bea ighbi bk}pg}qx

1

@}gd Keakbeb Hgac :$23%3$1$2%3

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*=+ _gqceqkbi kdpbhqx ge cdpig{dceq%

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ighbqkgex g} keqc}hjbelcx qjbq |kii dbzkdkvc gppg}qsekqkcx g} accigpdceq%

*1+ @kxhbi kdpbhqx ge }ccescx qg ighbi sekqx g` lgc}edceq%

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vgekel bea mskiakel) bea ighbi bk}pg}qx%

2


5/37

Hjbpqc} 26 Keq}gashqkge

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b}c }cpg}qca% Ke baakqkge qg qjc }clkgebi kdpbhqx `}gd hgexq}shqkge) db}ncq bhhcxx beacejbehca q}bexpg}qbqkge x{xqcd c``khkceh{) qjc cdpig{dceq bebi{xkx bixg bxxcxxcx qjcxpchk`kh ibea sxc kdpbhqx g` _}gfchq hgeqkelceq accigpdceq ke @ig{a bea Hib}nHgseqkcx ge qjc }clkgebi chgegd{%

Qjc hgeqkelceq accigpdceq *g} ibea sxc+ kdpbhq ke qjc Keakbeb hgseqkcx }cp}cxceqxqjc ak}chq) keashca bea keak}chq cdpig{dceq ke qjc }clkge bx b |jgic qjbq kx czpchqcaqg mc ac}kca `}gd qjc xpchk`kh ighbqkge g` qjc _}gfchq ke }cibqkge qg accigpbmic ibeake Keakbeb) bea qjc czkxqkel bea pgqceqkbi `sqs}c accigpdceq b``chqca m{ qjc _}gfchq%

Mchbsxc qjc chgegdkh dgacikel bea kqx `keakelx b}c bll}clbqc bea }clkgebi ke ebqs}c

*hgexkxqceq |kqj qjc q}bci acdbea dgaci ge |jkhj kq kx mbxca+) qjc xqsa{ lgcx ge qgbebi{vc) `g} ps}pgxcx g` qjc Keakbeb xqbqsqg}{ }crsk}cdceq) jg| qjc }clkgebichgegdkh kdpbhqx b}c czpchqca qg mc czpc}kcehca bq xpchk`kh ighbqkgex ke Keakbeb%Qjkx bebi{xkx kehisacx b dg}c acqbkica bxxcxxdceq g` jg| czkxqkel bea pgqceqkbi `sqs}caccigpdceq bq ighbqkgex ke Keakbeb ecb} qjc _}gfchq b}cb g} gqjc}|kxc xcexkqkc qg qjc_}gfchq |kii mc pgxkqkgeca |kqjke qjc ib}lc} chgegdkh hgeqczq acxh}kmca ke qjcdgacikel% Qjkx kx |jc}c qjc xq}bqclkh c``chqx g` b}cb bhhcxx) ighbikvca accigpdceqpbqqc}ex bea xq}bqclkcx) bea qjc msxkecxx gsqiggn `g} xpchk`kh b}cbx b``chqca m{ qjc_}gfchq b}c acxh}kmca ke acqbki%

Qjc xqsa{ hgehisacx |kqj bebi{xkx g` jg| qjc chgegdkh hjbelcx bxxghkbqca |kqj qjc

_}gfchq *mgqj Keakbebx xjb}c g` qjc gc}bii q}bexpg}qbqkge kdpbhqx) bx |cii bx qjcc``chqx g` hgeqkelceq accigpdceq+ b}c czpchqca qg b``chq hgseq{ bea ighbi `kxhbi}ccescx bx |cii bx qjc acdbea `g} psmikh ke`}bxq}shqs}c bea xc}khcx%


6/37

Hjbpqc} =6 _gqceqkbi Kdpbhq ge Cdpig{dceq) _c}xgebi Kehgdc bea Gsqpsq


_GQCEQKBI KD_BHQ GE

CD_IG[DCEQ)_C]XGEBI KEHGDCBEA GSQ_SQ

Bppi{kel b }clkgebi chgegdkh kdpbhq dgaci qg qjc `kc$hgseq{ }clkge p}gkacx bjklj$icci rsbeqkqbqkc seac}xqbeakel g` qjc c``chqx qjbq qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalc _}gfchq*qjc _}gfchq+ kx czpchqca qg jbc ge qjc gc}bii }clkgebi chgegd{% M{ p}gkakel bebll}clbqc chgegdkh kdpbhq `g} qjc }clkge b``chqca m{ qjc _}gfchq) qjc bebi{xkx kxkeqceaca qg `sii{ xbqkx`{ qjc xchgea xqbqsqg}{ }crsk}cdceq *pgqceqkbi kdpbhqx gecdpig{dceq+ bea qg p}gkac hgeqczq `g} `sii{ baa}cxxkel qjc `k}xq bea qjk}a

}crsk}cdceqx *kdpbhqx ge czkxqkel hgddc}hkbi bea keasxq}kbi accigpdceq) beapgqceqkbi `g} `sqs}c accigpdceq ecb} qjc _}gfchq b}cb+% Kq kx seac}xqgga qjbq `sii{baa}cxxkel qjc `k}xq bea qjk}a }crsk}cdceq ceqbkix b dg}c acqbkica bebi{xkx g` xpchk`khaccigpdceq b}cbx bea kdpbhqx ke qjc ak}chq _}gfchq b}cb) |jkhj kx qjsx hgc}ca keacqbki ke Hjbpqc} 8 g` qjkx }cpg}q%

Qjc `keakelx g` qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchqx kdpbhqx ge cdpig{dceq) pc}xgebikehgdc bea msxkecxx gsqpsq b}c mbxca ge qjc }cxsiqx g` qjc }clkgebi q}bci acdbeadgaci ke hgdmkebqkge |kqj qjc `keakelx g` b xkqc kxkq dbac qg Hib}n bea @ig{aHgseqkcx ke @cm}sb}{) =?2=% Qjc bebi{xkx }cikcx ge qjc x{eqjcxkx g` qjcxc cicdceqx keCA] L}gspx Q}bexpg}qbqkge Chgegdkh Accigpdceq Kdpbhq X{xqcd *Q]CAKX+)

|jkhj sxcx q}bexpg}qbqkge hgxq `bhqg}x `}gd SXAGQ qg dgecqkvc q}bexpg}qbqkgepc}`g}dbehc kdp}gcdceqx) bea sxcx be kepsq$gsqpsq `}bdc|g}n `}gd qjc DkeecxgqbKD_IBE L}gsp *DKL+ qg ac}kc ak}chq) keak}chq bea keashca chgegdkh kdpbhqx%2@sii aghsdceqbqkge g` qjc Q]CAKX dcqjgagigl{ kx bbkibmic `}gd|||%q}cakx%hgd%

Qjc kdpbhqx b}c czpc}kcehca ke qc}dx g` fgmx) pc}xgebi kehgdc *|blcx cb}eca `}gdfgmx+ bea gsqpsq *qjc bisc g` lggax dbac bea xgia m{ msxkecxxcx+% Gc}bii) `}gd=?2= qg =?1=) qjc _}gfchq kx czpchqca qg lcec}bqc be bc}blc g` 2


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Nc{ A}kc}x g` ]clkgebi Kdpbhq

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Hgexq}shqkge

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Q}bexpg}qbqkge C``khkceh{'Gpc}bqkgex

Qgiix

Ibea Sxc

Hgexq}shqkge

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dbkeqcebehc+% Qjcxc kdpbhqx kehisac qjc fgmx bea kehgdc g` pcgpic kegica kehgexq}shqkel bea dbkeqbkekel qjc `bhkikq{ bea qjc gsqpsq g` `k}dx cdpig{cahgexq}shqkel bea dbkeqbkekel qjc `bhkikq{) bx |cii bx qjc keashca *cdpig{cc xpceakelke qjc }clkgebi chgegd{+ bea keak}chq c``chqx *xsppikc} ps}hjbxcx g` dbqc}kbix+% Qjcxckdpbhqx qcea qg pcbn as}kel qjc hgexq}shqkge pc}kga) bea achikec gehc qjc `bhkikq{ kx`sii{ mskiq% Qjcxc kdpbhqx b}c }c`ichqkc g` qjc qgqbi _}gfchq hgxq seac} qjc hs}}ceqi{bxxsdca pjbxkel pbqqc}e `}gd =?2= qj}gslj =?2;%

Db}ncq Bhhcxx

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dbqc}kbix+ c``chqx qjbq ghhs} ke qjc }clkgebi chgegd{%

Q}bexpg}qbqkge C``khkceh{'Gpc}bqkgex

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Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq) qjc q}bexpg}qbqkge c``khkceh{'gpc}bqkgex kdpbhq kx ac}kca`}gd qjc hjbelc ke qjc gc}bii }clkgebi cjkhic dkicx bea cjkhic jgs}x g` q}bci *beaqjc xjb}c g` q}b``kh ghhs}}kel seac} hgelcxqca hgeakqkgex+ mbxca ge qjc q}bci acdbeadgacikel hgeashqca ke qjc EC_B p}ghcxx% Qjc kdpbhq kehisacx keh}cbxca gsqpsq g``k}dx bea jgsxcjgiax mcec`kqqkel `}gd q}bexpg}qbqkge c``khkceh{ xbkelx bea qjc fgmx

bea kehgdc h}cbqca m{ qjcxc xbkelx bx |cii bx qjc keashca bea keak}chq c``chqx qjbqghhs} |jce q}bexpg}qbqkge xbkelx b}c xpceq ke qjc }clkgebi chgegd{%

Qgiix

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qjck} qgii }bqcx `g} hb}x bea q}shnx) }cxpchqkci{+%

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Fsxq bx hgexq}shqkge gsqib{x jbc b pgxkqkc kdpbhq ge qjc }clkgebi chgegd{ m{psqqkel dgec{ keqg qjc chgegd{) k` qjc qgii }ccesc `}gd jgsxcjgiax g} msxkecxxcx

ke qjc }clkge kx sxca qg `sea qjc hgexq}shqkge) qjc pgxkqkc kdpbhqx g` qjc _}gfchq db{g``xcq qjc }ccescx bea bxxghkbqca gsqpsq bea cdpig{dceq qbnce gsq g` qjc

chgegd{ asc qg qgiikel% Qjc bac}xc kdpbhq g` qgiikel hbe mc xcce bx qjc p}khc pbka`g} qjc pgxkqkc kdpbhqx g` qjc _}gfchq% Kq kx czpchqca qjbq qjc pgxkqkc kdpbhqx g`gqjc} q{pcx xjgsia g``xcq qjc bac}xc kdpbhqx g` qgiikel *}cxsiqkel ke b pgxkqkc gc}biichgegdkh kdpbhq+%

Ibea Sxc

Ibea Sxc Kdpbhq kx qjc kdpbhq g` xq}bqclkh accigpdceq ke qjc b}cb qjbq ghhs}xmchbsxc g` jg| xpchk`kh ibea sxcx g} accigpdceq p}ghcxxcx ecb} qjc _}gfchq b}cb``chqca m{ qjc ebqs}c g` qjc _}gfchq% Seiknc qjc gqjc} a}kc}x g` kdpbhq) qjc Ibea SxcKdpbhq hbe mc seac}xqgga bx kdpbhq qjbq kx egq hbsxca ak}chqi{ m{ qjc pc}`g}dbehc g`qjc q}bexpg}qbqkge ke`}bxq}shqs}c) msq }bqjc} m{ qjc acl}cc qg |jkhj qjc b}cb ke |jkhjqjc _}gfchq kx kdpicdceqca kx xcexkqkc qg b pb}qkhsib} hgeechqkge) }cxgs}hc g} bdcekq{p}gkaca m{ qjc _}gfchq% Ke qjc hbxc g` qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq) qjc ak}chq ibeasxc accigpdceq kdpbhq *g} hgeqkelceq accigpdceq mchbsxc kq kx acpceaceq ge qjc


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_}gfchq+ bxxghkbqca |kqj qjc _}gfchq kx mbxca ge qjc xkqc kxkq qg Hib}n bea @ig{aHgseqkcx ke @cm}sb}{) =?2=%

Mbxca ge qjc xkqc kxkq bea qjc gmxc}bqkgex `s}qjc} }cpg}qca ke Hjbpqc} 8) qjc _}gfchqhbe mc czpchqca qg ak}chqi{ }cxsiq ke be cxqkdbqca ;)81= Keakbeb fgmx ke qjc 8?${cb}

bebi{xkx pc}kga% Qjc ;)81= fgmx cxqkdbqc kx mbxca ge qjc xkvc g` accigpbmic ibea qjbq|kii mc dbac bhhcxxkmic m{ qjc _}gfchq) qjc keasxq}kcx czpchqca qg ghhsp{ qjbq ibeabea qjc bc}blc fgmx pc} xrsb}c `ggq `g} accigpdceq g` qjkx q{pc ke qjc keasxq}kcxbeqkhkpbqca qg mc bqq}bhqca% Qjcxc fgmx b}c qjc ak}chq fgmx qjbq b}c czpchqca qg mcbqq}bhqca qg qjc Keakbeb pg}qkge g` qjc xqsa{ b}cb gc} b 8?${cb} pc}kga% Bx b }cxsiq g`qjcxc ;)81= ak}chq fgmx) m{ =?8? be baakqkgebi 2?)31: fgmx |kii }cxsiq `}gd qjckeh}cbxc ke pgpsibqkge bea qjc keh}cbxca hgexsdpqkge g` ighbi lggax bea xc}khcxbxxghkbqca |kqj qjc cxqbmikxjdceqx bea pcgpic qjbq qjcxc ;)81= ak}chq fgmx m}kel qgqjc }clkge% Qbmic = xjg|x qjc qgqbi esdmc} g` bc}blc beesbi fgmx *2;):;? m{ `siimskia gsq+ qjbq |kii }cxsiq `}gd qjkx kekqkbi bqq}bhqkge g` ;)81= m{ qjc _}gfchq kqxci`%*Qjc xhgpc g` qjkx xqsa{ gei{ bxxcxxcx qjc hgeqkelceq kdpbhq ke Keakbeb) biqjgslj kq kx

seac}xqgga qjbq `s}qjc} xqsa{ db{ bixg `kea hgeqkelceq accigpdceq kdpbhqx keNceqshn{+%

Qjc dbfg}kq{ g` qjc hgeqkelceq accigpdceq kdpbhqx ke Keakbeb |kii mc ighbqca kecbxqc}e Hib}n Hgseq{ ke qjc khkekq{ g` qjc _g}q g` Keakbeb bea qjc ]kc} ]kalcHgddc}hc Hceqc}% Qjc pibeeca Cbxq Cea M}kalc |kii ak}chqi{ xc}c qjcxc q|g sekrsc`bhkikqkcx% Qjc _g}q p}gkacx dsiqkdgabi q}bexpg}qbqkge xc}khcx kehisakel }bki) }kc}mb}lc bea jklj|b{) dbnkel kq bqq}bhqkc qg msxkecxxcx qjbq }ci{ ge b }belc g`q}bexpg}qbqkge dgacx `g} xjkppkel bea }chckkel lggax% Qjc pibeeca Cbxq Cea M}kalc|kii cejbehc qjc jklj|b{ ecq|g}n bbkibmic qg dsiqkdgabi msxkecxxcx) |kii gpcedb}ncqx qg qjc xgsqj) bea |kii mcqqc} hgeechq qg b `gs}qj dgacqjc Igskxkiic) N[

Keqc}ebqkgebi Bk}pg}q *XA@+% Mbxca ge keqc}kc|x |kqj chgegdkh accigpdceqg``khkbix bea msxkecxxcx) bx |cii bx b }ckc| g` }chceq keasxq}{ q}ceax ke qjc }clkge)czkxqkel msxkecxxcx qjbq b}c iknci{ qg czpbea mchbsxc g` qjc pibeeca ec| m}kalckehisac6 q}bexpg}qbqkge p}gkac}x *xqccag}cx=) }bki) q}shnkel & |b}cjgsxkel+)`bm}khbqca dcqbi dbes`bhqs}c}x) bea `gga p}ghcxxkel hgdpbekcx%

]kc} ]kalc hs}}ceqi{ jbx gc} 8)??? bh}cx g` ibea |kqjke be czkxqkel hgddc}hc pb}nbea czpchqx qg baa =)


10/37


Chgegdkh Kdpbhq Xqsa{ g` qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq _blc


11/37


Chgegdkh Kdpbhq Xqsa{ g` qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq _blc:

Qbmic 86 _c}xgebi Kehgdc Kdpbhq m{ Hbqclg}{

Ibmg} Kehgdc *Ke !D,x+ =?2=$=?2< =?2:$=?8? =?82$=?1=8?$[cb}

Hsdsibqkc Qgqbi

Hgexq}shqkge Xpceakel !2)8:2 !1;1 !1=: !=)8?8

Cejbehca Db}ncq Bhhcxx !? !2)?0; !2);


12/37

Hjbpqc} 86 Chgegdkh Kdpbhqx ge Keakbebx Czkxqkel bea @sqs}c Hgddc}hkbi bea Keasxq}kbi Accigpdceq

Chgegdkh Kdpbhq Xqsa{ g` qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq _blc;

CHGEGDKH KD_BHQX GE KEAKBEBX

CZKXQKEL BEA @SQS]CHGDDC]HKBI BEA KEASXQ]KBIACPCIG_DCEQ

B qjg}gslj xq}bqclkh bebi{xkx g` qjc xpchk`kh msxkecxx cek}gedceqx ke Keakbeb b}cbxak}chqi{ b``chqca m{ qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq jbx mcce hgeashqca qg p}gkac qjcacqbkica `keakelx }crsk}ca m{ qjc `k}xq bea qjk}a xqbqsqg}{ }crsk}cdceqx *kdpbhqx geczkxqkel hgddc}hkbi bea keasxq}kbi accigpdceq bea pgqceqkbi `g} `sqs}c accigpdceq

ecb} qjc _}gfchq b}cb) kehisakel ighbqkgex `g} keqc}hjbelcx qjbq |kii dbzkdkvcgppg}qsekqkcx `g} accigpdceq+% \jc}cbx qjc dgacikel bebi{xkx ke Hjbpqc} =ceqbkica b ib}lc) }clkgebi x{xqcdx kc| g` qjc _}gfchq) qjc accigpdceq bebi{xkxceqbkix b dg}c dkh}g$icci rsbikqbqkc bea xq}bqclkh bebi{xkx g` jg| Keakbebx czkxqkelaccigpdceq bea `sqs}c hgddc}hkbi bea keasxq}kbi accigpdceq pbqqc}ex b}c iknci{ qg}cxpgea qg qjc hjbelca msxkecxx cek}gedceq }cxsiqkel `}gd qjc _}gfchq% @ig{a beaHib}n Hgseqkcx) bx |cii bx qjc dsekhkpbikqkcx |kqjke qjck} mg}ac}x) b}c pgxkqkgeca qg}cbikvc xsmxqbeqkbi chgegdkh kdpbhqx `}gd qjc _}gfchq% Qjkx hjbpqc} p}gkacx beb}}bqkc acxh}kpqkge g` qjcxc pgqceqkbi kdpbhqx ge qjc hgseqkcx bea xcc}bifs}kxakhqkgex |kqjke qjcxc hgseqkcx%

Qjc bebi{xkx g` qjc chgegdkh kdpbhqx g` qjc _}gfchq ge @ig{a bea Hib}n Hgseqkcx}cikcx ge xcc}bi xgs}hcx% Qjc }cxcb}hj qcbd hgeashqca ge$qjc$l}gsea xkqc}chgeebkxxbehc qg lbke be seac}xqbeakel g` qjc hs}}ceq chgegdkh mbxc g` qjc }clkge)kehisakel qjc czkxqcehc g` msxkecxxcx bea qjck} ighbqkgex ke }cibqkge qg qjc _}gfchq) qjcbhhcxx hjbelcx qjbq |kii ghhs} bx b }cxsiq g` qjc _}gfchq) bea qjc hjb}bhqc}kxqkhx g`accigpdceq xkqcx |kqjke qjc }clkge% Bx pb}q g` qjc xkqc }chgeebkxxbehc) qjc qcbdhgeashqca keqc}kc|x |kqj =; keakkasbix }cp}cxceqkel msxkecxxcx) ighbi bea xqbqclgc}edceqx) hgiiclcx bea sekc}xkqkcx) bea chgegdkh accigpdceq blcehkcx qgakxhsxx pgqceqkbi _}gfchq kdpbhqx%

Qjc =; keakkasbix keqc}kc|ca `g} qjc p}gfchq |c}c hjgxce qg p}gkac b }belc g`

lcgl}bpjkh bea keasxq}{ pc}xpchqkcx g` qjc pgqceqkbi kdpbhqx g` qjc _}gfchq ge qjcKeakbeb chgegd{% Qj}gslj b |cm xcb}hj) qjc hgexsiqbeq qcbd kaceqk`kca nc{ l}gspxkehisakel msxkecxx bxxghkbqkgex bea hjbdmc}x g` hgddc}hc) qgs}kxd g}lbekvbqkgex)bea cichqca g``khkbix |jg hgsia p}gkac b m}gba pc}xpchqkc ge p}gfchq kdpbhqx beahgsia xsllcxq baakqkgebi pcgpic qg keqc}kc|% Qcicpjgec hgeqbhqx |c}c dbac |kqjqjcxc l}gspx qg xcq sp keqc}kc|x% Cbhj pc}xge |bx bxnca qg }chgddcea baakqkgebikeakkasbix qg keqc}kc| bea qg m}kel baakqkgebi pcgpic qg qjc xhjcasica keqc}kc| qg

8


13/37


Chgegdkh Kdpbhq Xqsa{ g` qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq _blc2?

jcip `bhkikqbqc baakqkgebi hgeqbhqx% Gec Xgsqjc}e Keakbeb bixg p}gkaca b ikxq g`pgqceqkbi keqc}kc|ccx) kehisakel }cp}cxceqbqkcx g` qjc accigpdceq hgddsekq{)|jkhj |bx sxca qg xhjcasic baakqkgebi keqc}kc|x% As}kel qjc keqc}kc| p}ghcxx) qjchgexsiqbeqx bxnca `g} baakqkgebi hgeqbhqx `g} `giig|$sp rscxqkgex%

Ke baakqkge) be geikec msxkecxx xs}c{ p}gkaca kepsq }gd :2}cxpgeaceqx% Qjcxs}c{ |bx sxca qg xsppicdceq qjc keqc}kc|x) biig|kel qjc hgexsiqbeq qcbd qg hgiichqke`g}dbqkge ge pgqceqkbi p}gfchq kdpbhqx `}gd b |kac} }belc g` pb}qkhkpbeqx% Egqkhc g`qjc xs}c{ |bx xceq qg dg}c qjbe =)??? dcdmc}x g` qjc msxkecxx hgddsekq{) |kqj :2pcgpic }cxpgeakel m{ qjc xs}c{ acbaikec% Qjc qcbd bixg }ckc|ca }chceq q}ceax*=??2$=??;+ ke cdpig{dceq m{ keasxq}{ `}gd KD_IBE) p}gfchqca l}g|qj m{ keasxq}{`}gd Dgga{x'Chgegd{%hgd) bea abqb ge }cqbki xbicx bea cdpig{dceq `g} xcichqxsmb}cbx |kqjke qjc hgseqkcx `}gd CX]K Msxkecxx Bebi{xq Geikec%

@ig{a Hgseq{

@ig{a Hgseq{ ghhspkcx qjc |cxqc}e pg}qkge g` qjc Keakbeb xqsa{ b}cb% Ke =?2?) qjcpgpsibqkge |bx


14/37



bhhcxx qg Igskxkiic p}gkaca m{ qjc _}gfchq%3 Ec| }cqbki bea xc}khc msxkecxxcx |kii`giig| qjkx pgpsibqkge keh}cbxc% Dgxq ec| }cqbki ke qjc Hgseq{ kx czpchqca qg mc keEc| Bimbe{%

Ec| Bimbe{Qjc chgegd{ g` Ec| Bimbe{ kehisacx l}g|kel }cqbki bea `gga xc}khcx xchqg}x) bx|cii bx cxqbmikxjca keasxq}kbi bea hgddc}hkbi g``khc b}cbx% ]cqbki bea akekel kxhgehceq}bqca ke qjc ag|eqg|e) bigel Hjb}icxqg|e ]gba) bea ge L}beq Ikec ]gba%Ag|eqg|e Ec| Bimbe{ jbx czpc}kcehca b }cebkxxbehc ke }chceq {cb}x) |kqj ec|}cxqbs}beqx bea xpchkbiq{ }cqbki cxqbmikxjdceqx gpcekel bea xshhccakel% \kqj qjcqcdpg}b}{ higxkel g` qjc Xjc}dbe Dkeqge M}kalc ke qjc `bii g` =?22) Ec| Bimbe{m}bhca `g} b ag|eqs}e ke msxkecxx bhqkkq{ ke qjc ag|eqg|e% Kexqcba) qj}gslj h}cbqkcdb}ncqkel bea bac}qkxkel) dbe{ g` qjc xjgpx bea }cxqbs}beqx czpc}kcehca be keh}cbxcke bhqkkq{ bx }cxkaceqx g` @ig{a bea Hib}n Hgseqkcx hjgxc qg }cdbke ge qjc Keakbebxkac g` qjc }kc} `g} akekel bea xjgppkel%

Czkxqkel Msxkecxxcx

Qjc}c kx ikdkqca xpbhc bbkibmic `g} ec| keasxq}kbi accigpdceq ke Ec| Bimbe{% QjcHkq{x q|g keasxq}kbi pb}nx b}c ecb} hbpbhkq{% Czkxqkel msxkecxxcx ke qjc pb}nxlcec}bii{ sxc qjc Xjc}dbe Dkeqge M}kalc `g} bhhcxx qg qjc xgsqj% Qjc _}gfchq xjgsiakeh}cbxc qjc ibmg} db}ncq `}gd |jkhj qjcxc msxkecxxcx hbe a}b| cdpig{ccx m{gpcekel bhhcxx qg Giajbd bea Xjcim{ Hgseqkcx% Qjc dbfg}kq{ g` czkxqkel msxkecxxcxb}c egq iknci{ qg mc b``chqca m{ qjc _}gfchq czhcpq kexg`b} bx qjc m}kalcx gpce sp ibmg}db}ncqx qg qjc cbxq g` Igskxkiic%

Ag|eqg|e msxkecxxcx iknci{ |kii mcec`kq `}gd qjc _}gfchq bx xgdc q}b``kh kx akc}qcaqg qjc Xjc}dbe Dkeqge M}kalc qg bgka qgiix% Qjkx |kii `seeci ec| q}b``kh keqg qjcag|eqg|e b}cb) h}cbqkel dg}c b|b}cecxx g` qjc gppg}qsekqkcx `g} xjgppkel bea cbqkelke qjc b}cb%

]cqbki cxqbmikxjdceqx bigel Hjb}icxqg|e ]gba bea L}beq Ikec ]gba db{ xcc xgdcigxx g` xbicx bx }cqbki xjk`qx qg qjc cbxq bigel ]gsqc 0= mcq|cce Fc``c}xgekiic beaHjb}icxqg|e qg mcqqc} xc}c qjc czpbeakel msxkecxx mbxc ke qjc b}cb g` qjc _g}q g`Keakbeb bea ]kc} ]kalc Hgddc}hc Hceqc}) qjc keh}cbxca pgpsibqkge ke cbxqc}e Hib}nHgseq{) bea qjc bhhcxx qg ec| db}ncqx ge qjc Nceqshn{ xkac g` qjc }kc} qjbq b}cgpceca mchbsxc g` qjc pibeeca Cbxq Cea M}kalc% Qjkx pgqceqkbi xjk`q ke }cqbki bhqkkq{

xjgsia mc xgdc|jbq dkqklbqca m{ ec| hsxqgdc}x *ac}kca `}gd qjc czpchqca keh}cbxcke pgpsibqkge ke @ig{a Hgseq{ bea |cxqc}e Hib}n Hgseq{+% Bhhcxx qg czkxqkelhsxqgdc}x ikkel ke qjc |cxqc}e b}cbx g` Igskxkiic |kii egq mc hjbelca% Qjcxc

3Qjkx xqsa{ }cikcx ge qjc p}gfchqca pgpsibqkge l}g|qj m{ QBV acxh}kmca ke qjc _}gfchq XsppicdceqbiCek}gedceqbi Kdpbhq Xqbqcdceq `g} hgehisxkgex bmgsq jg| qjc _}gfchq |kii b``chq pgpsibqkge l}g|qj|kqjke Xgsqjcbxq Keakbeb


15/37


Chgegdkh Kdpbhq Xqsa{ g` qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq _blc2=

hsxqgdc}x |kii }cqbke bhhcxx bh}gxx qjc Xjc}dbe Dkeqge M}kalc) biqjgslj qjc{ db{`bhc xgdc acl}cc g` keh}cbxca hgelcxqkge bx q}bcic}x bgka qgiix ge qjc ec| K$03m}kalc% Be{ xjk`q ke }cqbki kx egq czpchqca qg }cxsiq ke b ecq igxx g` }cqbki xbicx g}cxqbmikxjdceqx ke Keakbeb%

Ec| Bimbe{ kx jgdc qg Keakbeb Sekc}xkq{ Xgsqjcbxq *KSX+% KSX jbx b }chkp}ghbibl}ccdceq |kqj xkz Nceqshn{ hgseqkcx) biig|kel xqsaceqx `}gd qjcxc hgseqkcx qgbqqcea bq ke$xqbqc qskqkge% Qjc}c kx b dbxqc} pibe `g} qjc hbdpsx qjbq p}gfchqxczpbexkge gc} qjc eczq achbac% Gec ec| qchjegigl{ bea cashbqkge mskiakel jbxmcce bpp}gca% Qjc Sekc}xkq{ bixg czpchqx qg l}g| ke }cxpgexc qg qjc _}gfchq% Qjcpibeeca Cbxq Cea M}kalc |kii jcip qjc sekc}xkq{ l}g| ke q|g |b{x% @k}xq)accigpdceq lcec}bqca m{ qjc _}gfchq ke Hib}n Hgseq{ |kii keh}cbxc qjc pggi g`pgqceqkbi bppikhbeqx `g} qjc sekc}xkq{% Xchgea) kq |kii kdp}gc bhhcxx qg b m}gbac}lcgl}bpjkh b}cb) `s}qjc} keh}cbxkel qjc pggi g` pgqceqkbi xqsaceqx bea `bhsiq{%

Qjc _bsi Glic Hsiqs}bi bea Hgddsekq{ Hceqc} bq qjc sekc}xkq{ g``c}x b}qx bea

hsiqs}bi cceqx |jkhj b}c gpce qg qjc psmikh% Qjc Sekc}xkq{ mcikccx qjc ec| m}kalcx|gsia gpce sp b m}gbac} db}ncq b}cb `g} qjkx }cxgs}hc%

_s}asc Sekc}xkq{ jbx be kehsmbqg} mskiakel ke Ec| Bimbe{ ge Hjb}icxqg|e ]gbabea K$=03% Kq kx `g} qchjegigl{ bea }cxcb}hj `k}dx% Bii g` _s}ascx p}gl}bdx kexgsqjcbxqc}e Keakbeb b}c jgsxca jc}c% \jce qjc ec| qchjegigl{ mskiakel kx mskiq bqKSX) qjc _s}asc ]cxcb}hj p}gl}bd kx bixg czpchqca qg l}g|% Qjc m}kalcx |kii bixgjcip _s}asc l}g| ke Ec| Bimbe{) bea |kii biig| qjck} hgs}xc g``c}kelx bq KSX qgl}g|) asc qg qjc keh}cbxca pgpsibqkge g` xqsaceqx qg |jkhj qjc m}kalcx |kii p}gkacbhhcxx% Sekc}xkq{ g``khkbix ag egq mcikcc qgiix |kii mc b xklek khbeq acqc}}ceq `g}bqq}bhqkel xqsaceqx) `bhsiq{ g} kxkqg}x%

Ec| Accigpdceq

Qjc hkq{ g` Ec| Bimbe{ agcx egq czpchq qg hgdpcqc |kqj ]kc} ]kalc Hgddc}hcHceqc}) Eg}qjpg}q Hgddc}hc Hceqc} bea qjc gqjc} hgddc}hc pb}nx ke cbxqc}e Hib}nHgseq{% Kexqcba) kq jbx ghsxca kqx chgegdkh accigpdceq c` g}qx ge bqq}bhqkel jklj$qchj msxkecxxcx bea g``khc accigpdceq qg qjc hkq{) |kqj be cdpjbxkx ge bqq}bhqkelmsxkecxxcx qjbq hbe sqkikvc qjc jklj hbpbhkq{ abqb ikecx kexqbiica bigel K$01 qg qjc |cxq%

Ag|eqg|e Ec| Bimbe{ xjgsia mcec`kq `}gd qjc baakqkgebi q}b``kh qjbq sxcx qjcXjc}dbe Dkeqge M}kalc% Qjkx |kii jcip |kqj qjc hgeqkesca }caccigpdceq g` qjcag|eqg|e) pgqceqkbii{ xsppg}qkel baakqkgebi xjgpx bea }cxqbs}beqx% Baakqkgebijgsxkel accigpdceq kx p}gfchqca `g} qjc Xkic} Xp}kelx b}cb g` qjc hkq{%


16/37



Hib}n Hgseq{

Ke =?2?) qjc pgpsibqkge g` Hib}n Hgseq{ *kehisakel qjc kehg}pg}bqca b}cbx+ |bx22?)=8=%0 Qjc Hgseq{ |bx jgdc qg 1=)0=; fgmx ke =?2?%< Hkqkcx kehisac Hib}nxkiic)

Fc``c}xgekiic) Hjb}icxqg|e bea Xciic}xms}l) cbhj g` |jkhj kx akxhsxxca xcpb}bqci{mcig|%

Czkxqkel Msxkecxxcx

Qjc hgexq}shqkge g` qjc pibeeca Cbxq Cea M}kalc |kii kdpbhq 38%21 bh}cx g` p}kdcbl}khsiqs}bi ibea ke Hib}n Hgseq{%: Qjc bc}blc }chckpqx pc} bh}c ke Hib}n Hgseq{ ke=??< |c}c !=


17/37



Ec| Accigpdceq

Sekehg}pg}bqca b}cbx g` Hib}n Hgseq{ bea kqx xdbiic} dsekhkpbikqkcx b}c `g}chbxqca qgxcc be keh}cbxc ke pgpsibqkge) bea qjsx jgsxkel accigpdceq) bx b }cxsiq g` qjc_}gfchq% Qjkx keh}cbxc ke pgpsibqkge |kii bixg xps} xsppg}qkel }cqbki bea xc}khc

accigpdceq) |kqj dshj g` qjkx `ghsxca ge qjc ]gsqc 0= hg}}kag}%

Hib}nxkiic

Qjc Pcqc}bex Jklj|b{ }cqbki b}cb *xcc @kls}c 2+ kx b acxqkebqkge }cqbki b}cb `g}xgsqjcbxqc}e Keakbeb bx |cii bx |cxqc}e Igskxkiic% Qjc b}cb l}c| sp ke ak}chq}cxpgexc qg qjc bhhcxx h}cbqca m{ qjc keqc}hjbelc bq czkq 3 ge K$03) bea kx b lggaczbdpic g` jg| jklj|b{ bhhcxx hbe xps} }cqbki accigpdceq% Qjc b}cb kx behjg}cam{ xcc}bi hjbke }cqbkic}x bea }cxqbs}beqx) xshj bx Qb}lcq) \bidb}q) qjc Mbxx _}gXjgp) Gikc Lb}ace) Akhnx Xpg}qkel Lggax) bea ]ca Igmxqc}% Ke =?2?) qjkx b}cb}cbikvca be cxqkdbqca !820)010)


18/37



H}cakq6 CX]K Msxkecxx Bebi{xq Geikec

@kls}c 26 Pcqc}bex Jklj|b{ ]cqbki B}cb

Czkxqkel Msxkecxxcx

Qjc}c db{ mc xgdc igxx g` }cqbki xbicx ke qjkx b}cb bx }cqbki hgdpcqkqkge ighbqcx kecbxqc}e Hib}n Hgseq{ bigel ]gsqcx 0=) 8) bea 1?8 ke }cxpgexc qg _}gfchq$keashca ec|pgpsibqkge bea cdpig{dceq l}g|qj ke Hib}n Hgseq{) bx |cii bx kdp}gca bhhcxx qgqjc cbxqc}e xsms}mx g` Igskxkiic% Kdpg}qbeqi{) qjkx |kii egq mc b ecq igxx g` }cqbkixbicx qg Keakbeb) msq }bqjc} b pgqceqkbi xjk`q ke xbicx `}gd gec b}cb g` Keakbeb qgbegqjc}% Qjkx xjk`q xjgsia mc xgdc|jbq dkqklbqca m{ keh}cbxcx ke pgpsibqkge ke @ig{abea |cxqc}e Hib}n Hgseqkcx beqkhkpbqca bx b }cxsiq g` qjc _}gfchq% ]cqbkic}x jbc xgdchgehc}e qjbq Nceqshn{ hsxqgdc}x |kii hjggxc qg xjgp cixc|jc}c asc qg qjc qgiix ge qjc

Nceeca{ M}kalc eg}qj% Qjkx kdpbhq) jg|cc}) xjgsia mc dkqklbqca m{ qjc bhhcxxp}gkaca m{ qjc Xjc}dbe Dkeqge bea Hib}n Dcdg}kbi M}kalcx%

Fc``c}xgekiic

Fc``c}xgekiicx chgegd{ kx behjg}ca m{ b rsbkeq) |bqc}`}geq ag|eqg|e }cqbki bea

}cxqbs}beq akxq}khq ke qjc |cxq) bea be keasxq}kbi'|b}cjgsxc b}cb b}gsea qjc pg}q bea


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qjc hgddc}hc pb}nx ke qjc cbxq% Qjc _}gfchq |kii b``chq cbhj b}cb bea ke c}{ak``c}ceq |b{x%

Czkxqkel Msxkecxxcx $ Ag|eqg|e

Qjc accigpdceq g` qjc ec| m}kalc pb}biici qg qjc czkxqkel Nceeca{ M}kalc bea qjc}caccigpdceq g` qjc Nceeca{ M}kalc |kii }cxsiq ke qjc }cighbqkge g` xcce ag|eqg|emsxkecxxcx% Qjcxc msxkecxxcx b}c ikxqca ke Qbmic 3% Qgqbi cdpig{dceq ke qjcxcmsxkecxxcx kx cxqkdbqca bq 28? fgmx%2? Xkehc bii g` qjcxc msxkecxxcx b}c czpchqca qg mc}cighbqca |kqjke Fc``c}xgekiic g} |kqjke qjc q|g$hgseq{ }clkge) qjck} }cighbqkge |kiiegq }cxsiq ke b igxx g` fgmx qg xgsqjc}e Keakbeb) msq db{ }cxsiq ke b xjk`q g` qjcxc fgmxgsq g` ag|eqg|e Fc``c}xgekiic% Seqki qjcxc msxkecxxcx b}c }cighbqca) qjc kdpbhq geag|eqg|e cdpig{dceq hbeegq mc p}chkxci{ cxqkdbqca%

Qbmic 36 Msxkecxx ]cighbqkgex

Msxkecxx Mial% X@

DhAgebia,x 3)?10

\b``ic Jgsxc =)=8=

@}cxc}ksx Dcakhbi Hb}c' Xgsqjcbxq Keakbeb Akbi{xkx 2=):


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Chgegdkh Kdpbhq Xqsa{ g` qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq _blc2:

K$03 |kii ecca qg czkq bq Xqbexk`c} Bcesc bea q}bci m{ bhhcxx }gbax bea xs}`bhcxq}ccqx qg lcq qg qjcxc msxkecxxcx% _bq}gex |jg dkxx qjkx czkq |gsia jbc qg q}bcibh}gxx qjc Nceeca{ M}kalc bea }cqs}e kb ckqjc} qjc ec| m}kalc g} qjc Hib}n M}kalc%Qjkx |kii jbc qjc l}cbqcxq c``chq ge pbxx$qj}gslj q}b``kh qjbq dkljq kxkq qjc b}cb) msq|jg dkxx qjc czkq bea hjggxc qg `g}clg qjc q}kp% ]cxkaceqx iknci{ |kii bafsxq qg qjc

hjbelc gc} qkdc% Xkleblc |kii mc kdpg}qbeq g} dkqklbqkel qjkx kdpbhq) |kqj xklexeg}qj g` qjc czkq beegsehkel qjc bbkibmkikq{ g` xjgpx bea }cxqbs}beqx ke ag|eqg|ebea ge qjc |bqc}`}geq kb qjc Xqbexk`c} Bcesc czkq% Xkleblc ge qjc ighbi xq}ccqxlskakel pbq}gex qg ag|eqg|e bea qjc |bqc}`}geq hbe bixg jcip% Ec| q}b``kh qg qjcb}cb `}gd akc}qca q}kpx bh}gxx qjc Hib}n M}kalc db{ bixg jcip dkqklbqc qjkx kdpbhq m{m}kelkel ec| hsxqgdc}x qg qjc b}cb%

Qjk}a) dc}hjbeqx) }cxqbs}beqx bea jgqcix b}c hgehc}eca qjbq qgiix ge qjc ec| m}kalc|kii akxxsbac pcgpic `}gd Nceqshn{ g} kxkqg}x qg Igskxkiic `}gd pbq}gekvkel qjck}msxkecxxcx% Be bac}xc kdpbhq }gd qgiikel hgsia ghhs} ke qjc k}xq xcc}bi dgeqjxb`qc} qjc m}kalcx b}c mskiq) bx xgdc pbq}gex `}gd Nceqshn{ bgka qjc m}kalcx mchbsxc

g` qjc qgiix% Qjkx kdpbhq iknci{ |kii akxxkpbqc gc} qkdc `g} xcc}bi }cbxgex% Qjc Hib}nM}kalc |kii p}gkac qgii$`}cc bhhcxx qg ag|eqg|e Fc``c}xgekiic) jcipkel qg biickbqcqjc kdpbhq g` qgiix% Ke baakqkge) gc} qkdc) ighbi q}bcic}x |kii mchgdc bhhsxqgdca qgqjc qgii bea qg qjc czqceq qjc}c |bx be{ a}gp$g`` ke sxc bq qjc gsqxcq |kii }cqs}e qgsxkel qjc m}kalc) mbxca ge czpc}kcehc cixc|jc}c ke qjc hgseq}{ |jce ec| qgii m}kalcxb}c keq}gashca%% @s}qjc}) qjc jgqcix ke Fc``c}xgekiic bqq}bhq kxkqg}x `}gd gsq$g`$qg|e|jg |beq qg mc ighbqca ecb} ag|eqg|e msq ag egq |beq qg pb{ ag|eqg|e jgqcip}khcx% Dgxq kxkqg}x |kii egq mc b|b}c g` qjc qgii |jce qjc{ }cxc}c b jgqci) xg qgiix|kii egq `bhqg} keqg qjc achkxkge g` |jc}c qg xqb{% Dgxq jgqci kxkqg}x |kii egq mcdbnkel dsiqkpic q}kpx bh}gxx qjc m}kalcx cbhj ab{% Qjsx) qjc qgii xjgsia mc egqxklek`khbeq cegslj qg dbnc qjcxc jgqcix sehgdpcqkqkc |kqj jgqcix ge qjc Nceqshn{

xkac g` qjc }kc}) cxpchkbii{ mchbsxc qjc ighbqkge ak}chqi{ bh}gxx qjc }kc} `}gdag|eqg|e Igskxkiic kx dg}c acxk}bmic qjbe p}khc$hgdpcqkqkc jgqcix ighbqca xgsqj g`ag|eqg|e Igskxkiic% @kebii{) dbe{ pbq}gex g` qjc |bqc}`}geq }cxqbs}beqx keFc``c}xgekiic b}c bqq}bhqca qg qjcxc cxqbmikxjdceqx mchbsxc g` qjc xspc}kg} kc| qjbqakec}x hbe cefg{ `}gd qjc }cxqbs}beqx%

Gc}bii) kq kx pgxxkmic qjbq xgdc dg}c db}lkebi msxkecxxcx ke ag|eqg|e Fc``c}xgekiicdb{ igxc cegslj xbicx ke qjc xjg}q qc}d) bx b }cxsiq g` qjc qgiix) qg hbsxc qjcd qg higxc%Dbe{ g` qjc msxkecxxcx db{ xs``c} b xjg}q$qc}d igxx ke xbicx) msq |kii }chgc} gc}qkdc% Eclbqkc kdpbhqx hbe mc }cashca qj}gslj lgga xkleblc bea b db}ncqkelhbdpbkle qjbq }cdkeax pcgpic qjbq qjcxc b}cbx b}c bhhcxxkmic `}gd qjc Xjc}dbe

Dkeqge bea Hib}n M}kalcx% Kq kx egqc|g}qj{ qjbq dbe{ g` qjc xs}c{ }cxpgeaceqxkegica ke `kebehkbi xc}khcx bea xpchkbiq{ }cqbki'xc}khcx mcikcc qjbq qjck} msxkecxxcx|kii mcec`kq `}gd qjc _}gfchq%

KSXx DMB p}gl}bd kx jgsxca bq qjc DhHbsic{ Ekhjgix Hceqc} bq qjc hg}ec} g`Xgsqjc}e Keakbeb Bcesc bea Eg}qj Xjg}c A}kc ke Fc``c}xgekiic% Qjc Sekc}xkq{mcikccx qjbq qjc _}gfchq |kii jcip qjck} xqsaceqx) dbe{ g` |jgd |g}n ke Igskxkiicbea bqqcea ekljq hibxxcx bq qjc DhHbsic{ Ekhjgix Hceqc}%


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Chgegdkh Kdpbhq Xqsa{ g` qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq _blc2;

Czkxqkel Msxkecxxcx $ Cbxqc}e Fc``c}xgekiic

Cbxqc}edgxq Fc``c}xgekiic kx hjb}bhqc}kvca m{ `b}dibea bea xcc}bi keasxq}kbi beahgddc}hc pb}nx% Qjkx b}cb kx pgkxca qg bqq}bhq xklek`khbeq chgegdkh l}g|qj bx b}cxsiq g` qjc _}gfchq%

Qjc kdp}gca jklj|b{ bhhcxx |kii xsppicdceq qjc dsiqkdgabi bqq}bhqkcecxx g` qjc_g}q qg msxkecxxcx qjbq }chckc p}gashqkge xsppikcx bea xjkp p}gashqx sxkel ak``c}ceqdgacx g` q}bexpg}qbqkge% Hs}}ceq keasxq}kcx bq qjc pg}q qjbq b}c iknci{ qg czpc}kcehcl}g|qj asc qg qjc pibeeca Cbxq Cea M}kalc bhhcxx kehisac q}bexpg}qbqkge *xshj bxxqccag}cx) q}shnkel bea qjc }bki}gba keasxq}{+) `bm}khbqca dcqbix dbes`bhqs}c}x) bea`gga p}ghcxxg}x% Gec dcqbix dbes`bhqs}c} egqca qjbq qjc |kac} ibecx ge qjc m}kalcx|kii kdp}gc xb`cq{ |jce xjkppkel |kac igbax) bea |kii dbnc qjc Keakbeb ighbqkgedg}c bqq}bhqkc `g} czpbexkge ke p}gashqx qjbq }crsk}c ib}lc pkchcx g` dcqbi% Gqjc}xegqca qjbq qjc q}bci qkdc xbkel) `sci hgxq xbkelx) bea kdp}gca }cikbmkikq{ h}cbqcam{ qjc ec| m}kalcx |kii dg}c qjbe g``xcq qjc kdpbhq g` qgiix ge qjck} msxkecxxcx%

Bhhg}akel qg xcc}bi msxkecxxcx bq qjc czkxqkel hgddc}hc pb}nx bea qjc pg}q) qjcpibeeca Cbxq Cea M}kalc |kii jcip qjcd czpbea qjck} msxkecxxcx) m{ gpcekel sp ec|db}ncqx) kdp}gkel xb`cq{) bea keh}cbxkel bhhcxx qg b m}gbac} |g}n`g}hc%

Eg}qjpg}q bea M}kalcpg}q b}c cxqbmikxjca pb}nx |kqj ikdkqca baakqkgebi accigpdceqb}cb% Qjcxc pb}nx jgsxc b akc}xc l}gsp g` keasxq}kcx) }belkel `}gd b hbii hceqc})akxq}kmsqkge `bhkikqkcx) bea dbes`bhqs}c}x dbnkel p}gashqx kehisakel mkiikb}a qbmicx)`bm}khbqca dcqbi p}gashqx) dcakhbi kexq}sdceqx) hk}hskq mgb}ax bea `s}ekqs}c `kekxjcx%Qjc pibeeca Cbxq Cea M}kalc kx czpchqca qg ach}cbxc xjkppkel hgxqx m{ }cashkelq}bci qkdcx bea `sci hgexsdpqkge `g} czkxqkel msxkecxxcx%

Ec| Accigpdceq

Qjc pibeeca Cbxq Cea M}kalc |kii p}gkac ak}chq bhhcxx `}gd K$=03 ke Nceqshn{ qg`gs} dbfg} hgddc}hkbi'keasxq}kbi accigpdceq xkqcx ke Keakbeb) bea |kii hgdpicqc qjchgeechqkge |kqj K$=03 eg}qj% Xpchk`kh xkqcx |jc}c accigpdceq kx iknci{ qg ghhs}kehisac Eg}qjpg}q Msxkecxx Hceqc}) M}kalcpg}q Msxkecxx Hceqc}) qjc _g}q g` Keakbeb)bea ]kc} ]kalc Hgddc}hc Hceqc}% Qjc pibeeca ec| m}kalc bhhcxx xjgsia dbncbbkibmic xkqcx |kqjke qjcxc pb}nx dg}c db}ncqbmic%

_ibex `g} Eg}qjpg}q Hgddc}hc Hceqc} hbii `g} }cqbki accigpdceq bigel _g}q ]gba%Qjkx q{pc g` accigpdceq |kii mc xsppg}qca m{ qjc ec| cdpig{dceq bea pgpsibqkge

qjbq |kii mc bqq}bhqca qg cbxqc}e Hib}n Hgseq{ ke hgefsehqkge |kqj qjc _}gfchq%Qjc _g}q g` Keakbeb bea qjc ]kc} ]kalc Hgddc}hc Hceqc} |kii cbhj }cbikvcxklek`khbeq mcec`kqx `}gd qjc kdp}gca bhhcxx p}gkaca m{ qjc pibeeca Cbxq CeaM}kalc% Qjc 2)??? bh}c _g}q g` Keakbeb *xcc @kls}c 8+ kx bi}cba{ b dsiqkdgabi `bhkikq{qjbq p}gkacx }bki bea }kc} q}bexpg}qbqkge qg kqx =0 qcebeqx) |jg ghhsp{ 0=8 bh}cx bea


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Chgegdkh Kdpbhq Xqsa{ g` qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq _blc=?

cdpig{ b qgqbi g` 2)83? pcgpic%2= K` accigpca bq hs}}ceq acexkqkcx) qjc }cdbkekel 8= jg|cc} kq |bx egq pgxxkmic qg rsbeqk`{ qjkx pgqceqkbi kdpbhq asc qg abqbikdkqbqkgex%


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Hjbpqc}36 Hgehisxkge

Chgegdkh Kdpbhq Xqsa{ g` qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq _blc8=

HGEHISXKGE

Gc}bii) qjc Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq kx czpchqca qg jbc b pgxkqkc kdpbhq ge qjcgc}bii `kc$hgseq{ xqsa{ }clkge) biig|kel qjc }clkgebi chgegd{ qg lcec}bqcxklek`khbeqi{ l}cbqc} fgmx) pc}xgebi kehgdc bea msxkecxx gsqpsq qjbe hgsia ghhs}|kqjgsq qjc _}gfchq% @s}qjc}dg}c qjc pgxkqkc kdpbhqx g` qjc _}gfchqx chgegdkhkdpbhq `}gd hgexq}shqkge fgmx) db}ncq bhhcxx) q}bexpg}qbqkge c``khkceh{ bea ibea sxckdpbhqx `b} gsq|cklj be{ bac}xc }clkgebi chgegdkh c``chqx g` qgiikel% Qjc gc}biiibea sxc kdpbhqx ge accigpdceq ecb} qjc _}gfchq |kii mc pgxkqkc bea b}c czpchqca qgicba qg b lbke g` gc} ;)??? ak}chq ec| fgmx ke Keakbeb gc} qjc ik`c g` qjc _}gfchq bx|cii bx qjc keashca bea keak}chq *dsiqkpikc} c``chqx+ g` qjkx ec| cdpig{dceq geKeakbebx chgegd{% Ibea sxc kdpbhqx ke Nceqshn{ b}c egq baa}cxxca bx pb}q g` qjkxxqsa{%

Gqjc} hjbelcx ke qjc Keakbeb msxkecxx cek}gedceq kehisac hjbelcx ke qjc bhhcxx qgag|eqg|e Fc``c}xgekiic) mgqj as}kel bea b`qc} hgexq}shqkge% Db}ncqkel beabpp}gp}kbqc xkleblc |kii mc nc{ xshhcxx `bhqg}x `g} cebmikel Fc``c}xgekiicxag|eqg|e msxkecxx cek}gedceq qg bafsxq qg qjcxc hjbelcx%

Mchbsxc g` qjc bdgseq g` baakqkgebi chgegdkh l}g|qj qjbq kx cebmica ke Keakbeb bx b}cxsiq g` qjc _}gfchq) xklek`khbeq keh}cbxcx ke pgpsibqkge bea cdpig{dceq b}cbeqkhkpbqca |kqj qjc bxxghkbqca keh}cbxcx ke lgc}edceq }ccesc) bea hg}}cxpgeakelacdbea `g} lgc}edceq ke`}bxq}shqs}c bea xc}khcx% M{ `sii mskia$gsq g` qjc ibea sxckdpbhq ke =?8?) bii g` qjc hgxq g` hgseq{ bea ighbi xc}khcx eccaca qg bhhgddgabqc

qjkx l}g|qj kx beqkhkpbqca qg mc hgc}ca m{ qbz }ccesc lcec}bqca m{ _}gfchq$}cibqcal}g|qj) icbkel b ighbi `kxhbi beesbi xs}pisx g` fsxq gc} !=%; dkiikge *!=?2=+beesbii{ *bq `sii mskia$gsq+ ke 8? {cb}x%

3


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Bppceakz


B__CEAKZ

Xgs}hcx6

Hgeq}kmsqkel Ceqkqkcx

Mbxx _}g Xjgpx

Hkq{ g` Hjb}icxqg|e

Hib}n$@ig{a Hgseqkcx Hgeceqkge & Qgs}kxd Ms}cbs

Hkq{ g` Hib}nxkiic ]caccigpdceq Blceh{

Hib}nxkiic Qg|e Hgsehki

H}gxxaghn Accigpdceq

Ag|eqg|e Fc``c}xgekiic dc}hjbeqx

@ig{a Hgseq{ Mgb}a g` Hgddkxxkgec}x

L}cbqc} Igskxkiic) Keh%

Keakbeb Acpb}qdceq g` Q}bexpg}qbqkge

Keakbeb Sekc}xkq{ Xgsqjcbxq

K{ Qchj Hgddsekq{ Hgiiclc

Fc``c}xgekiic Dbke Xq}ccqxDbkeXgs}hc Mbenkel

Hkq{ g` Ec| Bimbe{

Gjkg ]kc} Dcqbi Xc}khcx$ Cblic Xqcci

Gec Xgsqjc}e Keakbeb

_g}q g` Keakbeb$Fc``c}xgekiic

]kc} ]kalc Accigpdceq Bsqjg}kq{

]ghn{x bea Mshnjcbax

Xhjkdp``x Hge`chqkgec}{

Xciic}xms}l Xqgec Hgdpbe{


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Bppceakz

Baakqkgebi Hgeqbhqx

Fkd Jcenci) Keakbeb Acpb}qdceq g` Q}bexpg}qbqkge

H}bkl Dgg}c) _b}xgex Q}bexpg}qbqkge L}gsp

Fkd Jkiqge) Hgddsekq{ Q}bexpg}qbqkge Xgisqkgex

Aghsdceqx

Xsppicdceqbi A}b`q Cek}gedceqbi Kdpbhq XqbqcdceqIgskxkiic Xgsqjc}e Keakbeb

Gjkg ]kc} M}kalcx _}gfchq

]kc} ]kalc Hgddc}hc Hceqc} Igel Qc}d _ibeAbqb Xgs}hcx

CX]K Msxkecxx Bebi{xqx Ge$Ikec

KQC Q}kp Lcec}bqkge Dbesbi

S}mbe Ibea Kexqkqsqc

SX Cec}l{ Ke`g}dbqkge Badkekxq}bqkge

Q]CAKX

SX Hcexsx Ms}cbs) =?2? Achceekbi Hcexsx

SX Hcexsx Ms}cbs) Hgseq{ Msxkecxx _bqqc}ex) =??;

Economic Impact Study of the Ohio River Bridges Project

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