Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern...
Click here to load reader
-
Upload
claud-casey -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern...
![Page 1: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Economic Development and Transition
Chapter 18
![Page 2: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Levels of Development Developed Nations
– Northern countries– Industrial countries– First and Second World
Less Development Nations– Southern countries– Agricultural / Mixed Economy– Third and Fourth World
![Page 3: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Measuring Development Life expectancy Diet Access to health care Literacy Energy consumption GDP Per capital GDP
Industrialization Subsistence
agriculture Labor force Consumer goods Infant mortality rate infrastructure
![Page 4: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Characteristics of Development Countries
High per capita GDP Higher economic / political freedom Higher degree of consumer spending High agricultural output literacy
![Page 5: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Characteristics of Less Developed Countries
Low per capita GDP Low levels of consumption Less economic / political freedom Low levels of agriculture output Less literacy
![Page 6: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Levels of Development Primitive equilibrium Transition Takeoff Semi-development Highly development Newly Industrial Countries (NICs)
– Mexico, Brazil, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan
![Page 7: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Issues in Development
Rapid Population Growth Factors of Production Physical Capital Human Capital
– Health / Nutrition (malnutrition)– Education / Training– Brain drain
![Page 8: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Issues in Development Political Factors
– Colonial dependency– Central planning– Government corruption– Political instability
Debt– Debt + interest– Structural adjustment program (SAP)
![Page 9: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Financing Development
Investment– Internal financing– Foreign financing– Foreign direct investment (enterprises by
foreigners)– Foreign portfolio investment
![Page 10: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Foreign Aid
Government to government aid NGO to governments 1947: Marshall Plan (Secretary of State
George C. Marshall)
![Page 11: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
International Institutions
World Bank: development projects International Monetary Fund: currency
stabilization; debt management United Nations Development Program:
dedicated to the elimination of poverty
![Page 12: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Transition to Free Enterprise
Central Planning to Free Enterprise– Privatization– Protecting property rights– Work ethic
![Page 13: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Transition in Russia
Communism in Russia 1917 - 1980s Glasnost and Perestroika
– Glasnost: policy of political openness– Perestroika:plan for restructuring the economy
• Oil industry• Freedom of the press• Multiparty system
![Page 14: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Transition in China Great Leap Forward: 1958, Mao Cultural Revolution: 1960, Red Guards, 1976: Deng Xiaoping - more power to local
governments– Four Modernizations
• Improve agriculture• Industry• Science• technology
![Page 15: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Industry China: light industry Economic zones
coastal areatax incentivesforeign companiesindigenous private companies
Patent violations -copyright lawsexpanding middle class
Three Gorges Dam
![Page 16: Economic Development and Transition Chapter 18. Levels of Development Developed Nations Northern countries Industrial countries First and Second.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022100505/5a4d1b707f8b9ab0599b52b4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
China / Russia /India
Growth of middle class Labor: skills, education, cost Demand for consumer goods Demand for resources
– Oil– Gas