Ecology. Warm Up: 1) What is ecology? What are we studying so far in your poster project? 2) What is...
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Transcript of Ecology. Warm Up: 1) What is ecology? What are we studying so far in your poster project? 2) What is...
![Page 1: Ecology. Warm Up: 1) What is ecology? What are we studying so far in your poster project? 2) What is a producer? What trophic level would you find it.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e9c5503460f94b9d159/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ecology
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Warm Up:
• 1) What is ecology? What are we studying so far in your poster project?
• 2) What is a producer? What trophic level would you find it at?
• 3) What is a consumer? What are the types of consumers?
• Objective: Students will describe relationships between organisms that make up a community by researching on the internet the four types of relationships.
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WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
Ecology- the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer
Ecology is a science of relationships
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Producer- plants, algae, or bacteria that create their own food from the suns energy
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Consumer-animals that must eat producers for energy
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Primary consumers-eat plants (herbivore & decomposers)
Secondary/tertiary consumers-prey animals (carnivores, omnivores, & decomposers)
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The environment is made up of two factors:
• Biotic factors- all living organisms inhabiting the Earth
• Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the environment (i.e. temperature, soil, light, moisture, air currents)
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Organism
Population
Community
Biosphere
Ecosystem
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Organism - any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an individual.
•The lowest level of organization
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POPULATION
a group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed
Produce fertile offspring
Compete with each other for resources (food, mates, shelter, etc.)
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Community - several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and are interdependent.
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Ecosystem - populations in a community and the abiotic factors with which they interact (ex. marine, terrestrial)
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Biosphere - life supporting portions of Earth composed of air, land, fresh water, and salt water.
•The highest level of organization
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Habitat vs. Niche
Niche - the role a species plays in a community; its total way of life
Habitat- the place where an organism lives
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Habitat vs. Niche
A niche is determined by limiting factors.
Limiting factor- any factors that restricts an organisms in a specific environment.
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Type of Niche
Fundamental niche-the role a species can have in its natural habitat
Realized niche-the role a species actually ends up having
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Limiting Factors
•Amount of of……food, water, temperature, space, mates
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Feeding Relationships• There are 3 main types of feeding
relationships
1. Producer - Consumer
2. Predator - Prey3. Parasite - Host
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Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis- two species living together
3 Types of symbiosis:
1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism
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Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called xerophyte, air plant.
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Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
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Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism- one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host)
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Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism- beneficial to both species
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Type of relationship
Species harmed
Species benefits
Species neutral
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
= 1 species
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Trophic Levels
•Each link in a food chain is known as a trophic level.
•Each levels represent a feeding step in the transfer of energy and matter in an ecosystem.
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Trophic Levels
Biomass- the amount of organic matter in a habitat
• Available energy and biomass decrease as you move up in level
•Lost to the environment
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Trophic Levels
Producers- Autotrophs
Primary consumers- Herbivores
Secondary consumers-small
carnivores
Tertiary consumers-
top carnivores
E
N
E
R
G
Y
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Trophic Levels
Food chain- simple model of food/energy moving in a community
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Trophic Levels
Food web- shows ALL possible feeding relationships in a community
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Food chain Food web(just 1 path of energy) (all possible energy
paths)
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Nutrient Cycles
Cycling maintains homeostasis (balance) in the environment.
New matter isn’t created or destroyed, it is recycled
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Water cycle
•Evaporation
•Liquid to gas
•Transpiration
•Water leaving the leaf of
•Condensation
•precipitation
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Water cycle-
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Carbon cycle-
•Photosynthesis and respiration cycle carbon and
oxygen through the environment.
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Carbon cycle-
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Nitrogen cycle-
Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) makes up nearly 78%-80% of air.
Organisms can not use it in that form.
Lightning and bacteria convert nitrogen into usable forms.
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Nitrogen cycle-
Only in certain bacteria and industrial technologies can fix nitrogen.
Nitrogen fixation-convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonium (NH4
+) which can be used to make organic compounds like amino acids.
N2 NH4+
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Nitrogen cycle-
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria:
Some live in a symbiotic relationship with plants of the legume family (e.g., soybeans, clover, peanuts).
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Nitrogen cycle-
•Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live free in the soil.
•Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are essential to maintaining the fertility of semi-aquatic environments like rice paddies.
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Atmospheric nitrogenLightning
Nitrogen fixing
bacteria
Ammonium Nitrification by bacteria
Nitrites Nitrates
Denitrification by bacteria
Plants
Animals
Decomposers
Nitrogen Cycle
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Toxins in food chains-
While energy decreases as it moves up the food chain, toxins increase in potency.
•This is called biological magnification
Ex: DDT & Bald Eagles