ECE 447: Lecture 1

Microcontroller Concepts

ECE 447: Basic Computer System

CPUMemoryProgram + Data

I/O Interface

ParallelI/O Device

SerialI/O Device

Data Bus

Address Bus

Control Bus

Parallel Data

Serial Data

ECE 447: Microprocessor vs. Microcomputer

Microprocessor – A processor unit typically with only basic I/O interface, off-chip memory.

e.g.: Intel 8008, 8086, 80486, Pentium, Pentium 4, Core2Duo, PowerPC

Single-chip Microcomputer – A processor unit with on-chip memory, I/O devices, and often other peripheral devices such as timers and A to D.

e.g.: Intel 8048, 8051, Motorola 68HC11/12

ECE 447: Microcontroller

An I/O oriented single-chip microcomputer

• Extended I/O capabilitiesSynchronous and asynchronous communication devices, A/D and

D/A converters, timers, counters, watchdogs.

• Interrupt HandlingIncreased ability to prioritize levels of interrupts and mask

individual interrupts.

• Instruction SetInstructions oriented toward bit manipulation, operations on single

bits of memory words or I/O ports.

ECE 447: Processor Evolution

Early microcroprocessors

performance integration

General-purposemicroprocessors

Single-chip microcomputers

- small price- low power consumption- built-in memory- built-in I/O devices

- high speed- long word size

x 1 x 10

(e.g., Pentium, Athlon, Power PC) (e.g., MC68HC11, 8051)

(8080, 6800, Z80)

volumesold

ECE 447: Microcontroller Applications

• Cars– Engine fuel injection– Transmission control– Suspension and ride control– Instrument display– Braking system

• Home Appliances– Washing machine– Microwave oven– Refrigerator

• Sports Equipment– Exercise Machine– Heart Rate Monitor

ECE 447: Microcontroller Applications

• Consumer Electronics– Digital/Film cameras– Remote Controls– Televisions– CD players– Telephone

• Computer Peripherals– Printers– Scanners– Disk drive controllers

• Robots– The Brains

ECE 447: Architecture vs. Organization vs. Realization

Architecture: The instruction set and input/output capabilities available to the programmer

Organization: The implementation of the architecture in block diagram form

Realization: Actual implementation of an organization in a given technology, eg: CMOS

High

Level of Abstraction

LOW

ECE 447: Organization of MC68HC11

CPU

RAM

ROM

EEPROM

TIMER A/DSPI

SCI

PORT A PORT B PORT C PORT D PORT E

8 8 (4)8

24

6

8 (4)8

3 3 2

ECE 447: Acronyms Used

• CPU - Central Processing Unit := ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) + Control

• RAM - Random Access Memory := Read/Write Memory

• ROM - Read Only Memory (non-volatile)

• EPROM – Erasable Programmable ROM

• EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM

• SCI - Serial Communication Interface (asynchronous serial communication interface)

• SPI - Serial Peripheral Interface (synchronous serial communication interface)

• A/D - analog-to-digital converter

• Port –Parallel I/O providing digital data lines (A,B,C,D,E)

ECE 447: Memory Types

volatile non-volatile

ROM

PROM

EPROM

EEPROM

Flash EEPROM

FRAM

RAM

ECE 447: Area for Single Bit Cell

Assumes 0.8 µm technology

20 10 14 14 14 20 40

humanhair

ROM EPROMFlash

EPROM FRAM EEPROM RAM

ECE 447: Memory Technology Features

Type Number of write/erase

cycles

Writingtime

Typical cell sizein 0.8 m technology

RAM

EEPROM

EPROM

Flash EPROM

FRAM

PROM

ROM

unlimited

10,000-1,000,000

1

100,000

1010

1

0 70 ns

3-10 ms

50 ms

50 ms

100 ns

100 ms

N/A 1, 700 m2

400 m2

200 m2

200 m2

100 m2

200 m2

200 m2

ECE 447: Memory Map of MC68HC11E9

$0000

$1000

$B600

$0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM

$1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers

$B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM

Single-chip mode

$FFFF

$D000$D000-$FFFF 12 kbytes ROM

ECE 447: Input/Output Ports

PortInput Pins

Output Pins

Bidirectional Pins

SharedFunctions

Port A

Port B

Port C

Port D

Port E

3

–

–

–

8

3

8

–

–

–

2

–

8

6

–

Timer

High Order Address

Low Order Address and Data Bus

SCI and SPI

A/D Converter

ECE 447: Organization of MC68HC11 in Expanded Bus Mode

CPU RAM

ROM

EEPROM

TIMERA/D

SPI

SCI

PORT A PORT D PORT E8 (4)

24

6

8 (4)8

3 3 2

EXTERNAL RAM

EXTERNAL ROM

EXTERNAL EPROM

EXTERNAL I/O

ECE 447: Memory Map of MC68HC11E9

$0000

$1000

$B600

$0000

$1000

$B600

EXT

EXT

EXT

$0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM

$1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers

$B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM

Single-chip mode Expanded bus mode

$FFFF

$D000

$FFFF

$D000

ECE 447: Memory sizes per device type

ECE 447: New Micros Board Configuration

68HC11E9

68HC24 - Port Replacement Unit

RAM32 kB

B

C

B

C

A

DE

RAM512B

EEPROM 512B

ROM 12kB

RAM32 kB

ECE 447: Memory Map of MC68HC11E9 with External RAM

$0000

$1000

$B600

$FFFF

$0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM

$1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers

$B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM

Expanded bus mode

$D000$D000-$FFFF 12 kbytes ROM

RAM

RAM

RAM

ECE 447: Recommended Memory Map Setting of MC68HC11E9

$0000

$1000

$2000

$B600

$6000

$FFFF

$0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM

$1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers

$B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM

Expanded bus mode

$D000

$2000-$5fff16 kB Program RAM

$D000-$FFFF 12 kbytes ROM

$6000-$B5ff 21.5 kB Data RAM