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European Computer Driving
Licence
Module 1 – Concepts of IT
Section 1 – General Concepts
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
Types Of Computer
Mainframe computers
Networked Computers
Personal Computers
Laptop/Notebook Computers
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
Personal Digital
Assistants/Handheld Computers
Personal digital assistants (PDAs)
Mobile Phones / Smartphones
Multimedia players
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
Mainframe Computers Large, fast and expensive
Used by large organisations such
as utility companies, banks or
multinational companies
Connect hundreds or thousands of
users
Users connect via terminals which
are located in different cities or
even abroad
Dumb terminals – these types of
terminals cannot be used unless they
are connected to the mainframe
Intelligent terminals – e.g. a personal
computer connected to a mainframe,
can also be used when not connected
to the mainframe
Mainframe
London
Dublin Paris
New York
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
Server
Networked Computers Personal computers connected to
a server via network cards and cables
The software and data is stored on the central server rather than installed individually on each PC
The network also enables a fast Internet connection, printers and scanners to be shared
Users access allocated resources via a user name and password
Very popular with small-to-medium-sized businesses, schools and colleges/adult education centres
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
Personal Computers
An indispensable tool for
managers, humble office
workers and home users
Two main types:
Desktop model – the system
unit sits horizontally on a desk
and the monitor is placed on top
Tower model – the system unit
is vertical so can be placed on
the floor to save desk space
Hardware devices (screen,
keyboard and mouse) attached
to the system unit (by a cable)
are called peripheral devices
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
Notebook/Laptop Computers
Similar in specification to a
personal computer
Monitor and keyboard are
integrated into a single unit
Can be used from the mains or
with a built-in rechargeable
battery
More expensive than personal
computers due to
miniaturisation of computer
components
Ideal computer for business
people and ICT trainers who are
constantly on the move
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
PDAs/Handheld Computers
Handheld computers
which have superseded
electronic organisers
Some use a stylus which
you use to write or draw on
the screen
Run very basic cut-down
software such as
calculator, address book
and notepad functions
Can be connected to a PC
to synchronise data
PDAs can also be used as
mobile phones and can
access the Web to send
and receive emails
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
Mains Parts of a PC Monitor – display results of processing
System Unit (Computer Case) – contains all basic computer components (CPU, motherboard, microchips, etc) that do all the hard work
Keyboard – enable text and commands to be input into computer
Mouse – enable user to point and click at pictures and menus
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – inside System Unit , to store programs & data
DVD Drive – read/write CD/DVD
Speakers – play music, listen to voice
Modem – connect to internet
Starting Your Computer
Press the power switch on the front of your laptop
Logging by typing:
Username: michael
Password: xxxxxxxx
After a short period, the Windows desktop will appear
REMEMBER: WORK SAFELY!!
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
Hardware and Software Hardware
Refers to the physical parts of a
computer – those parts which
you can see or touch
Such as monitor, keyboard,
mouse, CD-ROM drive, printer,
etc
Software
Primarily a list of instructions
coded in a special way that
computers can understand
o Operating system software –
eg Windows which works in the
background and controls your
software and hardware devices
o Applications software – eg
Microsoft Word – software
used to perform tasks
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
General Concepts
Information & Communication Technology
General term used to describe the use of computers to store, process and transfer information
Can also refer to other office equipment (such as faxes and telephones) which contain tiny computer chips
Information includes business data, voice conversations, still images, motion pictures and multimedia presentations.
ICT is a technology that combines computing with communication links carrying data, sound and video.
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 1 - General Concepts
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 13
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Module 1 – Concepts of IT
Section 2 – Hardware
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 14
Computer Essentials
Monitor – to display results of processing
System Unit – this contains all the basic computer components that do all the hard work
Keyboard – to enable text and commands to be input into the computer
Mouse – to enable the user to point and click at pictures and menus
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 15
The System Unit
Can be contained in a tower
case or desktop case
Consists of a motherboard
which contains complex
electronic circuits and silicon
chips
All the computer components
plug into the motherboard
either directly into slots or by
cables
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 16
Central Processing Unit
Brain of the computer which is a small silicon chip (Microprocessor). It has two main parts The control unit – fetches computer
instructions from the computer’s memory, decodes them and synchronises the computer’s operations
The arithmetic /logic unit (ALU) where all the work is carried out
Speed is measured in Megahertz or Gigahertz
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 17
Input devices
These are devices used to put data into the computer
Keyboard Light pen
Mouse Scanner
Trackball Joystick
Microphone Digital camera
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 18
Output Devices - Monitors Come in 15”, 17”, 19”, 21”
screen sizes
Picture is made up of
millions of dots called pixels
Picture quality depends on
number of pixels going
across and down the screen
Refresh rate is the number
of times the picture is drawn
on screen
Resolutions
800 x 600 is typical of a 15”
screen
1600 x 1200 is typical of
larger screens
Two different types
CRT monitors – similar to a
TV screen (Obsolete)
LCD/LED monitors – much
more slim line
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 19
Output Devices - Printers Inkjet printers
Mainly used by home users
Monochrome and colour
printing
Ink is forced through holes
onto the paper
Running cost quite high per
page
Laser printers
Standard in most offices
Very high quality b&w
printing, very quickly
Suitable for large volume
printouts
Running costs quite low due
to high capacity cartridges
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 20
Output Devices - Printers Dot matrix printers
Steel pins hit an inked
ribbon
Very noisy and poorer print
quality
Used mainly by businesses
for printing out multi-part
invoices and wage slips etc
Plotter
Used mainly by architects
for printing large scale
drawings
Several coloured pens are
used to draw output on
paper or opaque film
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 21
Output Devices
Speakers
Connect to a soundcard
supplied with multimedia
PCs
Quality of the sound
produced can either be
controlled on the speakers
or from within software
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 22
Input & Output Devices Touch screen
Allows the user to touch an
area of the screen rather
than typing from a keyboard
Used mainly in tourist
offices, bus information
kiosks and Job Centres
Synthesiser
Can be used as an input
device to input music to a
computer
Can be used as an output
device, for example
replicating human speech on
telephone systems
Input / Output Ports
External input and output devices are connected to
PC via a port. Common types of ports are:
Serial Port – connect mouse and keyboard
Parallel Port – connect printer
USB Port – connect mouse, scanner, printer, digital
camera, flash (thumb) drive
Firewire Port – connect digital video camera
Network Port – connect to cable modem or connect
to other computers in the network
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 23
Accessibility Used by People with
Disabilities
Voice Recognition Software:
convert speech into text on
the screen or commands to
control programs (Limited
Mobility)
Screen Reader: tells user
what is on the screen, either
speech or Braille output (for
the Blind or Visually
Impaired)
Screen Magnifier: enlarge
display on the screen (Low
Vision or Visually Impaired)
On-Screen Keyboard: type
data using a pointing device
or joystick (Mobility Impaired)
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 2 - Hardware 24
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 25
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Module 1 – Concepts of IT
Section 3 – Storage
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 26
How memory is measured
RAM is divided into millions
of units called Bytes
Smallest Unit = 1 bit
Each byte contains 8 bits
1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB)
1024 KB = 1 megabyte (MB)
1024 MB = 1 gigabyte (GB)
1024 GB = 1 terabyte (TB)
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 27
Storage Devices These are needed to store
data on your computer
Most popular devices are:
Floppy disk drive – this stores
smaller files (1.44MB)
Hard disk drive – this stores all
your programs and data (500GB
– 3TB)
CD ROM drive – software and
games are normally supplied on
CD ROM disks. Information is
read-only and cannot be
changed (650MB)
CDR/CD-RW drive – large amounts
of data can be stored on a CDR or a
CD-RW disk (650MB)
DVD ROM drive – these can be used
to watch films etc (7GB)
Network drive – online drive for
storing and sharing your information
securely. (5GB- 2TB)
Storage Areas Click Start Button Click My Computer
Click C: Click File Menu Click Properties
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 28
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 29
Other Storage Devices Zip Drive (Obsolete)
Uses zip disks which can store
either 100Mb or 250Mb of data
Jaz Drive (Obsolete)
Similar to a zip drive but can
store up to 1Gb of data
Tape Drive (Obsolete)
Uses data cartridges for backing
up data on servers
Very slow access compared to
other options
Flash Drive
Plug into a USB port
Typical storage – 4 GB, 16GB,
32GB and 64GB ($5 - $60)
Network Drive
Online File Storage
Share Your Information (Photos,
Music, Video & Any Digital
Content) Securely with Friends
(5GB – 2 TB)
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 30
Removable Storage Comparison
Device Capacity Price of Media
Floppy disk 1.44Mb NA (Obsolete)
Zip 250Mb NA (Obsolete)
USB Thumb drives* 4GB – 64GB $5 - $60
CDRW 650MB $1.20
DVDRW 7Gb $1.50
Hard drives* 500GB – 3TB $92 - $225
Network drives (Online storage) 5GB - 2TB FREE - $20/month
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 31
Types of Memory
There are two kinds of
Computer Memory
RAM (Random Access
Memory)
This is the computer’s
working memory
The more you have
installed, the faster your
computer will work
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Used to start your computer
and load Windows
ROM can only be accessed
by the CPU and cannot be
changed
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 32
What is RAM?
Used to store information on a temporary basis (eg: software, text document etc)
CPU transfers information from the hard disk drive to RAM
Information can then be processed
Information stored in RAM is temporary
When the computer is switched off, anything stored in RAM is lost
This type of memory is called volatile memory
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 33
An Example of RAM
Switch on the computer The processor transfers
operating system software from the hard disk drive to RAM
The Windows desktop appears
Double-click on the Word icon The processor transfers the
software from the hard disk drive to RAM
Open a Word document The processor transfers the
file information into RAM so
you can see it and make
changes to it
If you don’t SAVE the
document, the changes
will be lost when you
switch off the computer!
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 34
What is ROM? Used to store important
information that the CPU
needs to keep the PC
running
Information stored in ROM
can only be accessed by the
CPU and can’t be changed
is permanent and is retained
after the computer is
switched off
can be used repeatedly
This type of memory is called
non-volatile
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 35
An Example of ROM
Switch on your computer
A Power On Self Test
(POST) and boot-up are
carried out to make sure
your CPU, memory chips
and other vital
components are working
If they are, then information
is transferred to RAM to start
up your operating software
If not, then an error
message will appear on
screen
The PC start-up software
is stored in ROM so it can
be used time and time
again.
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 36
File Sizes
A simple Word document will
measure approx 20KB
A 12 page report with
pictures will take up much
more space – maybe 300KB
A 100 page user manual with
photos and screenshots
could be at least 2MB in size
Microsoft Excel, for example,
takes up approx. 6Mb of hard
disk space
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Text
document
12 page
report
100 page
manual
Microsoft
Excel
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 37
Standard PC Memory
As computers have improved
so has the amount of
memory – look at the
following minimum
requirements:
Windows XP requires
128MB RAM
Windows Vista requires
512MB RAM
Windows 7 requires 1 GB
RAM
Windows 8 requires 2 GB
RAM
If you wanted to run
additional software, you
would need to double the
above figures!
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 3 - Storage 38
Computer Performance
Two main factors will
determine how quickly your
computer works
The speed of the processor
measured in Megahertz(MHz)
or Gigahertz(GHz)
The amount of RAM installed
measured in Megabytes(MB)
Each time you launch
software, the program is
transferred to RAM
If you have several programs
running at once, this will slow
down your computer!
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 39
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Module 1 – Concepts of IT
Section 4 – Software
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 40
What is software?
Primarily a list of instructions coded in a special way
that computers can understand
Operating system software – eg Windows which works in
the background and controls your software and hardware
devices
Applications software – eg Microsoft Word – software used
to perform tasks
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 41
Operating System Software
A series of programs that
organise and control a
computer Provides an interface so that the
user can communicate with the
computer
Communicates between
software and hardware devices
Organises the storage and
retrieval of information
Manages the smooth running of
programs running in RAM by
allocating the required resources
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 42
Popular Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows is the
most widely-used operating
system (OS)
OS2 is an OS created by IBM
Macintosh (MacOS) was
created by Apple
Linux is a popular alternative
open-source OS
MS-DOS was precursor of
Windows but text-based
Unix is another OS used in
companies or universities
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 43
What Happen When You Switch
On Your Computer ? A Power On Self Test
(POST) and boot-up are
carried out to make sure
your CPU, memory chips
and other vital
components are working
If they are, then information
is transferred to RAM to start
up your operating software
If not, then an error
message will appear on
screen
BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System) is stored in ROM
The PC start-up software
is stored in ROM so it can
be used time and time
again.
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 44
Software Updates
Software is constantly
updated to give the user
improved features
Most software manufacturers
will provide updates to solve
problem issues
Software manufacturers will
provide new versions to
comply with new operating
systems
Be careful with software
versions – a file created in
Word 2007 may not be
opened on a PC running
Word 97 or Word 2003
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 45
Graphical User Interface GUI Enables users to click and point at icons and menus on
screen, instead of typing in computer commands
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 46
Applications Software
Word processor – used for typing letters, memos, reports etc
Spreadsheet – used for performing calculations (eg Accounts) and for creating Charts
Database – used for storing large quantities of data which can be interrogated to display specified pieces of information
Desktop Publishing – used for creating newsletters, booklets, posters, cards etc
Presentation – used for creating presentations which can either be displayed on screen, or printed onto overhead projection film or 35 mm slides.
Web browsers – allows users to view and download information from the world wide web
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 47
Examples of Application Software
Microsoft Office – which comprises:
Word (Word Processing)
Excel (Spreadsheet)
Access (Database)
PowerPoint (Presentation)
Publisher (Desktop Publishing)
Outlook (E-mail Management)
FrontPage (Web Page Creation)
Internet Explorer / Netscape
Navigator / Mozilla / Opera (Web
Browsers)
CorelDraw / Photoshop (Photo
Editing)
Final Fantasy (Games)
AutoCAD (3D Design)
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 48
Problem Solving Problems due to operator error or problem with hardware or software
Errors, beeps of tones, frozen display, missing cursor
Problem alerted with screen message, prompt or instructions. Example
to “End Now” the application
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 49
Problem Solving Launch Windows Task Manager by
Pressing:
Select the Application “Not Responding”,
then Press “End Task” button to Stop
Application
Problem Solving
Peripherals Devices like Printers,
Scanners no response (Check
cable, connection, power switch
on)
Call IT support staff, or online
support team to report the error
messages encountered
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 50
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 51
Managing the System Click Start button
Click Control Panel
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 52
Managing the System
Double Click System icon.
Click Hardware tab
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 53
Managing the System Click Device Manager
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 54
Managing the System Click Human Interface
Devices
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 4 - Software 55
Managing the System
Windows Task Manager shows
software currently running
Right click on any blank part of the
Taskbar Click Start Task
Manager
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 56
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Module 1 – Concepts of IT
Section 5 – Information Networks
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 57
Local Area Network Computers which are linked by cabling in the same room or
building
A server controls the network and stores data which is used by
other users on the network (clients)
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 58
Networks Advantages
Printers, scanners etc can be
shared
Work is stored on the server and
can be accessed from any of the
client computers
Users can communicate and
exchange data
Software is loaded once onto the
server rather than on individual
computers
Disadvantages
Security measures are
needed to stop users
accessing programs and
data
Can be complicated to set
up and requires support
from skilled technicians
Faults affecting the server
will affect the client
computers
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 59
Wide Area Networks
A WAN connects computers
in different geographical
areas
These are connected via the
telephone system
Used by multinational
companies to communicate
between different countries
The world’s largest WAN is
the Internet!
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 60
Client/Server Networks Core data stored in central Server computer
Data access by Client PC
Allow users to interface with Server
Downloading or Uploading Files from the internet is example
of Client/Server relationship
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 61
The Telephone Network in
Computing
A modem is required for a computer to communicate over
telephone lines
Data is converted from digital to analogue and then back again
The speed at which data is transmitted and/or received is
measured in bits per second
The dial-up modem speed is 56 Kilobits per second (Obsolete)
Cable Modem speed range from
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 62
Public Switched Telephone
Network
PSTN for short!
The international telephone
system used for making day-
to-day telephone calls
It is the main reason why
computers have become so
popular in recent years!
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 63
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISDN for short
Has a greater range of
frequencies than PSTN
At least as twice as fast as
PSTN
Typical transfer rate of 128
Kilobits per second
Data & Voice is transmitted
simultaneously
Special connection and
modem required
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 64
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSL uses telephone lines to transmit data at very fast speeds (512
Kilobits per second)
ADSL modem and splitters required to separate telephone signal from
the ADSL signal. You can still make telephone calls when surfing web!
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 65
Wireless LAN
The Computers / Laptops
in our classroom is
connected by WLAN
Click Start button Click
My Network Places to
view
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 66
Satellite Network
Satellite Network is used in
Aeroplanes, Ships in vast
ocean, or mountaineers
climbing the mountains
when normal 2G,3G,4G
Smartphones cannot work
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 67
The Internet Huge network of computers connected together
You need a computer, modem, an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
ISP provides access to the Internet through their servers
Many ISPs offer flat-rate access at fixed cost (e.g. SingTel, M1, Starhub)
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 68
World Wide Web
Huge sets of interlinked documents accessible via internet.
Accessing huge information and documents via internet
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 69
Search Engines
Help you to find information from internet
Examples: Google, Yahoo, Altavista, Lycos, MSN, etc
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 70
Intranets and Extranets Intranet is similar to the Internet but is internal to an organisation
Users access the Intranet through a user name and password
Enables users to share information and communicate via electronic
messaging
An Extranet can be accessed from outside the Intranet by authorised
users via a user name and password
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 5 - Information Networks 71
E-mail By far the most popular use
of the Internet
E-mail messages arrive
almost instantaneously,
anywhere in the world
The same message can be
sent to more than one person
at the same time
It is very easy to reply to and
forward e-mail messages
Documents or photos can be
sent as attachments
E-mail software is required or
you can access webmail
providers online (e.g.
Hotmail, Yahoo, Gmail etc)
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 72
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Module 1 – Concepts of IT
Section 6 – Use of IT in Everyday Life
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 73
Computers or People?
Computers can
calculate millions of times faster
than humans
never get tired
can do jobs which are dangerous for
humans
store large amounts of information
in one place
find information quickly
never lose or misplace information
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 74
People versus Computers
Computers cannot
write a book
comfort a person in
distress
think for themselves
think of new ideas
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 75
Computers in business
Business Administration
Payroll
Keeping customer records
Processing sales orders
Keeping accounts
Stock management
Airline Booking Systems
Bookings instantly recorded
to avoid double booking
Availability of flights instantly
accessible
Online Banking
Access your account 24/7
No need to travel to a
branch
Reduction in overheads for
the bank
Insurance Claims Processing
Maintain databases to
prevent duplicate
claims/fraud
Send automatic renewal
notices to customers
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 76
E-Commerce
Growth of the Internet in the last few
years has been phenomenal
Virtually any organisation has their
own web site
Virtually anything can be bought or
sold over the Internet
The Internet is available 365 days a
year – it never closes!
Eg: Buy/Sell at www.eBay.com or Book
Flights at www.TigerAirways.com
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 77
E-Banking Most Banks allow you to access your banking account via the
internet . You can access your bank account 24/7
You can check your balance, transfer money, make payments,
apply/cancel GIRO, print statements, etc at www.DBS.com.sg
Everything you can do accept withdrawal CASH
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 78
E-Government Most Governments information is online, including Singapore Government
CPF, HDB, ICA, IRAS, MOH, MOM, LTA, SLA, URA, WDA, WSH, etc
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 79
Computers in Education Student Registration
Keep student records
Enable computerised timetabling
Swipe-cards to monitor student
attendance
Computer-Based Training
Wide range of software packages
to aid learning
Can teach a wide range of
subjects
Multimedia Learning Platform
E-learning
Student resources made
available over the Internet
Assignments can be submitted
via email
Multimedia Learning Platform
Distance Learning
Flexible & Cost Effective
Training
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 80
e-Learning / Distance Learning
Advantages
Learn at own pace
Learning at times convenient to
individual
No travelling involved
Much more control over
learning process
Disadvantages
Distractions around the home
Needs for extra self discipline
Lack of human interaction
Potential feelings of isolation
Students choose to learn at home rather than at college
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 81
Teleworking
Advantages
Flexible schedules
Reduces commuting (Less
travelling time)
Avoid traffic jams
Work in the comfort of your own
home
Reduced office space
requirements
Enables greater focus on specific
task
Disadvantages
Distractions around home
Need extra self discipline
Lack of human interaction
Lack of teamwork in shared projects
Feelings of isolation
Many people choose to work at home rather than commuting to the office
The Electronic World Information Superhighway
Any kind of information, anywhere in the world available to anyone with
internet connected computer
Information Society
Access to unlimited amounts of information without leaving home or work
Access information with looking at books
People employed to collect, process, store, retrieve and transfer information
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 82
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 83
E-Commerce Company:
advertise products and services on
internet
can allow customers to return
unsatisfactory goods
Customers:
view on-line catalogue
make choice of goods or services
complete online order form, providing
personal details: name, address,
telephone number, email address, etc
Specify payment method: credit / debit
card, PayPal, etc
Store Available 24 hours a day,
365 days a year – it never closes!
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 84
Purchasing Over The Internet
You have to enter your name, address and credit/debit card details to purchase goods/services
Most sites will offer a secure site which will scramble your details so it can’t be intercepted by thieves
Secure sites will start with the prefix https:// - look out for the padlock symbol at the bottom of your screen
You have the same consumer rights as buying from a shop
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 85
Purchasing Over The Internet Advantages
You can shop 24 hours a
day, 7 days a week
You can shop from the
comfort of your own home
You can surf the web to find
the best bargains
Many dealers will offer
discounted prices for
shopping online
Disadvantages
You cannot see or try goods
before purchasing
You may have to pay extra
for delivery
You cannot speak to a
person for sales advice
There is some degree of risk
giving out your debit/credit
card details over the Internet
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 86
Alternative Payment Methods
NOCHEX
(www.nochex.co.uk) lets you
send and receive money
from anyone with an email
address and a debit card
Paypal (www.paypal.com)
offers a similar service
Instant Messaging (IM) Must have computer & internet connection
Instant real time text communication globally
Program known as instant messenger is used
for text or chat communication.
Alerts you when somebody on your list is
online.
Allows you to send files such as documents
and pictures.
Nowadays, programs such as Windows MSN
(Messenger) and Skype are used as instant
messengers and VoIP. Some users make use
of web cam during IM or VoIP communications.
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 87
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Communicate in real time using voice with
another person/s.
It is a telephone conversation over
Internet. Sometimes this is referred to as
Internet telephony or IP telephony.
Using your computer, internet connection,
a VoIP program, a microphone and
speakers/headphones.
There are no additional charges for these
voice calls because these happen over the
same Internet service used for Web
browsing and e-mail.
Eg: Skype,
Google Talk
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 88
Web log (Blog)
Website posted in
chronological order
Online diary / journal website
Readers can leave comments
on Blog
I have created a Blog for
students taking ICDL Test:
ICDL-TEST.Blogspot.com
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 89
Podcast
Audio & Video are broadcast
over the internet
Constantly updated content
Uses RSS feed to subscribe to
updated content
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 90
RSS Feeds
RSS stands for Really
Simple Syndication
A way of publishing
frequently updated content
such as news headlines,
football scores, stock prices,
weather information, etc
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 91
Virtual Communities Virtual or Online Communities
Social Networking Sites:
MySpace, Facebook, Bebo,
Twitter, etc
Allow you to share information
like photos and videos with
your friends online
Allow you to write Blogs and
sent messages to your friends
Fantastic way of making new
friends and have fun
Be aware not every member in
communities are genuine.
Keep personal information
like your phone no, your
address Private
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 6 - Use of IT In Everyday Life 92
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 7 - Health and Safety Environment 93
European Computer Driving
Licence
Module 1 – Concepts of IT
Section 7 – Health and Safety Environment
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 7 - Health and Safety Environment 94
Ergonomics
Lighting – rooms should be
well lit and windows should
have blinds to avoid sunlight
Ventilation – windows should
open to allow free circulation
of fresh air
Monitors – should be
positioned away from
sunlight and windows
Furniture – use an adjustable
chair with good back support
set to the correct height for
comfortable use of keyboard
and mouse
Accessories – use
copyholders and footrests
where necessary
Ergonomics refers to design and functionality which
includes the following factors
Ergonomics
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 7 - Health and Safety Environment 95
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 7 - Health and Safety Environment 96
Health Issues Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
Collective name for a range of
disorders affecting neck, limbs and
back
Results in numbness and tingling in
limbs
Eyestrain
Caused by long periods in front of a
computer screen
Caused also by poor lighting
Back problems
Caused by poor seating and
posture
Caused by prolonged use of a
computer
Safety Precautions
Cables should be safely
secured
Keep work surfaces tidy
Take frequent short breaks
Wear your glasses!
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 7 - Health and Safety Environment 97
The Environment Recycle printer cartridges
Recycle printer paper
Use Print Preview facility to check
your work before printing
Do you REALLY need a printout?
Print for a purpose!
Use power schemes to reduce
amount of electricity (Screen Saver)
CD-ROMs, electronic documents all
reduce the need for printed materials
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 8 - Security 98
European Computer Driving
Licence
Module 1 – Concepts of IT
Section 8 – Security
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 8 - Security 99
Backing Up Data
You should always back up your data on a regular basis
Keep a second copy of important files on a Thumb Drive or DVD and store it separately from your PC. (Store off-site)
Your data is much more valuable than your computer equipment - it’s priceless
You can protect your PC equipment with insurance, but this will not replace your data!
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 8 - Security 100
Data Security Confidential information must be kept
securely
Only authorised personnel should have
access to confidential information
Password should be changed regularly
Password should not be revealed
User ID and password to login into system
Different access rights for different
persons in organisation by login with
different User IDs
Lock your computer to furniture. Thieves
don’t need password to get your data.
They might just steal your PC
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 8 - Security 101
Computer Viruses Viruses are small programs which
are designed to cause damage to a computer or whole networks by spreading and replicating itself
Examples of Virus: Time bomb, Macro viruses, Worm, Trojan Horse, etc
Your PC can catch a virus by sharing files on disks/CDs, viewing/downloading files on the web and from e-mail attachments
The only protection against this is having anti-virus software installed on your machine
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 8 - Security 102
Protection against viruses
Scan files for viruses before
opening them
Make sure you keep your antivirus
software up to date – Thousands of
viruses are made daily – it only
takes one to wreak havoc on your
computer
If on broadband, install a firewall to
prevent unauthorised people or
hackers from gaining access to your
personal data in your computer
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 8 - Security 103
Copyright Computer software is copyright
material
Covered by Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988
You don’t “buy” the software
You pay for a licence to install
and use the software on one
machine – see the End User
Licence Agreement (EULA)
You are breaking the law if you
make a copy of software and
give/sell it to someone else
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 8 - Security 104
Personal Privacy
Right to privacy is a
fundamental human right
The advance in
computerised technology
makes it easier to store
and share information
See what can go wrong
with some case studies!
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 8 - Security 105
The Data Protection Act 1998 Came into force in March 2000
Sets rules for the processing of
personal information
Applies to paper records as well as
computerised records
Intended to protect the privacy of
individuals
Full details can be found at:
www.dataprotection.gov.uk
For Singapore Data Protection Act
2012, click: http://app.mica.gov.sg/Default.aspx
?tabid=487
Module 1 - Concepts of ICT - Section 8 - Security 106
Data Protection Principles There are 8 enforceable
principles – data must be:
Fairly and lawfully
processed
Obtained for specific
purposes only
Adequate, relevant and not
excessive
Accurate and up-to-date
Kept no longer than
necessary
Processed in accordance
with the data subject’s rights
Cannot be transferred to
other countries without
similar protection
Kept safe and secure from
outsiders