Easter lily – Lilium longiflorum Christian holiday in spring 3 rd most widely produced flowering...
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Transcript of Easter lily – Lilium longiflorum Christian holiday in spring 3 rd most widely produced flowering...
Easter lily – Lilium longiflorum
• Christian holiday in spring• 3rd most widely produced
flowering potted crop in U.S. – 12+ million pots produced
annually– 6th based on wholesale value
(03)
• Unique challenge to schedule because…– First Sun following first full moon
on or after vernal equinox (Mar. 22-Apr. 25)
– April 16, 2006– Need 120 days of forcing time in
gh, but early Easters may only allow for 90 days
Neal Mast & Sons (Grand Rapids, MI)produced 3% of the Easter lilies sold in the U.S. in 2003Primary customer: Wal-Mart
Easter lily – Growth habit
• Liliaceae• Bulb morphology
– Scaly bulb– Compressed shoot with
basal plate (stem) and many flesh scales (modified…)
• Origin– S. islands of Liu-Chiu
Archipelago of S. Japan; maritime spp.; grows in soils derived from coral reefs
– So…
Easter lily – Growth habit• Petals + sepals =
tepals– white
• Root systemS– Stem roots– Basal roots
• Two cultivars– ‘Nellie White’
• 93% of market• Shorter; fewer, wider
lvs– ‘Ace’
• Rest of market• 0.5-1 more flwr/plnt• Fewer tip burn problems
– ‘Eden’• Incr buds, shorter,
faster forcing
Easter lily – Bulb production
• Smith River Valley– N. California – S. Oregon
coast (Brookings)– All prod’n for N. America– Cool, dry summers; mild,
wet winters– Fewer than 10 growers
produce 10 million+ bulbs/yr
• Japan– Major producer of lily
bulbs prior to 1940s
Easter lily – Bulb productionBulb production, mid-July
Easter lily – Propagation• Seed: Breeding, not commercial
• Scaling: Major method of veg prop’n– Bulbs lifted fr fields early Sept, scales removed– Scales planted in field, adventitious buds form during
winter– Scalets replanted, etc.Scale Scalet or bulblet Yearling Commerical Plant-back
Propagation• Stem bulblets
– Fr buds of axils of underground leaf nodes
– Consist of roots, scales, basal plate, meristem
– When bulbs dug, bulblets detached and replanted
– Saves 1 yr bulb prod’n time
• Leaf cuttings– Detached lvs form
bulblets at base– Lvs fr upper plant best
regeneration (80% v. 40% for basal lvs)
• Tissue culture– Easily done, esp new cvs
Stem bulblets, Asiatic hybrid
Korean research
Easter lily – ProductionAce Nellie
WhiteBulbs/case
6.5 – 7
Not sold
300
7-8 7-8 250
8-9 8-9 200
9-10 9-10 150
10-up 10-up 100
125 – 8/9 cost $170 in 1999 + $62 shipping = $232/case or $1.86/bulb125 – 8/9 cost $236 in 2000 incl shipping, or $1.89/bulb125 – 8/9 cost $193 in 2001 incl shipping, or $1.54/bulb
Typically, largerbulb = more flwr
Single-nosed = 1 shoot or Double-nosed = 2 shoots
< 5% bulbs producedin a season are double-nosed
Easter lily – Production Cycle
• Vernalization– Cold-moist treatment, 1000
hrs– May be potted up before or
after
• Greenhouse Forcing– I. Planting to FBI
• Late Jan, plants 3-5” tall
– II. FBI to Visible Bud (VB)• VB = Ash Wednesday, 6.5 wks
before Easter• Buds 0.5 – 1” in size
– III. VB to flowering• 6 wks
• Harvest– Must be ready to ship on Palm
Sunday, 1 wk b/Easter
Easter lily – FBI Vernalization Treatment
– U.S.: 6 wk (1000 hr) vernalization trt
– 38 – 40 F for ‘Ace’– 40 – 45 F for ‘Nellie White’– Length is critical; as
extended:• Shoot emerge earlier• Shoot emergence more
uniform• Days fr shoot emergence to
flwr will…• Flwr # will decrease• Internode length will increase
– Over-cooled bulbs• Low leaf #, long internodes
– Under-cooled bulbs• High leaf #, short internodes• May not flwr by Easter
Long photoperiod in gh after cold– LD + cooling are additive– 1 week LD = 1 week
cooling– Not effective till 2 wks
after emergence; why?– LD not used commercially
b/c uncooled lilies do not emerge evenly & requ lots gh space
Easter lily – Vernalization Natural Cooling
– Non-cooled bulbs potted on arrival, watered in
– Placed in sheds, cold frames, minimally-heated poly gh
– Exposed to naturally-occurring cold temps of Oct-Dec
– “Maintain” 35-40F– Split-cooling = bulbs in
cooler first 3 wks then move outside for last 3 wks
– Biggest problem?
Commercial Case-Cooling– Forcer receives bulbs in case
that were vernalized at commercial cold storage facility
– Vernalized bulbs potted immediately after arrival
– Greatest advantage?– Biggest problem?– Generally less uniform than
with pot cooling
Easter lily – Vernalization Home Case Cooling
– Non-cooled bulbs shipped to forcer, placed in cooler upon arrival
– 7-10 d may be necessary for bulbs in center of case to reach 40 F
– Water content of peat critical; if peat dries out, bulbs receive less vernalization than required
– So, sources of variability seen in uniformity of lily crops attributed to…
Pot-Cooling or Controlled Temperature Forcing (CTF)– Non-cooled bulbs POTTED,
watered in, and given 3 wks of warm temps for rooting
– Bulbs ROOT prior to vernalization
– Early Easters: rooting period may be sacrificed, but not length of vernalization (1000 hr = ~ 6 wks)
– Advantgs: incr flwr bud #s, reduced forcing time because…
– Highest quality plants, but…
Easter lily – Vegetative Growth
Planting
– Plant bulbs deep, 0.5 – 1” from bottom of a 6” STANDARD pot; why?
Bulb mite damage
Easter lily – Vegetative Growth
Planting
– Dip bulbs in fungicide and miticide before potting, or drench immediately after potting
Root rotHigh salts
Bulb mites, Rhizoglyphus echinopus
Bulb mite damage
Easter lily – Disease
Root rot is a serious problem during all stages of production
Leaf scorch fr Subdue overappl’n
Easter lily – Environment Root Medium
– Well-drained; soilless common
– Sensitive to fluoride (Fl); leaf scorch
– Common rec: no perlite, but…
– pH 6.3 – 7.0– pH incr if Fl present
because…– EC 0.5 – 0.8 mmhos– Superphosphate not
added pre-plant b/c contains Fl
Leaf scorch fr Fl
Easter lily – Environment
Watering– Excessive dry-down
can result in FB abortion
– Overwatering contributes to root rot, leaf yellowing
– Water > 1 ppm Fl may cause leaf scorch
Phytophthora
Leaf scorch fr Fl, Subdue
Easter lily – Environment
Watering– Avoid getting foliage wet, but…
Baucom’s Nursery, Charlotte, NC
Easter lily – Environment Nutrition
– Moderate - high– 200 ppm CLF N, K2O– High salts decr height– Ca(NO3)2 rec if pH low,
esp after buds 0.5” long
– High P formerly ass’d w/leaf scorch, but problem traced to Fl toxicity, not P toxicity; why?
– CO2 injection does not decr crop time or incr quality
Cut Oriental Hybrid liliesSun Valley Floral Farm, Arcata, CA
High salts contribute to root rot
PythiumRhizoctonia
Easter lily – Vegetative Growth
Height Control– Chemical growth regulators
• Very common• Do not apply during FBI to avoid reduction in flwr #• A-Rest spray or drench
– 25-50 ppm spray, 0.6 – 2.8 ppm drench– Bark root medium…
• Sumagic– 10-30 ppm spray, 0.3-0.9 ppm drench
• Triazole fungicides are effective in reducing lily height– As bulb dips or soil drenches– E.g. Banner (propiconazol) or Bayleton (triadimefon)
Root rotHigh salts
Bulb mites
Bulb mite damage
Easter lily – Vegetative Growth
Height Control– Negative DIF
• Very common• Warmer night temps
than day temps results in shorter plants
• Avg D/N temp controls rate of development
• Post-production problems:
– Decr flwr longevity– Foliage yellowing– Because…
Root rotHigh salts
Bulb mites
Bulb mite damageOnly one person takes heights
Easter lily – Vegetative Growth
Height Control– Spacing
• Pot-to-pot spacing = stretch
• Final spacing 8” x 7”, or 2.5 pots/ft2 (after FBI)
• Pot-to-pot forcing requ high PGR, causes lower foliage yellowing
– Dishing• Move tallest plants to
edge of bench and shortest plants to center of bench
• Why?
Root rotHigh salts
Bulb mites
Bulb mite damage
Easter lily – FBI Long photoperiod in gh
after cold– LD + vernalization are
additive– ‘Insurance lighting’
• 1-3 wks LD after shoot emergence to ensure that inductive requ for FBI have been met
• If Easter b/n Mar. 20 – Apr. 2, light with no hesitation
Temps > 70 F are devernalizing– If lilies kept above 70 F + SD,
they will never flwrSchaefer’s Gh, Aurora, IL
Easter lily – Greenhouse Phase
Greenhouse ForcingI. Planting to FBI
Late Jan, plants 3-5” tall
Phase I– Bulbs moved from cooler to gh– Roots develop, shoot emerges
• Temp is key; 60-62 F soil up to 70 F to speed emergence• Higher temps =
devernalization
– FBI when shoot 3-5” tall in mid-late Jan
• When stem roots visible, FBI starting
• 65 F max during FBI or decr bud count
– Temperature dipping• 40-50 F night (60 F day)
during FBI incr bud count; why?
Easter lily – Greenhouse Phase
Greenhouse ForcingI. Planting to FBIII. FBI to Visible Bud
(VB)VB = Ash Wednesday,
6.5 wks before EasterBuds 0.5 – 1” in size
III. VB to flowering
Phase II– Flwrs develop fr microscopic
primordia to VB of 0.5-1”– About ½ plant ht developed– Leaf Counting
• Determinate plants• Once FBI occurs, leaf #
fixed• Gh temps manipulated to
control rate of leaf unfolding until VB
Easter lily – Greenhouse Phase
Greenhouse ForcingI. Planting to FBIII. FBI to Visible Bud
(VB)III. VB to flowering
6 wks
Phase III– Temp manipulation after VB
must be done with care• Most effective temp
range b/n temp and forcing speed is 50-70 F
• At higher temps, quality is dramatically reduced
– Insects• Aphids, leaf / bud
distortion
Greenhouse Phase
Physiological disorders– Flower bud abortion caused by…
• Low light intensity, root rot, ethylene, water stress, high temps
• Lower leaf yellowing caused by…
Avid insecticide
Pythium root rot
Easter lily – Greenhouse Phase
Physiological disorders– Leaf yellowing (esp lower) caused by…
Gradual yellowing of lower lvs …excessive negative DIF …some PGRs …N deficiency
Catastrophic leaf yellowing …excessive cold temp storage …lengthy shipping …very tight spacing …excessive fertility
Easter lily – Greenhouse Phase
Preventing lower leaf yellowing– GA4+7 and BA (benzyladenine) very effective
– Fascination = 1.8% benzyladenine + 1.8% GA4+7
– Fresco = 1.8% N-phenylmethyl-1H-purine-6-amine + 1.8% GA4+7
– Spray to leaves on lower half of plant
– 5-25 ppm GA4+7 is effective; influenced by ration of BA used
– It is translocated up; this can cause…
Application to lower leaves only
Harvest @ “puffy white bud” stage
Easter lily – Harvest
Create aisle to harvest lilies
Grade based on height: if too short, maybe sold at discount; if too tall, cannot be sold
Proper way to “eat” Easter liles
Moo Shoo Pork
¼ C lily buds 1 scallion 2 T cloud ear mushrooms 2 slices fresh ginger ½ lb shredded lean pork 2 eggs 1 T light soy sauce 1 ½ T peanut oil 1 t sugar ¼ t salt1. Separately soak lily buds and cloud ear shrooms2. Combine shredded pork with soy sauce & ginger3. Shred shrooms, scallion stalk. Mince ginger. Beat eggs4. Heat oil. Add eggs and scramble quickly; remove while still
moist5. Heat remaining oil. Add ginger root; stir-fry a bit, then add
pork and stir-fry till no pink is visible6. Add salt, scallion, lily buds, and shrooms. Stir-fry 1 min,
then cook, covered, 1-2 min over med heat7. Return scrambled eggs to pan and stir only to reheat.
Serve immediately