Earthing of 11kV and 33kV Rural Substations - · PDF file•The Neutral Earthing Resistors...
Transcript of Earthing of 11kV and 33kV Rural Substations - · PDF file•The Neutral Earthing Resistors...
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Jan 2016
Earthing of 11kV and 33kV Rural Substations
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Earthing Overview
• Earthing is not a ‘black art’ – but it is not simple either!
• An effective and functional earthing system is a legal requirement:
• Electricity at Work Regulations (1989)
• Electrical Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations (2002)
• Earthing is governed by many different standards:
• ENA TS 41-24, ENA S34, BS EN 50522, BS 7671, BS EN 60479, DNO requirements and IEEE-80
• If an Earth Potential Rise (EPR) is less than 430V a site is classed as ‘cold’ and
touch and step voltages are considered to be acceptable.
• Where an EPR exceeds 430V special measures are required.
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Common Assumptions Can be Dangerous!
• Earthing at 33kV and 11kV substations is simple.
• If normal DNO practice is followed the design will be ok.
• The Neutral Earthing Resistors on the 11kV and 33kV limit fault levels - so
secondary substations will not be classed as hot.
• Fences should always be independently earthed.
• Areas outside the substation do not need to be considered.
• There is no risk of transferred potential.
• HV and LV earths should always be combined.
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Secondary Substation Earthing Considerations
• Rural secondary substations have many issues that can make them difficult:
• They are usually overhead line fed - so there are no metallic return paths.
• Hot zones can extend significantly beyond the substation or transformer.
• Soil resistivity can often be poor, and getting a low grid impedance is challenging.
• Substations are physically small so only have a limited area in which to install an earth grid.
• Livestock are very susceptible to step voltages.
• The ground nearby can be very muddy and wet (i.e. low resistivity)
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Example – 11kV Substation
• Consider a simple 11kV rural substation:
• Fed via overhead lines & No other metallic paths
• Earth fault level (IE) of 450A
• Earth grid impedance (ZE) of 9 Ohms
• EPR = IE * ZE
• EPR = 4050V !!!
• Although the fault level is low, the site must be classed as hot.
• This design could present a significant hazard to personnel and livestock!
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Example – Step Profile of 11kV Rural Substation
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Example – Touch Profile of 11kV Rural Substation
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Livestock Considerations
• A standard earthing design approach is not sufficient
• Livestock are very susceptible to step voltages:
• No protective footwear (!!!)
• Longer step length
• Often in wet and muddy fields (i.e. low resistivity)
• A Step voltage gradient as low as 40V is enough to kill a horse.
• Accidental death of livestock can lead to costs and negative publicity.
• BS EN 60479-4 provides details on fibrillation current for animals.
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Design Approach
• Any rural substation’s earthing design should be carefully evaluated.
• Reliance on DNO standard practices is not recommended!
• Site soil resistivity surveys are usually required.
• Hand calculations are laborious and use of simulation software is beneficial:
• Quickly evaluate the EPR and grid impedance
• Calculate Touch and Step Voltages
• Provide contour maps of the touch and step voltage profiles
• SPE uses industry leading software package ETAP for earthing studies
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Mitigation Measures
• When faced with a difficult earthing design, the standard approach is to add
more conductor and earth rods.
• This isn’t always beneficial as costs can be expensive and rods in proximity to
each other have reduced effectiveness.
• Alternative methods include:
• Deep earth electrodes
• Increase tripping time
• Use of protective surface layer
• Satellite earthing grid
• Ground enhancing materials (Bentonite, Marconite etc.)
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Summary
• Correct earthing design is a legal responsibility.
• Small rural substations fed via overhead lines can often have a high EPR and be
classified as ‘Hot’.
• Relying on DNO standard designs is not appropriate.
• The zone of influence from a rural substation can pose a risk to personnel and
livestock.
• Livestock are very sensitive – a step voltage of 40V can be enough to kill.
• Soil resistivity surveys are always recommended.
• A good earthing design does not just simply add more conductor and rods.
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What Next?
• All questions welcome!
• SPE’s website has a lot of further information, or contacts us to discuss your
issue.
• www.sp-eng.co.uk
• How can SPE help you with your design?
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