Age of Jackson

Early Industrial GrowthGrowth and Development of Industry and SocietyHow did the following lead to the rise of Northeastern manufacturing?TechnologyCompetitionHow did the following lead to the expansion of markets?Existing trade patternsThe growth of cities and townsThe opening of the WestChanges in transportationGovernment and Business How did industrial growth impact the following economic classes?Upper classMiddle classUrban poorBusiness class

How did American industry grow and what was the impact on society in 19th centuryAmerica?ESSENTIAL QUESTION:TheTransportationRevolutionFirst Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sErie Canal System

Erie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The ClermontPrincipal Canals in 1840

Inland Freight Rates

Clipper Ships

The Iron Horse Wins! (1830)

1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]TheRailroadRevolution,1850s

Immigrant laborbuilt the Northern RailroadsSlave labor built the Southern railroadsWho has more track? NewInventions:"Yankee Ingenuity"Resourcefulness & ExperimentationAmericans: willing to try anythingCopiers then innovators.1800 41 patents were approved1860 4,357 patents were approvedEli Whitneys Cotton Gin, 1791

Slavery was a dying institution before this invention!Eli Whitneys Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleOliverEvansFirst prototype of the locomotive

First automated flour millJohn Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

Samuel F. B. Morse1840 Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840sSewing Machine

Material advance was the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the countrys virtue and promise.The American DreamA German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word invention, he pricks up his ears.The NorthernIndustrial"Juggernaut"Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860

Creating a Business-Friendly ClimateSupreme Court Rulings:Fletcher v. Peck (1810) first time S.C. ruled state law unconstitutionalDartmouth v. Woodward (1819) allowed for private chartersMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819) elastic clause (implied powers); states cant hinder federal governmentGibbons v. Ogden (1824) interstate commerce clauseGeneral Incorporation Law passed in New York, 1848Allowed corporations to form without a government charterLaissez faire government is keeping hands off in regulating but is doing much to assist capitalism!29Distribution of WealthDuring the American Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% ofthe population. 1845 Boston top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. 1860 Philadelphia top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. The gap between rich and poor was widening!Samuel Slater(Father of the Factory System)

The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowells town - 1814Lowell in 1850

Lowell Mill

Early Textile Loom

New EnglandTextileCenters:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

Starting for Lowell

Lowell Girls

What was their typical profile?Lowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life like?Lowell Mills Time Table

Early Labor MovementImpact on Social StructureWealthyUrban PoorBusiness classBenevolent empireBusiness class revival and reformResults of Industrial GrowthHow does Rise of New England manufacturingExpansion of marketsGrowth of cities and townsImpact on the westImpact on transportationImpact on government and business

ImpactWealthyUrban PoorBusiness classBenevolent empireBusiness class revival and reform

What role do the Democrats and Whigs play?Early Union Newsletter

The Factory Girls Garland

February 20, 1845 issue.Im a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!I'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payWishing for shortened work times!I'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlSick of all these harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest! Factory girls were working 14 hours a day six days a weekIn 1844 they petitioned to have maximum 10 hour daysThey presented the government with a scroll of over 4,500 signatures for a 10 hour dayThey government didnt address the issueIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

The Early Union MovementBegan with skilled workersUsed their skills as bargaining toolsWorkingmans Party (1828)Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York CityAdvocated equal taxation, abolition of banks, universal educationEarly unions were usually local, social, and weak

The Early Union MovementCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842)Unions are only criminal if their objectives are criminalUnions have the right to a closed shop (even strike if necessary)

What'sHappeninginAmericaby the 1850s?Regional SpecializationEAST Industrial

SOUTH Cotton & Slavery

WEST The Nations BreadbasketAmerican Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

Why now?Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

The results ofAmerican industrial growth and The impact on society in 19th centuryAmerica?ECONOMIC?SOCIAL?POLITICAL?FUTUREPROBLEMS?