Early English Settlements Sir Walter Raleigh “ The Unfortunate ” 6 foot tall Englishman who won...
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Transcript of Early English Settlements Sir Walter Raleigh “ The Unfortunate ” 6 foot tall Englishman who won...
Early English Early English SettlementsSettlements
Sir Walter Raleigh“The Unfortunate”
6 foot tall Englishman who won Queen Elizabeth’s affection
Legend says that he took off his cloak so that Queen Elizabeth could cross a puddle without getting wet.
Sir Walter RaleighSir Walter Raleigh
Sir Walter Raleigh also
won favor with Queen Elizabeth I
by informing her of a plot to take her
throne
Coronation portrait of w:en:Elizabeth I of England. Unknown painter, 1558. Public domain image
Mary I of Scotland in captivity, c.1580, unknown artist. Public domain image
Mary Queen of Scots was the niece of Queen Elizabeth’s father, Henry VIII
Many believed that she was the rightful heir to the throne after Mary I died.
Mary Queen of Scots had made many enemies.
• She was a Roman Catholic• She was believed to have been part of a conspiracy that led to the murder of her 2nd husbandMary Queen of Scots
Because of her unpopularity in Scotland, she went to Queen
Elizabeth for help
Instead, Elizabeth locked her in the Tower of London for 19 years
While there, Mary Queen of Scots is believed to have endorsed a plot to
overthrow Queen Elizabeth and install her as Queen
When Elizabeth was told of the plot, she ordered her execution (although
not enthusiastically)During her execution, she wore a scarlet garment that symbolized
Catholic martyrdom… The executioner was not able to sever
her head with one blow… it took two chops
The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
by Robert Herdman
Interesting fact…Interesting fact…
After Queen Elizabeth After Queen Elizabeth died, James I died, James I succeeded hersucceeded her
James I was the son of James I was the son of Mary Queen of ScotsMary Queen of Scots
So… the successor of So… the successor of Elizabeth was the child Elizabeth was the child of a woman she put to of a woman she put to death.death.King James IKing James I
Raleigh sent out 2 explorers Raleigh sent out 2 explorers in 1584 who claimed a in 1584 who claimed a territory in the area of present territory in the area of present day N. Carolina… it was day N. Carolina… it was named in Queen Elizabeth’s named in Queen Elizabeth’s honor (Virginia).honor (Virginia).
Later, Raleigh asked Queen Later, Raleigh asked Queen Elizabeth to grant him a Elizabeth to grant him a CharterCharter
• She gave him the right She gave him the right to set up a colony in North to set up a colony in North AmericaAmerica•By 1585, he had enough By 1585, he had enough money to send 100 men.money to send 100 men.
They landed on an island off They landed on an island off of present-day North Carolina of present-day North Carolina called Roanokecalled Roanoke
Walter Raleigh, by Nicholas Hilliard, c.1585.
Raleigh himself did not go on the journey.
John White, an artist, did go
He drew very elaborate pictures of Native Americans and surrounding landscapesSource unknown
• The colonists searched for gold unsuccessfully• They ran out of food and demanded corn from Indians• Fighting broke out• The men of Roanoke were discouraged and ready to return to England• When Sir Francis Drake arrived with a ship in 1586, all of the settlers returned to England
1585 sketch by john white of Indians at RoanokePublic domain image
Raleigh was not discouraged
He asked White to return in 1587
White agreed to return to set up a farming community with several women
This included his daughter and son-in-law who gave birth to the first English child in the Americas- Virginia Dare
Virginia Dare’s BaptismVirginia Dare’s BaptismIn RoanokeIn Roanoke
Supplies ran low on Supplies ran low on Roanoke and White Roanoke and White decided to return to decided to return to England for suppliesEngland for supplies
• He left 117 settlers He left 117 settlers behind including his behind including his daughter and daughter and granddaughtergranddaughter• Before leaving, he Before leaving, he told the settlers to write told the settlers to write their location on a tree their location on a tree or draw a cross if or draw a cross if attackedattacked
Unfortunately, White returned as the Spanish Armada Unfortunately, White returned as the Spanish Armada attackedattacked
• The few months he promised the Roanoke settlers lasted The few months he promised the Roanoke settlers lasted 3 years3 years• Queen Elizabeth wanted all ships available to fight the Queen Elizabeth wanted all ships available to fight the SpanishSpanish
Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588 by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, painted 1796
depicts the battle of GravelinesPublic domain image
Upon White’s return, he fond his fort deserted• houses were empty• vines ran through windows• books were torn from covers
The word CROATOAN was carved on a tree• name of Indian tribe and nearby Island
White wanted to investigate, but a storm crept up on the sailors and they demanded to leave
White never saw his family
Roanoke is still a mystery and is referred to as the “Lost Colony”
After Queen Elizabeth After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh's died in 1603, Raleigh's life got even more life got even more difficult after he was difficult after he was locked in the Tower of locked in the Tower of LondonLondon
He was implicated in a He was implicated in a plot against James Iplot against James I
After being released he After being released he was rearrested years later was rearrested years later for the same crime and for the same crime and executedexecuted
His distraught wife His distraught wife carried his severed head carried his severed head in a sack for 29 years in a sack for 29 years until her deathuntil her death
Public domain image
In 1606, the Virginia Company received a charter from James I to set up a colony in Virginia.The Virginia Company was a joint stock company• merchants pooled money to form a company• merchants would get stock depending on amount invested… once they had enough capital they’d outfit ships
Source: National Park
ServiceVirginia
Company of London Seal
Public domain image
• In December 1606, the Virginia Company sent 144 men on 3 ships (Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the
Discovery ) to Virginia40 died during journey• Upon arrival in 1607, they faced many problems including swampy land filled with diseased mosquitoes• Many settlers died
Colonists in Colonists in Jamestown were Jamestown were led by a 13 man led by a 13 man councilcouncil
• poor poor leadership, did leadership, did not have a not have a “plan”“plan”• most colonists most colonists spent time spent time searching for searching for gold, neglected gold, neglected crop plantingcrop planting
By the summer of 1608, By the summer of 1608, Jamestown colony was failing.Jamestown colony was failing.
Captain John Smith decided to Captain John Smith decided to take charge.take charge.
Smith was an adventurous young Smith was an adventurous young man, who fought against the man, who fought against the Turks at age 20. He build a Turks at age 20. He build a reputation as a bold soldier.reputation as a bold soldier.
He was captured and sold to a He was captured and sold to a Turk. The Turk sent him home to Turk. The Turk sent him home to serve his girlfriend, who Smith serve his girlfriend, who Smith claimed fell in love with him.claimed fell in love with him.
She sent him to her brother who She sent him to her brother who promised to train Smith in the promised to train Smith in the Turkish Royal Service.Turkish Royal Service.
Smith murdered the brother and Smith murdered the brother and escaped.escaped.
Captain John Smith
Smith had little sympathy for the settlers and became angered by their greed
Smith decided to visit some friendly Indians who gave him some food and the grateful settlers made him leader of Jamestown Shortly after, he went into the woods with some friends and were ambushed by Indians
Smith was wounded and taken to Powhatan, an Algonquin chief who hated the English
Powhatan was impressed bySmith’s composure. It is believed that his 12 year old daughter Pocahontas saved Smith from execution (by bludgeoning) by begging her father to spare his life
Pocahontas saving the life of Capt. John Smith. Lithograph by the New Eng. Chromo.
Lith. Co., 1870. Library of Congress
Smith even Smith even succeeded in succeeded in
getting getting Powhatan to Powhatan to
sell the colony sell the colony food.food.
He instituted He instituted strict rules strict rules
including the including the famous edict, famous edict, “He that will “He that will
not work, shall not work, shall not eat.”not eat.”
In 1609, John Smith suffered from a serious gunpowder burn and had to return to England. The settlers forgot Smith’s lessons
The Starving Time (1609-1610)Settlers began eating dogs, cats, snakes, horses….Also began using wood from houses for firewoodOnly 60 people survived the winter
The Virginia CompanyThe Virginia Company sent Lord De Larr Ware to the their sent Lord De Larr Ware to the their colony to improve thingscolony to improve things
He was not successfulHe was not successful• His tactics were brutalHis tactics were brutal• executed a man for stealing a chickenexecuted a man for stealing a chicken• tied a man to a tree for taking a few cups of tied a man to a tree for taking a few cups of oatmeal (man starved to death)oatmeal (man starved to death)
Source: US Army National Guard
Eventually, there were 3 things that did save the Jamestown Colony
1. Tobacco Crops
2. Representative Government
3. Arrival of women
TOBACCOTOBACCO in in Jamestown- Jamestown- • In 1612, John Rolfe In 1612, John Rolfe discovered that the discovered that the Virginia soil was perfect Virginia soil was perfect for tobaccofor tobacco• Imported tobacco Imported tobacco seeds from West Indiesseeds from West Indies• King James I hated King James I hated tobacco calling it “a tobacco calling it “a stinking weed”stinking weed”• The Virginia Company The Virginia Company was now able to make was now able to make huge profitshuge profits
Source: unknown
• In 1619, the first In 1619, the first African slaves African slaves arrived in arrived in JamestownJamestown• About 20 were sold About 20 were sold to the English by to the English by Dutch sailorsDutch sailors• By the late 1600’s, By the late 1600’s, Virginia Plantation Virginia Plantation owners relied owners relied heavily on slave heavily on slave laborlabor
In 1619, the Virginia Company sent a governor to Jamestown with orders to consult the settlers on all matters
Settlers who were male property owners could vote for burgesses, or representatives
The burgesses met in an assem-bly called the House of Burgesses
The Virginia House of Burgesses becomes the first representative government in the English colonies
Representative government is one in which voters elect representatives to make laws.
It was deeply rooted in the ideas of the Magna Carta (1215) in which nobles forced King John I to consult a Great Council of nobles and Church leaders before raising or imposing taxes. It also guaranteed citizens a trial by jury. The Magna Carta held the King accountable and limited his powers.
Image from Cassell's History
of England - Century Edition - published circa
1902Public domain
image
The Arrival of WomenThe Arrival of Women
The Virginia Company decided that they needed to make colonists “more settled”
They sent their first shipload of 100 women to Jamestown in
1619 (some went voluntarily, others were convicts)
Each man who found a wife was required to pay the
Virginia Company 100-150 lbs. of tobacco
The presence of women did make life much better, but it
was still very tough
Women made everything from scratch
(food, clothes, medicine)
The most famous marriage in the colonies was between The most famous marriage in the colonies was between John Rolfe and Pocahontas, years before the first large John Rolfe and Pocahontas, years before the first large
groups of women arrivedgroups of women arrived
Pocahontas was kidnapped by settlers shortly after John Pocahontas was kidnapped by settlers shortly after John Smith left JamestownSmith left Jamestown
Pocahontas accepted Christianity (Anglican), was Pocahontas accepted Christianity (Anglican), was baptized, and changed her name to Rebeccabaptized, and changed her name to Rebecca
Shortly thereafter, she met John Rolfe and the two fell in love.
Both the Governor of Virginia and Powhatan gave their blessing and they were married in 1614.
They had their only child, Thomas, in 1615.
The wedding of Pocahontas with John Rolf. Lithograph by Joseph Hoover, 1867. Library of Congress
In 1616, they traveled to England where Pocahontas In 1616, they traveled to England where Pocahontas was the center of attention and even the King was the center of attention and even the King
requested a meeting with herrequested a meeting with her
Before returning to VA, she contracted small pox Before returning to VA, she contracted small pox and died in 1617and died in 1617
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Public domain image
Many hoped that the Many hoped that the marriage of Rolfe and marriage of Rolfe and
Pocahontas would lead to Pocahontas would lead to peace between English peace between English
settlers and Indianssettlers and Indians
The English scorned the The English scorned the Native Americans’ religion Native Americans’ religion
They also began moving They also began moving onto Indian landonto Indian land
The marriage of Pocahontas. Engraving by John C. McRae, 1855, after Henry Brueckner. Library of Congress
In 1622, Native Americans from around the In 1622, Native Americans from around the Chesapeake Bay attacked and massacred about 350 Chesapeake Bay attacked and massacred about 350 settlerssettlers
The settlers responded by attacking, killing and The settlers responded by attacking, killing and enslaving many Indiansenslaving many Indians
When King James When King James heard about the heard about the attack, he took attack, he took management of the management of the colony from the colony from the Virginia Company Virginia Company and made and made Jamestown a Jamestown a royal royal colonycolony, directly , directly under king’s controlunder king’s control
Theodore DeBry engraving of March 22, 1622, when Powhatan Indians massacred Jamestown and other Virginian settlers. De Bry's woodcut published 1628 in an account of the New World.
Review 2-3 1. Why was the Roanoke Colony unsuccessful during the first attempt to colonize it?2. What were the major differences between the 1st and 2nd attempt
to colonize Roanoke?3. Why was John White stranded in England for 3 years?4. What words were written on a tree discovered by John White
when he returned to Roanoke?5. In what year did English settlers arrive in Jamestown? 6. What edict (rule) was instituted by John Smith that helped save
the Jamestown colony?7. What were the three events that saved the Jamestown colony? 8. What man determined that tobacco could be a profitable crop
for Jamestown settlers?9. What was the Magna Carta?10. What is the name of the assembly set up in Virginia that served
as home of the first representative government in the Americas? 11.The marriage of what 2 people provided hope for peace between
the native Americans and English settlers?12. After Indians massacred 350 settlers in Jamestown, what action
did King James take?
In 1620 another band of 102 settlers set sail from England
Many were “Separatists”, or people that wanted to separate from the Church of England because they believed it was still too Catholic
They were persecuted terribly in England
Fugitives for conscience sake. Leaving the Flemish coast for America. Engraving by J. B. Hunt, 1880, after C. J. Staniland. Library of Congress
Being a Separatist was considered a criminal act in England.
The group secretly left England for Holland, where they stayed until 1620
Fearing that their children were becoming “too Dutch” they secured a charter to Virginia and left on the Mayflower in 1620
The Mayflower. Engraving published by John A. Lowell, 1905, after Marshall Johnson. Library of Congress
After a long, stormy journey across the ocean, the settlers After a long, stormy journey across the ocean, the settlers decided to settle near present-day Cape Cod, Massachusetts.decided to settle near present-day Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
Before heading to shore, the Pilgrims drew up the Before heading to shore, the Pilgrims drew up the Mayflower Mayflower CompactCompact in which the men promised to consult each other on in which the men promised to consult each other on laws and work together to create a successful colonylaws and work together to create a successful colony
The Pilgrims signing the compact on board the Mayflower, Nov. 11th, 1620. Engraving by Gauthier, 1859, after T. H. Matteson. Library of Congress. Public domain image
As the colony grew, the men decided to form a representative government
They named their colony Plymouth
Plymouth Rock, 1620. Engraving by J. Andrews, 1869, after P. F. Rothermel. Library of Congress
The first winter in Plymouth was horrible for the settlers.The first winter in Plymouth was horrible for the settlers.
They arrived in December 1620 and did not have time to build They arrived in December 1620 and did not have time to build sheltersshelters
• Most lived in sod housesMost lived in sod houses• Some lived in holes in the ground covered by tentsSome lived in holes in the ground covered by tents
Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, 11th Dec. 1620. Lithograph by N. Currier. Library of Congress
Nearly half of the settlers died during the first winter
Their strong religious faith kept them in Plymouth despite hardships
• In the Spring, the Pilgrims were surprised when an Indian named Samoset walked into their village and greeted them in English (learned from explorers along New England Coast)
• Many of the Pilgrims were initially terrified, but many spent all day talking to him
Samoset introduced the
Pilgrims to Massasoit, the sachem of the Wampanoag
IndiansThey made a
peace treaty and even agreed to
defend each other against enemies
Source: Library of Congress
The Indian who helped the
Pilgrims the most was a Patuxet tribe
member named Tisquantum (Squanto)
Squanto had lost his family to
disease, so he decided to live
with the Pilgrims and teach them how to survive
• Squanto was captured by English sailors and brought to England
• While there, he lived with Sir Ferdinando Gorges who taught him the English language.
• After learning English, he became a guide for English sea Captains. During one journey, he was released.
• Shortly after, he was captured by another English sailor who brought him to Spain in the hopes of selling him.
He was purchased by Spanish friars who
promptly freed him but Squanto stayed with them
for a few years.
He later boarded a ship that took him to England
where Sir Ferdinando Gorges helped him return
to America.
Upon his arrival, he learned from Samoset that his entire tribe had died of small pox in a week’s time
• Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to plant seeds for corn, beans, and pumpkins.• He also taught them how to fish for eels.• The settlers believed that God had sent Squanto to them.• If not for Squanto, it is likely that most of the Pilgrims would not have survived another year
Squanto also taught the
Pilgrims how to use manure as
fertilizer, different cooking
methods, and acted as a guide and interpreter
• With the help of Squanto, the Pilgrims had a great harvest With the help of Squanto, the Pilgrims had a great harvest in 1621 and invited Massasoit and his immediate family to a in 1621 and invited Massasoit and his immediate family to a Thanksgiving DinnerThanksgiving Dinner• Massasoit brought 90 braves with him… and there is no Massasoit brought 90 braves with him… and there is no evidence that any Indian women attended the Thanksgiving evidence that any Indian women attended the Thanksgiving DinnerDinner
The First Thanksgiving, after the painting by Jean Louis Gerome Ferris (1863–1930)Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington
The Pilgrims were not prepared for such a large group
Massasoit sent some of his braves back and they returned with five deer and many other wild game
The feast lasted for 3 straight days
Miles Standish was one of the most famous characters during the settlement of Plymouth. He was hired by the Pilgrims to accompany them on the Mayflower to the New World. Standish was the military leader of the new colony of Plymouth Massachusetts.
In 1621, where he explored the territory, tended the sick, trained a militia, and fought Indians.
He later served as assistant to the governor and as treasurer of Plymouth Colony. He helped establish the town of Duxbury in 1631.
President George Washington
The first Thanksgiving Proclamation was issued by President George Washington, months after his inauguration as president in 1789. It stated in part,
“Whereas it is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor; and Whereas both Houses of Congress have, by their joint committee, requested me "to recommend to the people of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer, to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many and signal favors of Almighty God, especially by affording them an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government for their safety and happiness:"
It was to be celebrated every November 26… but was not as widely celebrated until an order by the 16th President 74 years later.
It was not until 1863, that Thanksgiving became an official holiday
Abraham Lincoln signed an Executive Order after the Battle of Gettysburg making Thanksgiving a national holiday to be celebrated annually on the last Thursday of November. It stated in part,
“I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens. And I recommend to them that while offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience, commend to His tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the wounds of the nation and to restore it as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquility and Union.”
Franklin Roosevelt later changed it to the 4th Thursday of each year.
Abraham Lincoln
Review 2-4 1. The Pilgrims were considered part of what religious movement?2. What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact?3. In what year did the Pilgrims reach their destination?4. In what present-day state will you find Plymouth?5. What happened to the Pilgrims during their first winter? 6. What Native American did the Pilgrims first meet?7. Who was the chief of the Wampanoag Indians? 8. What Native American is credited with saving the
Plymouth settlers?9. How did Squanto learn English?10. Why were the Pilgrims ill prepared at the first
Thanksgiving dinner? 11. Who was the military leader hired by the Pilgrims?12. In what year was (a) the first Thanksgiving and (b)
which United States President made Thanksgiving an official U.S. holiday in 1863?