Early china ppt[1]
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Transcript of Early china ppt[1]
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China in the Shang and Zhou Eras
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Shang Era
•Culture develops–Divination, Shamans use bones, shells–Silk worms, silk fabrics–Ancestor worship–Pictograms
3000 characters
–Paper used by 100 C.E.
•Religion–Fertility central–Human sacrifice
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Zhou Era
• Zhou – 1100 BCE–Feudal
Oaths of allegiance, fiefs for military service
• 2 Things weaken feudal order–Mandate of Heaven–Professional bureaucracy (government
officials)
•Movement along Huanghe, Huai, Yangzi•Non-Chinese displaced
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Cultural Change in the Early Zhou Period
• Patriarchy reinforced•Correct behavior, ritual important•Decline by 8th
• Xian city abandoned
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The Era of Nomadic Incursionsand Warring States
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Kung Fuzi (Confucius)
• Late 500s B.C.E.•Wandering scholars• Analects, collected sayings•Correct behavior• Filial piety•Duty, order, obedience• Stability, peace• Education is important
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Daoist Alternatives
• Laozi–Philosopher and founder
•Retreat from society–State cannot solve all problems
•Nature–Dao, cosmic force
•Meditation• Education not important
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Qin andImperial Unity
•Qin Dynasty–Originally nomadic, marginal–Shi Huangdi
c. 200 B.C.E.
•Reforms• Improved technology• Peasants freed• Bureaucracy
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China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era
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The Transformation of a “Barbarian” Land
•Military transformed– Influence of nomads–Cavalry–Crossbow
• Legalism–All to serve the state–People are bad and need harsh laws and
punishments
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Shi Huangdi, Emperor of China
•Unification by 221 B.C.E.
•Unification–Common writing–Coinage, –Weights and measures
•Great Wall begun• Killed by son• Shortest dynasty–ends 207 B.C.E.
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The Han Dynasty
• Liu Bang (Gaozu)–Peasant–202 B.C.E., becomes first Han ruler
• Strong centralized state• Expansion to Korea and Vietnam
–Assimilation Education common
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Scholar Gentry
• Legalists replaced by scholar gentry (educated bureaucrats)•Dominance of Confucianism• Education
–Examination system Based on Confucianism
–Meritocracy – earn your job
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Class and Gender
• Peasants–Production increased
Horse collar, wheelbarrow
•Mean people• Below peasants – no land, no training
•Women–Upper classes
Arranged marriages Education common
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Towns and Traders
• Xian, capital–Walls, towers–Grid pattern–approx. 100,000 citizens
approx. 100,000 in hinterland
–"Forbidden city“
• Trade as far as India, Rome on the Silk Road
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Arts and Sciences
• Invention–Paper–Compasses–Watermills–Rudders
• Art–Calligraphy
• Science–Calendar: 365.5–Medicine: acupuncture