e-governent

7/30/2019 e-governent

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E-Government- Tutorial -

Reengineering of the Government:

Services and Solutions

Authors: Jasmina Pilipovi, [email protected]. Dr. Miodrag Ivkovi, [email protected]. Dr. Dragan DomazetProf. Dr. Veljko Milutinovi, [email protected]


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What Will You Learn

From This Tutorial?

PART ONE

INTRODUCTION

What is E-government

TECHNICAL ASPECTS

The infrastructure of E-government

DIGITAL GOVERNMENT APPLICATIONS

Some examples that could be implemented


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What Will You Learn

From This Tutorial?

PART TWO

ENCRYPTION

DSA, RSA, Digital Signature

SECURITY TODAY

Digital Certificates, SSL


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What Will You Learn

From This Tutorial?

PART THREE

SOME EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDIES IN THE FIELD

Other Governments experiences, University research

STRATEGY PLANNING

Planning of E-government


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Part One


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Introduction to E-Government

Digital technologies are fundamentally transforming

our economy and society,and have potentials for transforming

the Government


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Introduction

E-government - the transformation of internal and external

business processes toward customer-centricity

based upon service delivery opportunities

offered by new communication technologies.

It is connecting Citizens, Suppliers, Employees,

and other agencies securely using:

The technologies of the Internet

The standards of the Internet

The public Internet

Private intranets



Introduction

Information and service delivery:

Whenever

Whatever

Wherever

InternetCitizens

Businesses

Employees

Agencies

E-government

center

Private Gateway

Authenticationand

Security check

Agency #1

Agency #2

Agency #n

Service Delivery

...



Introduction

E-government in the use of:

Government itself (communication, services, information)

Employees (advertising, education, instructing)

Businesses (supplying, information, services)

Citizens (online services, digital democracy)



Introduction

Benefits:

Efficiency

Comfort

Cost savings

Progress

Permanency

Reduced redundancy


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Technical Aspects



TechnicalAspects

Designing and developing E-government

brings us a set of both technical and legal

difficulties to overcome

The complexity of E-government architecturewill be presented with a model,

consisting of several segments:

Sub-infrastructures

Legal and political constrains

Standards and protocols of networking

Applications



Digital government applications:

G2C G2B G2E G2G

Operating infrastructure

Message and informationdelivery

Network publishinginfrastructure

Network infrastructure

Legislationand

official

politics

Technicalstandards

andnetwork

protocols

TechnicalAspects



NETWORK

PUBLISHING

DELIVERY

OPERATING

C B E G

LAW

TECH

Network infrastructure

Network 1

Network 2

Network N

TechnicalAspects

Multiple networks connected together

Various hardware technologies

Various underlying communication technologies

Information superhighway



NETWORK

PUBLISHING

DELIVERY

OPERATING

C B E G

LAW

TECH

Network publishing

CLIENT SERVER

HTTP

The client sends HTTP message to a computerrunning a Web Server program and asks for a document

INFORMATION

The Web server sends the hypermedia

HTML documents to the client

TechnicalAspects

Ability to present text, images, video,

and audio contents

Various tools and languages for designing

Client/server architecture

Static and dynamic contents of WWW



NETWORK

PUBLISHING

DELIVERY

OPERATING

C B E G

LAW

TECH

Message and information delivery:

TechnicalAspects

Search engines and algorithms

Delivery of both unstructured and structured data

Unstructured delivery via faxes and e-mails

Automatic interchange of structured information

Error and control handling



NETWORK

PUBLISHING

DELIVERY

OPERATING

C B E G

LAW

TECH

Operating infrastructure:

TechnicalAspects

Privacy:

Governments need to protect citizens privacy

Problem of involuntarily provided information

Security:

Protection of data - stored and during transaction

Authentication:

The identity of parties in a transaction is verified

Confidentiality:

No eavesdrop on the transaction in progress


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NETWORK

PUBLISHING

DELIVERY

OPERATING

C B E G

LAW

TECH

Monetary system:

TechnicalAspects

The most widely used way of purchasingover the Internet is Credit Card

Electronic Cash is informational equivalentof physical bank notes and coins

Electronic Cash can offer such benefits as

anonymity of the buyer

global acceptance

Credit Card will be dominantfor at least the next few years.


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NETWORK

PUBLISHING

DELIVERY

OPERATING

C B E G

LAW

TECH

Digital government applications:

TechnicalAspects

Classes: G2G, G2E, G2B, B2G, G2C, C2G

Online services for citizens and businesses

Intergovernmental and employees communication,managing digital documentation

Government intranet as basic communicational,

informational, and organizational tool


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NETWORK

PUBLISHING

DELIVERY

OPERATING

C B E G

LAW

TECH

Legislative and official politics:

Introducing digital era

into conducting governmental and commercial tasks

is opening an important question

considering legal protection and obligations

E-government

E-services

E-politics

E-management

TechnicalAspects


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NETWORK

PUBLISHING

DELIVERY

OPERATING

C B E G

LAW

TECH

Majorrisks:

TechnicalAspects

Exterior and inside attacks and misusage

Electronic espionage and sabotage

E-war

Endangering rights and freedoms of citizens

Corruption and organized crime

Economical and financial malversations

Intellectual property

Monopolization in managing government affairs


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NETWORK

PUBLISHING

DELIVERY

OPERATING

C B E G

LAW

TECH

Technical standards and network protocols:

TechnicalAspects

Agencies participating in E-government

should continually monitor

the development and implementation

of emerging standards

TCP/IP as the network protocol

SMTP and IMAP for mail transport

LDAP for Directory services

HTTP for delivery of client transactions and information


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Digital Government Applications


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Hundreds of applications that could be developed

to allow businesses, citizens, and other governments

to interact with the Government digitally.

There are at least four distinct aspectsof digital government:

Information gathering

Interactive service delivery

Online supplying

Digital democracy


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Information gathering


Citizens could have an insight on various types ofinformation, such as:

Government services, agencies, and employees

Event calendars, statistics, news

Flight and train schedules

Useful links


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Information dissemination problem:


Need for standardized information tagging system

Expanding the amount of accessible information

Develop expert systems to access information

Make the Web the first place to put information,

not the last


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Interactive service delivery:


Issuing permits and licenses, as well as renewing them

Businesses and individuals could file tax returns directly,

at no cost

Companies could file environmental compliance forms online

Individuals could apply for Social Security benefits online

Paying tickets, bills, memberships,...


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Problems:


Expand and standardizethe number of applications for online forms

Whenever possible use Web based technology

Online forms should use shared informationabout the submitter

Integrate forms

Focus on intergovernmental solutions


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Number of items citizens and business partnerscan purchase online

With E-commerce countries can move to the centerof the virtual geography

Collaboration with distributors and suppliers on scheduling

Forecasting, and just-in-time replenishment of supplies


Online supplying:


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Digital democracy:


Communication between citizens and authorities

Access to reports, plans, and memorandums

Chat rooms

Communication between government employees


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End of Part One

Authors: Jasmina Pilipovi, [email protected]. Dr. Miodrag Ivkovi, [email protected]. Dr. Dragan DomazetProf. Dr. Veljko Milutinovi, [email protected]


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Part Two


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Encryption


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Encryption

Encryption techniques:

TRANSPOSEK=3 T

RA

NS

PO

SE

TSERNPSAO

Transposition ciphers:

SUBSTITUTEK=3

VXEVWLWXWHSubstitution ciphers:

USER CRYPTOGRAMEK DK

USERSymmetric encryption:

Asymmetric encryption: USER1 CRYPTOGRAMEK1 DK2

USER2


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Encryption

Secret-key encryption:

Shannon: confusion and diffusion

Uniform encryption (module arithmetic)

One-time pad (random key generation)

DES (Data Encryption Standard)

IBM & National Bureau of Standards, 1977


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T (64 bits)

L0 R0

L1= R0 R1= L0 f(R0, K1)+

IP

f+K1

L15= R14 R15= L14 f(R14, K15)+

f+

K16

R16= L15 f(R15, K16) L16= R15+

IP-1

C


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R i-1

EXPAND

+ K i

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

P

f (Ri-1, Ki)

32 bits into 48 bits

6 bits into 4 bits Permutation


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P1

C0 D0

LS1 LS1

C1 D1

LS16 LS16

C16 D16

P2

P2

K

K1

K16

64-bit key


Roll left for 1 or 2

positions



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Encryption

Public-key encryption:

Substitution ciphering with two keys: private and public

E D

Publicchannel

Kpublic Kprivate

message message

cryptogram


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Encryption

RSA algorithm (Rivest, Shamir & Adleman, 1977)

public key K = P * Q, P and Q are very long numbers

private key K = (2 * (P -1) * (Q - 1) + 1) / 3

encrypting: Ci = (Fit) mod K

decrypting: Fi = (CiK) mod K


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Encryption

Example: P = 7151 Q = 13259

K = 7151 * 13259 = 94815109

K = (2 * 7150 * 13258 + 1) / 3 = 63196467

Message: MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB

ASCII REPRESENTATION: 77 65 82 89 32 72 65 68 32

65 32 76 73 84 84 76 69 32

76 65 77 66 46 00

for t = 3: C1 = (7765823

) mod 94815109 = 71611947D1 = (71611947

63196467) mod 94815109 = 776582 (!!!)


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Digital signature:

Origin authentication

Data-integrity authentication

Non-repudiation

Datatobesent

Variable length

HashingAlgorithm

Fixed length(128 or 160 bits)

Message DigestEncrypt Digital signature

Private key

Public key

Key Pair

Encryption


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Encryption

Message*Digest

HA

Equal?

DS

DigestPBK

HA

PRK

Message

Digest

DS

SENDER RECEIVER

Digital signature:

Authentication check


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Security Today


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Security Today

Digital Certificates

Strong binding between the public key and some attribute

Help someone receiving a message decide whether themessage, the key and the sender's name are what theyappear to be

An electronic file that uniquely identifies communicationentities on the Internet

Issued and signed by the Certification authority


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De-facto standard for digital certification is ITU-Trecommendation X.509:

Certification Authority (CA)(issues certificates)

Subscribers(CA Clients)

Users(the public in general)

Public keyvalue

cert holders unique

nameissuers unique nameversionserial numbersignature algorithmidentifierCertification Authority

validity periodextensions

CAs private key

CAs digital signature

Security Today


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Security Today

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

A protocol designed to work at the socket layer, to protectany higher level protocol built on sockets, such as telnet,ftp, or HTTP


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Security Today

SSL protocol is composed of two layers

The Record Layer

Connection security using data encryptionwith symmetric cryptographyand message integrity check

For every SSL sessionwe create a randomly generated temporary master key


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Security Today

The Handshake LayerCLIENT SERVER

CLIENT-HELLO(information on the cryptographic systems it is

willing or able to support)

SERVER-HELLO(connection id, its key certificate, and informationabout the cryptosystems it supports)

verifies the server's public key, and respondswith a CLIENT-MASTER-KEY message

CLIENT-FINISHED message

SERVER-VERIFY message

REQUEST-CERTIFICATECLIENT-CERTIFICATE

SERVER-FINISH


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End of Part Two


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Part Three


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Experience In The Field


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Early stage in the shift to government online

The use of Internet is increasing each year


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E-government relays not only on Internet delivery,but telephone, digital TV, and kiosk delivery as well


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New Zealand

Critical issues:

Leadership;

Strategy;

Governance;

Integration;

Resourcing;

Ensuring a focus on citizens;

Avoiding the digital divide;

Reskilling government;

The need for communication.


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September the 28th, 1999

By the year 2005:

Electronically registering with central government

Transacting all dealings with IRD online

All government forms and all services available online

People to have their say in the policy-making process

Authorized accessing records of a persons health information

Electronically posting transactions and receiving documentation

Recording change of address


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The United States

Week integration across federal servicesor between states and federal government

Lack of reliable authentication services no paper ID card

Digital divide is one of the major barriers


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New York States major projects

Establishing a statewide IP network;

Implementing a comprehensive plan;

Restructuring the states data centers;

Best Practices sessions;

Statewide legislation;

Cooperation with local governments;

Reviewing all purchases of technology;

Participating in projects.


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Australia

Federal initiative was to deliverall Commonwealth services electronicallyvia the Internet by 2001;

In 1999, over 18% of all householdshad home Internet access (79% of that in major cities),and still made Australiaone of the most wired countries in the world

One of the first e-government programswas Multimedia Victoria (MMV) in Victoriawith initial strategy document in 1995


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Australia

The government is also derived into channels:business, land, health channel, etc.

Setting up an applicationcosts betweenA$100k and A$200k

Service providers are charged80 cents to $2 per transaction.


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United Kingdom

In 1999, UK published its White Paper:Modernizing Government

Electronic Procurement

(making 90% of low-value government procurementelectronic by April 2001);

Government Business Processes(equivalence to written and digital documents);

Service and Information Delivery(25% by 2001, 50% by 2005, and 100% by 2008);


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Use of the internet is not as high as inScandinavia, the US, or Australia.

The tax system is very complicated

No single, integrated national database to be used to roll out ESD

Opening of e-libraries and placing computersin schools and neighborhoods

Number of statutes in the UK that preventdata gathered for one purpose to be used for another,and the access to the data is seriously limited


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Ontario, Canada

In 1998, an Information & Information Strategy was released

Too many IT systems with poor evidence of integrationamong agencies and weak links to the broader public sector


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Used technology was incompatible and variety of networksmade it difficult to implement systems across government

Seven IT clusters were introduced:

Resource/land;

Economics/business;

Human Services;

Justices;

Community Services;

Transportation;

Finance.


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Strategy Planning

S


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Strategy Planning

Elements of a business case

The following diagram illustrates some recommended stepsin the development of a business casefor government e-commerce initiatives:

Step 1: Identification of sustainable projects

Step 2: Value chain analysis

Step 3: Implementation

Step 4: Feedback and review

S Pl i


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Strategy Planning

A list of topics that pertains to public e-commerce projects:

Case Dimension Description

Idea Generation the source and impetus for a new project

Customer and Market Research an evaluation of the intended potentialusers and beneficiaries of a project

Technology Development an analysis of the technological resourcesnecessary to build and service a new project

Risk uncontrollable factors that may jeopardize

implementation or customer adoption of a project

Approval Process the level of authority within the governmentrequired for project initiation

Success Measurestools used to assess whether or not a project

has met its intended goals

St t Pl i


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Strategy Planning

Planning of E-government is characterized with complexityand deep impact on society

Issue Driven Planning (IDS)

Economicalgrowth

Telecomm.&

PolicyEducation

GovernmentServices

DigitalSociety+ + + =

St t Pl i


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Strategy Planning

Planning issues important for successful development

Motivation

Budget

Result measuring

Development competency

Contract and project managing

Best practice

Relationship managing

Technology

St t Pl i


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Strategy Planning

Planning steps:

Executive appointment

E-government vision

Global plan definition:

Stage I - Strategy (what should be done)

Stage II - Competency (what could be done)

Stage III - Implementation (what will be done)

St t Pl i


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Strategy Planning

Strategy planning should start with a meeting:

Business strategy summaryGood practice strategyCurrent trends

Current stage evaluation

Business targets reportE-government visionE-government targetsProject candidatesProject priority criteriaPriority criteria evaluationAlternative resources

Classification (G2C, G2B, G2E, G2G)

Project priority outcomeProject interoperabilityTiming schedulesAlternative resources selection


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St t Pl i


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Strategy Planning

E-government competency:

Leader competency

Regulatory restrictions

Handling with digital records

Privacy and Security

Central Authority (CIO - Chief Information Officer)

strategic support

technical support

St t Pl i


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Strategy Planning

Implementation planning:

Effects

Economical AnalysisBudget Evaluation

Timing and ResourcesSchedules

Marketing Plan

Time

Integration

Approach

ServiceImprovement

OperationalImprovement

Profits

Priorities

Projects


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End of Part Three


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The End

Authors: Jasmina Pilipovi, [email protected]. Dr. Miodrag Ivkovi, [email protected]. Dr. Dragan Domazet

e-governent

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