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GEOGRAPHY

FACTS ABOUT SOLAR SYSTEM

Fact Planets

The Terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars

The Jovian planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

The Dwarf planets Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and

Eris

The brightest planet as seen from Earth Venus

The planet also known as Earth’s twin Venus

The planet, which rotates in a direction opposite to

that of others

Venus

The planet, which has prominent rings around it Saturn

Planets which have no satellites Mercury & Venus

The planet with the longest day Venus (243 earth-days)

The planet with the shortest day Jupiter (9 hrs 55 mts)

The planet also known as Evening/Morning star Venus

The star nearest to the earth Proxima Centauri

The hottest planet in the solar system Venus (Maximum temp: 462° C)

The coldest planet in the solar system Uranus (Effective temp: - 216° C)

The planet with the highest density in the solar

system

Earth

The planet with the lowest density in the solar

system

Saturn

The largest satellite in the solar system Ganymede (Satellite of the Jupiter)

The planet also known as the Red Planet Mars

The highest known mountain in the solar system Olympus Mons on Mars

The planet whose density is less than that of water Saturn

The planet with highest surface gravity (meter per

square second) is

Jupiter(24.92)

The planet with lowest surface gravity (meter per

square second) is

Mercury(3.7)

The space between Mars and Jupiter consisting of

millions of asteroids is knowns as the

asteroid belt

The largest asteroid also known as a dwarf planet Ceres

The disc-shaped region of icy bodies and comets

beyond the orbit of Neptune is known as

Kuiper belt

Halley's comet last appeared in 1986 and is expected

to appear next in

2061

The galaxy nearest to the milky way Andromeda

ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS

Layer Features

Troposphere • Extends from the Earth's surface to about 20 km of height.

• The height of the troposphere varies from the equator to the poles

increasing towards the equator.

• The temperature in the troposphere decreases with height.

• All weather phenomenon occurs in this region.

• The transition boundary between the troposphere and the layer

above is called the tropopause.

Stratosphere • Extends from the top of Troposphere to about 50 km above Earth's

surface.

• The temperature increases with height.

• The ozone layer is found in the lower portion of the stratosphere.

• The transition boundary between the stratosphere and the

mesosphere is called the stratopause.

Mesosphere • Extends from the top of Stratosphere to about 85 km above Earth's

surface.

• The temperature decreases with height.

• Most of the meteors burn up in this layer.

• The transition boundary between the mesosphere and the

thermosphere is called the mesopause.

Thermosphere • Extends from the top of Mesosphere to about 600 km above Earth's

surface.

• The temperature increases greatly with height reaching upto 2000°

at the top of the layer.

• The ionosphere is a layer within the thermosphere.

• Auroras are formed in this layer.

Exosphere • Extends from the top of Thermosphere to about 10000 km above

Earth's surface.

• Satellites orbit the earth in this layer.

OCEANS

Names Area (sq. km) Deepest Point

Pacific 16,52,50,000 Mariana Trench ( - 10,994 meters)

Atlantic 10,64,00,000 Puerto Rico Trench ( - 8648 meters)

Indian 7,35,50,000 Java Trench ( - 7125 meters)

Artic 1,32,40,000 Eurasia Basin ( - 5450 meters)

Southern Ocean 20,327,000 Sandwich Trench (-7,236meters)

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE WORLD

Feature Name

Largest Continent Asia

Largest Ocean Pacific Ocean

Largest Bay Bay of Bengal

Largest Gulf Gulf of Mexico

Largest Peninsula Arabian Peninsula

Largest Island Greenland

Largest Coral Reef Great Barrier Reef (Australia)

Largest and Highest Plateau Pamir (Tibet, China)

Largest Archipelago Malay Archipelago (Includes Indonesia and Philippines)

Largest Desert (Hot) Sahara Desert (Africa)

Largest Desert Antarctica

Largest Glacier Lambert Glacier (Antarctica)

Largest River Amazon (South America)

Largest Lake Caspian Sea

Largest Swamp Pantanal (South America)

Largest Delta Ganges Delta or Sundarbans Delta (India/Bangladesh)

Tallest Volcano (subaerial) Mauna Loa (Hawaii)*

Tallest Volcano Ojos del Salado (Chile-Argentina border)

Deepest Canyon Cotahuasi Canyon (Peru)

Deepest Point on Earth Challenger Deep (Pacific Ocean)

Deepest Lake Lake Baikal (Russia)

Highest Waterfalls Angel Waterfalls (Venezuela)

IMPORTANT LATITUDES AND LOGITUDES

Latitude Position Countries through which it passes

Tropic of Cancer 23° 26' N Mexico, The Bahamas, Mauritania, Mali, Algeria, Niger,

Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, India,

Bangladesh, Myanmar, China and Taiwan

Tropic of

Capricorn

23° 26' S Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique,

Madagascar, Australia, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil,

French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Fiji and Cook Islands

Arctic Circle 66° 33' N Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, USA (Alaska), Canada,

Denmark (Greenland), and Iceland

Antarctic Circle 66° 33' S Territories on Antarctic claimed by Australia, France, New

Zealand, Argentina, Chile and UK

Equator 0° Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Sao Tome e Príncipe, Gabon,

Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia and Indonesia

Longitude Position Countries through which it passes

Prime Meridian 0° longitude UK, France, Spain, Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Tongo

and Ghana

International

Date Line

180° E/W

longitude

Mid-Pacific Ocean

INDIAN STATES PASSING THROUGH TROPIC OF CANCER AND IST

Tropic of Cancer 23° 26' N Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,

Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram

Indian Standard

Time

82.5° E Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and

Andhra Pradesh

WEATHER INSTRUMENTS

Instrument Used for

Minimum and Maximum

Thermometer

Recording the minimum and maximum temperature of a

place over a period of time

Rain Gauge (Udometer) Measuring the rain

Anemometer Measuring the wind speed

Barometer Measuring the atmospheric pressure

Wind Vane Finding the direction of the wind.

Hygrometer Measuring the humidity.

CLIMATIC INSTRUMENTS

Line Importance

Isobars They are lines on a map connecting places of equal atmospheric pressure.

Isotherms They are lines on a map connecting places of equal temperature.

Isohyets They are lines on a map connecting places of equal amount of rainfall over a

period of time.

Isohels They are lines on a map connecting places of same mean daily duration of

sunshine.

Isonephs They are lines on a map connecting places of same mean value of cloud cover.

Isohaline They are lines on a ocean map connecting places of equal salinity.

Isohume They are lines on a map connecting places of equal relative humidity.

IMPORTANT BOUNDARY LINES

Name Boundary

Durand Line The line demarcating the boundaries of Pakistan and Afghanistan. It

was drawn in 1896 by Sir Mortimer Durand.

Hindenburg Line The boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The Germans retreated

to this line in 1917 during World War I

Maginot Line It is a 320 km line of fortification build by France along its border

with Germany before World War II, to protect against German

attack.

Mannerheim Line The Line of Fortification between Russia- Finland. It was drawn by

General Mannerheim.

McMahon Line Drawn by Sir Henry McMahon, the line demarcates the frontier of

India and China. China did not recognize the McMahon line and

crossed it in 1962.

Medicine Line also

known as 49th Parallel

The border between Canada and the United States.

Oder-Neisse Line It is the border between Poland and Germany running along the

Oder and Neisse rivers; adopted after the Poland Conference

(August 1945) after the World War II.

Radcliffe Line Drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, this line demarcates the boundary

between India and Pakistan.

Siegfried Line Line of fortification drawn by Germany on its border with France.

17th Parallel The boundary between North Vietnam and South Vietnam before

two was united.

24th Parallel Line which Pakistan claims as the demarcating line between India

and Pakistan. This, however, is not recognized by India

26th Parallel south A circle of latitude which crosses through Africa, Australia and

South America.

36th Parallel The southernmost boundary of the State of Missouri with the State

of Arkansas.

37th Parallel north The southern boundary of the historic and extralegal Territory of

Jefferson.

38th Parallel The parallel of latitude which separates North Korea and South

Korea

MOUNTAIN RANGES OF THE WORLD

Feature Name Length Highest Point

Mountain range in

Europe

The Alps 1,200 km Mont Blanc, 4,811 m

Mountain range in North

America

The Rockies 4,800 km Mount Elbert, 4,401 m

Mountain range in South

America

The Andies 7,000 km Mt Aconcagua, 7,021

m

Mountain range in

Africa

Drakensburg 1,000 km ThabanaNtlenyana,

3,482 m

Mountain range in

Australia

The Great Dividing Range 3,000 km Mt Kosciuszko, 2,234

m

Mountain range in Asia Himalayas 2,400 km Mt Everest, 8,848 m

Mountain range in Asia Karakoram 500 km Mt K2, 8,611 m

Mountain range in

Antarctica

Transantarctic Mountain

Range (TAM)

3500 km Mt Kirkpatrick, 4,528

m

COUNTRIES AND PARLIAMENTS

Country Parliament

Afghanistan National Assembly

Australia Parliament of Australia

Bhutan Parliament of Bhutan

Brazil National Congress

Canada Parliament

France Parliament

Japan Diet (Kokkai)

Myanmar Assembly of the Union

Pakistan Parliament of Pakistan

Russia Federal Assembly

United Kingdom Parliament

U.S.A. Congress

Switzerland Federal Assembly

South Africa Parliament

Spain General Courts

Bangladesh National Parliament (JatiyoSansad)

China National People's Congress

Germany Federal Diet (Bundestag)

Israel Assembly (Knesset)

Nepal Parliament

Sri Lanka Parliament

Sweden The Riksdag

United Arab Emirates Federal National Assembly (MajlisWatoniIttihad)

Vatican City Pontifical Commission

HIGHEST MOUNTAINS OF THE WORLD

Feature Name

Highest mountain Mt Everest (Nepal) 8,848 m

Highest mountain in Africa Mt Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) 5895m

Highest mountain in Australia Mt Kosciuszko 2234 m

Highest mountain in Europe Mt Elbrus (Russia) 5642 m

Highest mountain in North America Mt Denali (Alaska, USA) 6187m

Highest mountain in South America Mt Aconcagua (Argentina) 7021m

Highest mountain in Antarctica Mt Vinson Massif

Highest mountain in Oceania (Australia and New

Guinea)

Puncak Jaya (Mount Carstensz)

4884m

MOUNTAIN PEAKS IN INDIA

Peaks Height State

Kangchenjunga 8,586 m (28,169 ft) Himalayas Ranges, Sikkim

Nanda Devi 7816 m(25643 ft) Garhwal Himalayas,

Uttarakhand

Kamet 7,756 m (25,446 ft) Zaskar Range, Uttarakhand

SaltoroKangri 7,742 m (25,400 ft) Karakoram,Greater

Himalaya, Jammu and

Kashmir

SaserKangri 7,672 m (25,171 ft) Saser Muztagh, Karakoram

greater Himalaya, Jammu and

Kashmir

MamostongKangri 7,516 m (24,659 ft) Rimo Muztagh, Karakoram,

Jammu and Kashmir

Rimo 7,385 m (24,229 ft) Siachen Area, Jammu and

Kashmir

Hardeol 7,151 m (23,461 ft) Kumaon Region,

Uttarakhand

Chaukhamba 7,138 m (23,419 ft) Kumaon Region,

Uttarakhand

Trisul 7,120 m (23,359 ft) Kumaon Region,

Uttarakhand

Highest mountain in India Kanchenjunga

Highest mountain in India (incl POK) Mt K2 also known as

Godwin Austin

Oldest mountain range in India Aravallis

The highest peak in the Western Ghats and also South India is Anamudi in Kerala

The highest peak in the Aravallis is Guru Shikhar, near Mt. Abu

in Rajasthan

Raisina Hill, the area in New Delhi where RashtrapatiBhavan

is located is an extension of

Aravalli Hills

The hill ranges which geographically divide northern India

from the Deccan Plateau

Vindhyas

The Western Ghats are also known as Sahyadri hills

The name of the hill on which the famous Vaishno Devi

temple is located

Trikuta

Mt Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva of Hindu mythology is

located in

Tibet

HILL RANGES OF INDIA

Range States

Eastern Ghats Tamil nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal

Western Ghats Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra

Aravallis Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana

Cardamom Hills Kerala and Tamil Nadu

Anaimalai Hills Kerala and Tamil Nadu

Nilgiri Hills Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka

Palani Hills Tamil Nadu

Satpura Range Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh

Vindhyas Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh

Garo Hills Meghalaya

Khasi Hills Meghalaya

Jaintia Hills Meghalaya

PirPanjal Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir

Karakoram Ladakh region in Jammu and Kashmir

HIGHEST MOUNTAINS OF INDIAN STATES

State Highest Point Mountain/Hill Range

Arunachal Pradesh Kangto Eastern Himalayas

Himachal Pradesh Reo Purgyil Western Himalayas

Jammu & Kashmir Mt. K2 Karakoram

Karnataka Mullayanagiri Western Ghats

Kerala Anamudi Western Ghats

Maharashtra Kalsubai Sahyadris

Mizoram Phawngpui Lushai Hills

Nagaland Saramati Naga Hills

Odisha Deomali Eastern Ghats

Rajasthan Guru Shikhar Aravalli Hills

Sikkim Kangchenjunga Eastern Himalayas

Tamil Nadu Doddabetta Nilgiri Hills

Tripura Betalongchhip Jamui Hills

Uttarakhand Nanda Devi Himalayas

West Bengal Sandakphu Eastern Himalayas

Andaman & Nicobar Islands Saddle Peak —

STRAITS AND CANALS

Strait/Canal Land masses divided Water Bodies joined

Suez Canal Runs through Egypt Mediterranean and Red

Sea

Kiel Canal Runs through Germany North Sea and Baltic Sea

Bering Strait Alaska and Siberia Pacific and Arctic

Palk Strait India and Sri Lanka Bay of Bengal and Gulf of

Mannar

Strait of

Gibraltar

Africa and Europe Atlantic Ocean and

Mediterranean Sea

Strait of Malacca Indonesia (Sumatra) and Malaysia (Malay) Pacific Ocean and Indian

Ocean

Panama Canal Runs through Republic of Panama Pacific and Atlantic

Oceans

English Channel England and France North Sea and Atlantic

Oceans

St. George's

Channel

Ireland and Wales Irish Sea and Atlantic

Ocean (Celtic Sea)

Cook Strait North and South Islands of New Zealand Tasman Sea and South

Pacific Ocean

Ten Degree

Channel

Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands -

Bosphorus Strait Runs through Istanbul (Turkey) separating

Asian part of Turkey from its European part

Black Sea and Sea of

Marmara

Duncan Passage Rutland Island (Great Andaman) and Little

Andaman

Bay of Bengal and

Andaman Sea

Eight Degree

Channel

Ihavandiffulu Atoll (Maldives) and Minicoy

Island (Lakshadweep)

Arabian Sea

RIVERS OF THE WORLD

River Origin Outflow Length (in km)

Nile Tributaries of Lake Victoria

(Africa)

Mediterranean

Sea

6,850

Amazon Andes (Peru) Atlantic Ocean 6430

ChangJiang

(Yangtze)

Tibetan plateau (China) China Sea 6300

Mississipi

Missouri

Source of Red Rock (Montana) Gulf of Mexico 6100

Yenisei Tannu-Ola Mountains (Russia) Arctic Ocean 5540

Huang Ho Kunlun Mountains (China) Gulf of Chihli 5464

Parana Confluence of Paranaiba and

Grande rivers

Atlantic Ocean 4880

Zaire (Congo) Confluence of Lualab and Luapula

rivers (Congo)

Atlantic Ocean 4750

Ob Altai Mountains (Russia) Gulf of Ob 4410

Irtish Altai Mountains (Russia) Ob River 4250

INDIAN RIVERS

River Area covered in India (in sq.km.)

Ganga 9,52,000

Sindh 3,21,000 (Total 11,65,000)

Godavari 3,13,000

Krishna 2,59,000

Brahmaputra 2,40,000

Mahanadi 1,42,000

Narmada 99,000

Cauvery 81,155

WEST FLOWING RIVERS IN INDIA

River State

Periyar, Bharathpuja ( Ponnani), Kunthipuja

Ponnani: It is the longest river in Kerala.

Periyar: Kali, place where AdiShankaracharyulu was born is

on the banks of this river

Kerala

Sharavathi, Netravathi, Bedti, Thadri, KalliGangalli Karnataka

Zuari, Rachol, Mahadhai ( Mandavi) Goa

Narmada, Tapti, Bitharani Maharashtra

Narmada, Tapti, Sabarmati, Mahi, Dhadhar, Shetrunji Gujarat

Sabarmati, Mahi Rajasthan

RIVERS AND THEIR PLACES OF CONFLUENCE

Rivers Place of confluence

Alaknanda and Dhauliganga Vishnuprayag (Uttarakhand)

Alaknanda and Nandakini Nandaprayag (Uttarakhand)

Alaknanda and Pindar Karnaprayag (Uttarakhand)

Alaknanda and Mandikini Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand)

Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Devprayag (Uttarakhand)

Ganges and Yamuna Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)

Yamuna, Chambal, Pahuj, Sind and Kuwari Pachanada (Etawahdist of UP)

Ganges and Kosi Kurusela (Katihardist of Bihar)

Yamuna and Betwa Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh)

Krishna and Tungabhadra Alampur (Mahbubnagar dist of Telangana)

Godavari and Indravati Bhadrakali (Bijapurdist of Chhattisgarh)

Tunga and Bhadra Koodli (Shimogadist of Karnataka)

Ganges and Gandak Hajipur (Bihar)

Sutlej and Beas Harike Wetland (Punjab)

Subarnarekha and Kharkai Jamshedpur (Jharkhand)

The first 5 are together known as Panchprayag.

TRIBUTARIES OF INDUS RIVER

Tributary Other Names Length

in Kms

Origin Purpose

Jhelum Vitasta&Hydaspes 724 Verinag in

Kashmir

1) It flows northwards into Wular

Lake.

2) It forms the India-Pakistan

boundary for 170 km.

3) Wular lake is formed due to

this river

Chenab Asikini 1180 Bara Lacha

Pass in

Zaskar

Range of

Himchal

Pradesh.

1) Biggest tributary of Indus

river.

2) Chenab joins Indus river at

Multhan

3) The Chenab River has its

source at the meeting point of

two rivers, the Chandra and the

Bhaga. In Himachal Pradesh,

the river is also called the

Chandrabhaga.

Ravi Parusni 722 Kullu

hills near

the Rohtang

Pass in

Himachal

Pradesh.

1) It is also called as Airavath or

Lahore River.

Beas Vipasa 460 Bias Kund,

closely

located to

the Rohtang

pass.

1) Beas meets the Sutlej river at

Harika in Punjab.

2) The only river which lies

entirely within the Indian

territory.

3) It crosses the DhaolaDhar

range.

Sutlej Sutudri 1450 Rakshas Tal

or

RakasLake

in Tibet

1) Longest tributary of Indus river

2) It flows through 3 countries

(India, Pakistan, China)

3) It enters Himachal Pradesh

through Shipkila pass and

enters Indus river at Mithankot

in Pakistan.

TRIBUTARIES OF GANGA

Tributary Origin Importance

1 Yamuna Yamunotri Glacier

on the southwestern

sides of the

Banderpooch crests

of the Lower

Himalayan Mountain

Range in Gharwal

district of

Uttarakhand

It is the largest tributary of Ganga. It is also associated

with the River Ganga at Allahabad, along with the

Saraswati River, which is also known as Prayag.

ArdhKumbhMela comes in every 6 years. Once in 12

years, PurnaKumbhMela is celebrated.

MahaKumbhMela occurs every 144 years. Chambal,

Betwa, kes, Kalsindh, Tons are tributaries of Yamuna

river.

2 Ram

Ganga

In Gharhwal district

of Uttarakhand

It meets Ganga at Kannuj.

3 Ghagra It originates for

GurlaMandhatha

Peak in Tibet

In Nepal, it is called as Karnali. It meets Ganga at Chapra

in Bihar

4 Gandak It originates in the

between of Mt.

Everest and

Dhaulagiri peaks

It meets Ganga at Hajpur in the district of Vyshali in

Bihar. In Nepal, it is known as Karnali and in India,

Narayani.

5 Kosi Tibet, Nepal, Sikkim

boundaries

The three major tributaries Sun Koshi, Arun Koshi and

TamurKoshi meet at Triveni, from where they are called

as ‘SaptaKoshi’. It is also known as ‘Sorrow of Bihar’.

6 Chambar Janapav Hills in

Madhya Pradesh

Largest tributary of Yamuna

7 Son Amarkantak in MP It flows in the opposite direction of Narmada and meets

Ganga at Dhanipur in Patna. Rihand, Northkoyal,

Southkoyal, Mahananda are some of the tributaries.

8

Damodar

Tori in Chotanagpur

Plateau

It is known as ‘Sorrow of Bengal’. Its tributaries: Barkar,

Konal

9 Betwa Kaimur hills in

Gwaliyor district of

MP

It is also known as Netravati. It flows in MP and UP. It

meets Yamuna river.

10 Ken Kaimur hills in

Gwaliyor district of

MP

It is also known as Karnavati. It flows in MP and UP. It

meets Yamuna river.

TRIBUTARIES OF GODAVARI

Godavari

Tributaries

Origin Importance

1 Manjira Balghat hills in district

of Beed of Maharshtra

It flows in Medak district and meets Godavari

at Kondalawadi in Nizamabad district in

Telangana

2 Pranahitha Satpura ranges in MP Largest tributary of Godavari. Penganga,

Venganga and Wardha are three tributaries

which are formed and enters Godavari near

Chennur

3 Machkund Mudugal hills in

Vishakapatnam

It flows in North direction from its origin,

enters Odisha and flows in south direction.

Duduma Waterfalls are present. Machkund

Hydro Electric Scheme is an Inter State project

of Government of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha

TRIBUTARIES OF KRISHNA

Krishna

Tributaries

Origin Importance

1 Tungabhadra Varaha

Mountains in

Karnataka

It is formed from two rivers namely Tunga and

Bhadra. It is the largest tributary of Krishna river.

ManthralayaRaghavendraSwamy Temple is located

across the banks of this river.

2 Musi Anantagiri hills

near

Shivareddypet in

Rangareddy

district.

It meets Krishna river near Vadapally in Nalgonda

district.

3 Dindi Shabhadh hills

in

Mahabubnagar

district

It enters Krishna river at Eleshwaram near

Deverakonda in Nalgonda district. It is also known

as Meenambaram

4 Munneru Pakala river in

Warangal

district

It enters Krishna river in Nalgonda district.

5 Chandrabhaga Panduranga Temple is located on the banks of this

river. This place is called as Pandaripuram.

INDIAN STATES, CAPITALS AND UNION TERRITORIES

S.no State Capital Formation Year Loksabha

seats

Rajyasabha

Seats

1 Andhra

Pradesh

Hyderabad (Proposed

Capital Amaravati)

1st October 1953 25 11

2 Arunachal

Pradesh

Itanagar 20th February 1987 2 1

3 Assam Dispur 15th August 1947 14 7

4 Bihar Patna 1st April 1936 40 16

5 Chhattisgarh Raipur 1st November,

2000

11 5

6 Goa Panaji 30th May, 1987 2 1

7 Gujarat Gandhinagar 1st May, 1960 26 11

8 Haryana Chandigarh 1st November,

1966

10 5

9 Himachal

Pradesh

Shimla 25th January, 1971 4 3

10 Jammu and

Kashmir

Srinagar (summer),

Jammu (winter)

26th October, 1947 6 4

11 Jharkhand Ranchi 15th November,

2000

14 6

12 Karnataka Bengaluru 1st November,

1956

28 12

13 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 1st November,

1956

20 9

14 Madhya

Pradesh

Bhopal 1st November,

1956

29 11

15 Maharashtra Mumbai 1st May, 1960 48 19

16 Manipur Imphal 21st January, 1972 2 1

17 Meghalaya Shillong 21st January, 1972 2 1

18 Mizoram Aizawl 20th February,

1987

1 1

19 Nagaland Kohima 1st December, 1963 1 1

20 Odisha Bhubaneswar 1st April, 1936 21 10

21 Punjab Chandigarh 1st November,

1966

13 7

22 Rajasthan Jaipur 1st November,

1956

25 10

23 Sikkim Gangtok 16th May, 1975 1 1

24 Tamil Nadu Chennai 26th January, 1950 39 18

25 Telangana Hyderabad 2nd June, 2014 17 7

26 Tripura Agartala 21st January, 1972 2 1

27 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 26th January, 1950 80 31

28 Uttarakhand Dehradun 9th November,

2000

5 3

29 West Bengal Kolkata 1st November,

1956

42 16

S.no Union

Territories

Capital Formation Year Loksabha

Seats

Rajyasabha

Seats

1 Andaman

and Nicobar

Islands

Port Blair 1st November,

1956

1 -

2 Chandigarh Chandigarh 1st November,

1966

1 -

3 Dadar and

Nagar Haveli

Silvassa 1st August, 1961 1 -

4 Daman and

Diu

Daman 30th May, 1987 1 -

5 Delhi Delhi 1st February, 1922 7 3

6 Lakshadweep Kavaratti 1st November,

1956

1 -

7 Puducherry Pondicherry 1st November,

1956

1 1

INDIAN STATES BORDERING COUNTRIES

Country Indian States which have boundary with it

Pakistan Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir

China Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal

Pradesh

Nepal Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim

Bhutan Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh

Myanmar Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram

Bangladesh West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram

FACTS ABOUT STATES

Feature State

Largest state (in terms of area) Rajasthan

Smallest state Goa

Most populous state Uttar Pradesh

Least populous state Sikkim

Most populous union territory (not incl Delhi) Puducherry

Least populous union territory Lakshadweep

Most densely populated state Bihar

Least densely populated state Arunachal Pradesh

First state to be formed on linguistic basis Andhra Pradesh

Most literate state Kerala

Least literate state Bihar

The state with the longest coastline Gujarat

The state having boundaries with seven states and two

countries

Assam

The state surrounded on three sides by Bangladesh Tripura

The state surrounded by three countries and one state Sikkim

The number of states which have a coastline Nine

The number of Union Territories which have a coastline Four

The states which have neither an international boundary

nor a coastline

M.P., Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,

Haryana

FACTS ABOUT SOILS

Fact Soil

The soil most common in Indo-gangetic plains Alluvial Soil

The soil which swells when wet and develops cracks when dry Black Soil

The soil which owes its colour to oxides of iron Laterite Soil

The soil which requires least use of fertilisers Alluvial Soil

The soil which requires least tilling because of its characteristic of self-

ploughing

Black Soil

The kind of soil which is treated with gypsum to make it suitable for cropping Alkaline soil

The soil which is poor in soluble salts Laterite

The soil which is rich in surface accumulation of organic matter Peaty soil

The soil which is most suitable for cultivation of cotton Black Soil

Khadar and Bhangar are types of Alluvial Soil

The soil which also known as Regur Soil Black Soil

The soil which is generally unfit for cultivation Laterite Soil

The soil which is commonly used for making bricks Laterite Soil

TYPES OF SOILS

Type of Soil How formed

Alluvial Soil By silt deposition brought by rivers.

Black Soil By weathering of lava deposits on the Deccan Plateau.

Red and Yellow Soil By weathering old crystalline or metamorphic rocks.

Laterite Soil Due to leaching by heavy rains and destruction of humus by bacteria.

Arid Soil By weathering of rocks in dry conditions.

Saline Soil By salt deposition by tides, rivers or sea breeze.

Peaty Soil Due to accumulation of large amounts of organic matter in the soil.

TYPES OF FARMING

Type of Farming Information

Subsistence Farming • Small land holdings

• Use of primitive tools and methods

• Lack of fertilisers and high yielding varieties of seeds

• Most of the yield is consumed by the family

Intensive Farming • Mechanised agriculture

• Use of advanced fertilisers

• Use of high yielding variety of seeds

• Profit oriented agriculture

Shifting Agriculture • Practised mostly by tribals

• Forest land is cleared by felling of trees and burning

• Crops are then grown till the fertility of soil decreases

• The land is then abandoned and a new piece of land is selected.

• Known as jhum in Assam and Podu in Odisha.

FACTS ABOUT CROPS

Point to remember Crop

The crop which requires water-logging for its cultivation Rice

The crop best suited in areas where rain falls only for two months Pulses

The ideal crop for areas with rainfall above 200 cm and sloping hills Tea

The crop which requires a large amount of rainfall and no standing water Tea

The plants which are best for biological nitrogen fixation of the soil Legumes

The crops grown for sale in the market (as against consumption by the farmer)

are known as

Cash crops

TYPES OF CROPS

Crop Period Major Crops

Kharif June to October Rice, millets

Rabi November to March Wheat, barley, mustard

Zaid March to June Water melon, cucumber, musk melon, sugarcane

Kharif means autumn in Arabic and kharif crops are harvested in winter, Rabi means spring in

Arabic and rabi crops are harvested in spring (March)

TOP CROP PRODUCING STATES IN INDIA

Crops States

Bajra Gujarat, Rajasthan

Barley Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan

Cardamom Karnataka, Kerala

Chillies (dry) Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh

Coffee Karnataka, Kerala

Coriander Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh

Cotton Gujarat, Maharashtra

Ginger (dry) Kerala, Himachal Pradesh

Gram Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh

Ground nut Gujarat, Tamil Nadu

Jowar Maharashtra, Karnataka

Jute West Bengal, Bihar

Maize Uttar Pradesh, Bihar

Millets (small) Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh

Paddy West Bengal, Tamil Nadu

Pulses (kharif) Rajasthan, Maharashtra

Pulses (rabi) Odisha, Madhya Pradesh

Ragi Karnataka, Tamil Nadu

Rape seed and Mustard Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan

Rice West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya

Pradesh

Sugarcane Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra

Tea Assam, West Bengal

Tobacco Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu

Wheat Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana

TOP COUNTRIES IN DIFFERENT FIELDS

Field India’s

share in

world

Rank Top Positions

1) Total Area(MH) 2.4 7 Russia, Canada, America, China,

Brazil, Australia

2) Land Area 2.3 7 Russia, Canada, America, China,

Brazil, Australia

3)Arable Land 11.0 2 America

4) Population (Million)

a) Total 17.7 2 China

b) Rural 25.6 1

5) Crop Production (MT)

a) Total Cereals 10.2 3 China , America

i) Wheat 11.7 2 China

ii) Rice (Paddy) 21.2 2 China

b) Total Pulses 22.5 1

c) Oil Seeds

i) Ground Nuts 15.0 2 China

d) Commercial Crops

i) Sugar Cane 19.2 2 Brazil

ii) Tea 21.8 2 China

iii) Coffee (Green) 3.7 7 Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia,

Indonesia, Ethiopia, Honduras

iv) Cotton 23.7 2 China

v) Tobacco 10.7 3 China, Brazil

vi) Jute & Jute Fibers 54.0 1

6) Fruits & Vegetables (MT)

a) Vegetables & Melon 10.0 2 China

b) Fruits 12.3 2 China

c) Potatoes 12.7 2 China

d) Onion (Dry) 20.0 2 China

7)Livestock (Millions)

a) Cattle 12.7 2 Brazil

b) Buffaloes 56.6 1

c) Camels 1.3 12

d) Sheep 5.4 3 China, Australia

e) Goats 13.5 2 China

f) Chicken 3.3 6 China, America, Indonesia, Brazil,

Iran

8) Animal Products

a) Milk 19.3 1

b) Eggs 5.5 3 China, America

c) Meat 2.2 6 China, America, Brazil, Russia,

Germany

AGRICULTURAL RELATED ACTIVITIES

Type Related to

Agriculture Cultivation of the soil and rearing of animals

Horticulture Cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers, nuts, ornamental plants

Floriculture Cultivation of flowers

Arboriculture Cultivation of trees and shrubs

Apiculture Bee keeping

Aquaculture Cultivation or rearing of aquatic plants and animals

Aviculture Rearing of birds

Pisciculture Rearing of fish

Pomiculture Growing of fruits

Sericulture Breeding of silkworms

Viniculture/Viticulture Cultivation of grapevines

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONS

Revolution Agricultural Product

Black revolution Petroleum production

Brown revolution Leather production

Blue revolution Fish production

Evergreen revolution Over all Agricultural Development

Green revolution Food grains

Golden revolution Horticulture/Fruits/Honey

Golden Fiber revolution Jute production

Grey revolution Fertilizer

Pink revolution Onion production/Drugs & Pharmaceuticals/Prawn

production

Rainbow revolution Agricultural production

Red revolution Meat and Tomato production

Round revolution Potato production

Silver revolution Egg/poultry production

Silver Fiber revolution Cotton production

White revolution Milk production

Yellow revolution Oilseeds production

IMPORTRANT AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTERS IN INDIA

Institute Place

Directorate of Rice Research Institute Hyderabad

Directorate of Oil Seeds Research Institute Hyderabad

Central Research Institute for Dry Land Agriculture Hyderabad

Indian Institute of Pulses Research Kanpur

Central Potato Research Institute Shimla

Central Tuber Crops Research Institute Thiruvananthapuram

Indian Institute of Spices Research Center Calicut

Coconut Development Board Kochi

Central Plantation Crop Research Institute Kasaragod, Kerala

Indian Institute of Sugar and Research Center Lucknow

Central Institute for Cotton Research Nagpur

Central marine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi

Central Institute for Brackish Water Fisheries West Bengal

IMPORTANT RESEARCH INSTITUTES IN INDIA

Sl. No Institute Place

1 Indian Agriculture Research Institute New Delhi

2 Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack

3 Central Sugarcane Research Institute Coimbatore

4 Central Potato Research Institute Shimla

5 Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajahmundry

6 Central Forest Research Institute Dehradun

7 National Sugar Research Institute Kanpur

8 Indian Lac Research Institute Ranchi

9 National Dairy Research Institute Karnal

10 Central Fuel Research Institute Dhanbad

11 Central Leather Research Institute Chennai

12 Central Mining Research Institute Dhanbad

13 Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow

14 Indian Meteorological Observatory Pune and Delhi

15 Raman Research Centre Bangalore

16 Central Scientific Instruments Organization Chandigarh

17 National Metallurgical Laboratory Jamshedpur

18 Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute Bhavnagar

19 Archaeological Survey of India, India Museum Kolkata

20 Central Jute Technological Research Institute Kolkata

21 Central Coconut Research Institute Kerala, Kasergod

22 Textile Research Institute Ahmedabad

23 All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) New Delhi

24 National Aeronautical Laboratory Bangalore

25 National Institute of Oceanography Panaji

26 National Geophysics Research Hyderabad

27 Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun

28 Central Building Research Institute Roorkee

29 Central Road Research Institute New Delhi

30 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai

31 High Altitude Research Laboratory Gulmarg

32 National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow

33 Central Food Technological Research Institute Mysore

34 Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Kolkata

35 National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nagpur

36 Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute Karaikudi

37 Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata

38 Industrial Toxicology Research Centre Lucknow

39 Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur

40 Central for Cellular and Molecular Biology Hyderabad

HEALTH AND MEDICINAL RESEARCH CENTERS IN INDIA

Institute Location

All India Malaria Research Institute New Delhi

National Tuberculosis Institute Bangalore

Indian Cancer Research Centre Mumbai

Indian Veterinary Research Centre Mukteshwar (H.P.), Izzatnagar (U.P.)

Institute of Ayurvedic studies and Research Jamnagar (Gujarat)

Vallabh Bhai Patel Chest Institute Delhi

Haffkine Institute Mumbai

National Institute of Communicable Diseases Delhi

School of Tropical Medicine Kolkata

Central Leprosy Training and Research Institute Chingelpet

P.G.I. Medical Education and Research Chandigarh

National Institute of Nutrition Hyderabad

National Institute of Occupational Health Ahmedabad

King Institute of Preventive Medicine Guindy (Chennai)

All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health Kolkata

FACTS ABOUT FORESTS

Fact Info

The percentage of forest cover in India in terms of its total

geographical area is

21.34%

The area under forest cover in India 7,01,673 sq km

The state with highest percentage of its geographical area

under forests

Mizoram - 88.93%

The Union Territory with highest percentage of its

geographical area under forests

Lakshadweep - 84.56%

The state with largest area under forests Madhya Pradesh - 77,462 sq.km.

The Union Territory with largest area under forests Andaman & Nicobar Islands -

6751 sq.km

The state with lowest percentage of its geographical area

under forests

Punjab - 3.52%

The state with least area under forests Haryana - 1,584 sq.km.

The type of forest which constitutes the largest area of

forests in India

Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest -

41.87%

FACTS ABOUT LAKES

Related Fact Name of the Lake

Deepest lake in the world Baikal (fresh water) in Russia

Largest fresh water lake Lake Superior, between Canada and the USA

Largest lake in the world Caspian Sea, bounded by Iran, Russia, Kazakhstan,

Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan

Saltiest lake in the world Dead Sea bounded by Israel, Jordan and West Bank

Lowest lake in the world Dead Sea between Israel and Jordan

Largest lake in India Sambhar lake in Rajasthan

Largest fresh-water lake in India Kolleru lake in Andhra Pradesh

Largest coastal lagoon in India Chilka lake in Orissa

Sriharikota island is located in Pulicat lake in Andhra Pradesh

Country known as land of thousand lakes - Finland

TYPES OF LAKES

Name of the Lake Location

Kolleru lake Andhra Pradesh

Pulicat lake Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh

Hussain Sagar Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

Ulsoor lake Bengaluru, Karnataka

Sambhar lake Rajasthan

Pichola lake Udaipur in Rajasthan

Dal lake Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir

Wular lake Bandipore in Jammu and Kashmir

Pangong lake Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir

Surajkund Faridabad in Haryana

Rudrasagar lake West Tripura, Tripura

Bellandur lake Bengaluru

Cholamu lake Sikkim

Udaipur is known as the Lake City.

Pangong Lake is a transboundary lake. A major portion of the lake lies in Tibet

NATIONAL PARKS IN INDIA

National Park State

Papikonda National Park

Andhra Pradesh Rajiv Gandhi National Park

Lanjamadugu Wildlife Sanctuary

Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh

Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary

Manas National Park (UNESCO) Assam

Nameri National Park

Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park

Kaziranga National Park (UNESCO)

Dibru Sai Khowa National Park

GautamBudha Wildlife Sanctuary Bihar

Valmild National Park

Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary

Indravati National Park Chhattisgarh

Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary

Kanger Valley National Park

TamorPingla Wildlife Sanctuary

Guru Ghasi Das (Sanjay) National Park

Gomarda Wildlife Sanctuary

BhagwanMahavir National Park Goa

Vansda National Park Gujarat

Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary

Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary

Marine National Park (First Marine National Park)

Black Buck National Park

Gir Forest National Park

Kalesar National Park Haryana

Sultanpur National Park

LippaAsrang Wildlife Sanctuary Himachal Pradesh

Tundah Wildlife Sanctuary

Inderkilla National Park

Great Himalayan National Park

Pin Valley National Park

Khirganga National Park

Simbalbara National Park

Sechu Tuan Nala Wildlife Sanctuary

Salim All National Park Jammu & Kashmir

Kishtwar National Park

Hemis National Park (Largest in Area)

Changtang Wildlife Sanctuary

Dachigam National Park

Kara Koram Wildlife Sanctuary

Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary

Lachipora Wildlife Sanctuary

Betla National Park (India’s first tiger reserve) Jharkhand

Hazaribagh National Park

Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary

Nagarhole National Park Karnataka

Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary

Kudremukh National Park

Bannerghatta National Park

Bandipur National Park

Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary

Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary

Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary

Chinnar Wild Life Sanctuary Kerala

Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary

Periyar National Park

Silent Valley National Park

Eravikulam National Park

Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary

Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary

Anamudi Shola National Park

Pampadum Shola National Park

Pench National Park Madhya Pradesh

Bandhavgarh National Park (Highest Numbers of

Tigers)

Kanha National Park

Madhav National Park

Panna National Park

Satpura National Park

Van Vihar National Park

Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary

National Chambal Sanctuary

Mandla Plant Fossils National Park

Pachmari Wildlife Sanctuary

Phen Wildlife Sanctuary

Ratapani Tiger Reserve

Sanjay National Park

Chandoli National Park Maharashtra

Gugamal National Park

Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli) National Park

Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary

Navegaon National Park

Tadoba National Park

DhaknaKolkaz Wildlife Sanctuary

Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary

Wain Ganga Wildlife Sanctuary

KeibulLamjao National Park Manipur

YagoupokpiLokchao Wildlife Sanctuary

Nokrek National Park Meghalaya

Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary

Balphakram National Park

Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary Mizoram

Murlen National Park

Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary

Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park

Pulebarze Wildlife Sanctuary Nagaland

Intanki National Park

Simplipal National Park Orissa

Chilka Wild Life Sanctuary

Baisipalli Wildlife Sanctuary

Bhitarkanika National Park

Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary

Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary

Ranthambore National Park Rajasthan

Sariska National Park

Darrah National Park

Desert National Park

Keoladeo National Park (UNESCO)

Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary

Jawaharsagar Wildlife Sanctuary

Phulwari Wildlife Sanctuary

Keladevi Wildlife Sanctuary

Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary Sikkim

Khangchendzonga National Park

Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary

Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary

Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary

Mukurthi National Park Tamilnadu

Shenbagathoppu Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife

Sanctuary

Satyamanglam wild Life Sanctuary

Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) National Park

Guindy National Park

Mudumalai National Park

Vettangundi Wildlife Sanctuary

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park

Mrugavani National Park Telangana

Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary Tripura

Bisan (Rajbari) National Park

Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary

Clouded Leopard National Park

Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh

Dudhwa National Park

Ranipur Sanctuary

Rajaji National Park Uttarakhand

Gangotri National Park

Nanda Devi National Park (UNESCO)

Jim Corbett National Park (Oldest Park)

Valley of Flowers National Park (UNESCO)

Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary

GovindPashuVihar

Kedamath Wildlife Sanctuary

Sundarbans National Park West Bengal

Gorumara National Park

Buxa National Park

Jaldapara National Park

Neora Valley National Park

Singalila National Park

Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Rani Jhansi Marine National Park

Saddle Peak National Park

Middle Button Island National Park

South Button Island National Park

Mount Harriet National Park

North Button Island National Park

Campbell Bay National Park

Galathea National Park

IMPORTANT HYDRO-ELECTRIC AND MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS IN INDIA

State Project River

Jammu &

Kashmir

1) Uri Jhelum

2) Tulbul Jhelum

3) Salal Chenab

4) DulHasthi Chenab

5) Bhaglihar Chenab (It is an India Pakistan dispute project.

World Bank Appointed Professor Raymond

Lafitte, a Swiss civil engineer as a neutral

expert, to adjudicate the difference.)

According to Indus Water Treaty 1960, Indus,

Jhelum, Chenab belongs to Pakistan

Himachal Pradesh 1) NathpaJhakri Sutlej

2) Pong Beas

Punjab 1) Bhakra Nangal Sutlej

➢ It is located at Hoshiarpur district in

Punjab

➢ This dam has created an artificial lake

named as ‘Guru GovindSagar’ in

Himachal Pradesh.

➢ It is India’s second tallest project

(226mts.)

➢ It is one of the highest gravity dams in

the world.

Uttarakhand 1) Tehri Dam Bhagirathi

➢ It is India’s tallest dam (261mts.)

➢ Environmental

activist SunderlalBahuguna led the

Anti-Tehri Dam movement from 1980s

to 2004. He started Chipko Movement.

In Karnataka, it is called as Appiko

Movement

Uttar Pradesh 1) Ramganga Ramganga

2) Rihand Rihand

➢ The reservoir of Rihand dam is called

as GovindhBallabh Pant.

➢ It is the India’s largest artificial lake.

➢ Its reservoir area is on the borders of

Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and

Chhattisgarh.

Bihar 1) Kosi Kosi River

➢ There is a bilateral agreement between

India and Nepal in this project

West Bengal 1) Farakka Ganga – Hugli

➢ The purpose of the barrage is to divert

1,100 cubic meters per second

(40,000 cu ft/s) of water from the

Ganges to the Hooghly River for

flushing out the sediment deposition

from the Kolkata harborwithout the

need of regular mechanical dredging.

2) Mayurakshi/

Mayurkasi

Murali

Odisha 1) Hirakud Mahanadi

➢ It is the longest dam in India (4.8Kms

length)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna

2) Balimela Sileru

Telangana 1) NagarjunaSagar Krishna River

➢ Right bank Canal – Jawaharlal Nehru

➢ Left bank Canal – Lal Bahadur Shastri

➢ It is the World’s largest and tallest

Mansory dam built across Krishna river.

➢ It is the Telangana’s biggest project. It

is constructed by native knowledge

➢ Reversible Turbines were used for the

first time in India

➢ It shares the boundary with Andhra

Pradesh in Guntur district

➢ It started in the year 1955 and reservoir

water was released into the left and

right canals on August 4, 1967

2) SriramSagar

(Pochampadu)

Godavari

3) NizamSagar Manjira

Andhra Pradesh 1) Polavaram

(Indira Sagar)

Godavari

➢ The main purpose is to transfer surplus

water from Godavari to deficit river

Krishna.

➢ It has many subprojects like

Rajeevsagar dam near Dummagudem.

2) Machkund Sileru

➢ Odisha has agreement with this.

➢ Hydro electricity is produced from

Duduma waterfalls near this dam.

Tamil Nadu 1) Mettur Cauvery

➢ This dam creates Stanley Reservoir

➢ Upstream from the dam is Hogennakal

falls.

2) Kunda Kunda

Kerala 1) Sabarigiri Pamba – Kakki

2) Idukki Periyar

3) Mullaperiyar Controversy between Tamilnadu and Kerala

Karnataka 1) Ghatprabha Ghatprabha

2) Malaprabha Malaprabha

3) Sharavathi Sharavathi

4) Bhadra Bhadra

5) Almatti Krishna

Maharshtra 1) Jayakwadi Godavari (Biggest project in Maharashtra)

2) Bhima Bhima

3) Koyan Koyan

4) Poorna Penganga

Gujarat 1) Ukai Tapti

2) Kakrapar Tapti

3) Danthiwada Tapti

4) Mahi Mahi

Madhya Pradesh 1) Tawa Narmada – tawa

2) Matatila Betwa

Jawaharlal Nehru coined a term for Multipurpose projects as ‘Temples of Modern India’

IMPORTANT HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECTS IN INDIA

Hydroelectric project State

1. NathpaJhakri Himachal Pradesh (India’s tallest hydro-electric project)

2. Bhakra Nangal Punjab ( Produces largest hydro-electric power in India)

3. Indirasagar Madhya Pradesh

4. Omkareshwar Madhya Pradesh

5. Mahathma Gandhi Jharkhand

6. Bhatnagar Maharashtra

7. Srisailam Andhra Pradesh, Telangana combined project

SUPER THERMAL POWER STATIONS

State STPS

1) Uttar Pradesh 1) Rihand 2) Dadri 3) Punchahar 4) Singrowli

2) Madhya Pradesh 1) Vindhyanchal – 1 2) Vidhyanchal – 2

3) Chhattisgarh Korba

4) Andhra Pradesh Simhadri

5) Telangana Ramagundam

6) Bihar Kahalgaon

7) Odisha Talcher

8) West Bengal Farakka

9) Kerala Kayamkulam

GAS BASED POWER PLANTS

State Power Plant

1) Rajasthan Amba

2) Gujarat Kawas, Gandhara

3) Uttar Pradesh Dadri, Parichha, Auriya

4) Odisha Talcher

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

NATIONAL

HIGHWAY

ROUTE DISTANCE

(KM)

NH-1 Jalandhar-Uri 663

NH-1A New Delhi-Ambala-Jalandhar-Amritsar 456

NH-2 Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Kanpur-Allahabad-Varanasi-

Kolkata

1465

NH-3 Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai 1161

NH-4 Thane & Chennai via Pune 1235

NH-5 Kolkata-Chennai 1533

NH-6 Kolkata-Dhule 1949

NH-7 Varanasi- Kanyakumari 2369

NH-8 Delhi-Mumbai-(via Jaipur, Baroda and Ahmedabad) 1428

NH-9 Mumbai-Vijayawada 841

NH-10 Delhi-Fazilka 403

NH-11 Agra-Bikaner 582

NH-12 Jabalpur-Jaipur 890

NH-13 Sholapur-Mangalore 691

NH-14 Morgram-Kharagpur 306

NH-15 Pathankot-Samakhiali 1526

NH-16 Kharagpur- Chennai 1448

NH-17 Panvel-Edapally 1269

NH-18 Gobindpur-Balasore 359

NH-19 Ghazipur-Patna 240

NH-20 Bakthiyarpur-Panikholi 658

NH-21 Jabalpur-Agra 262

NH-22 Ambala-Shipkitr 459

NH-25 Barmer-Beawar 353

NH-26 Raipur- Vizianagaram 551

NH-27 Porbandar- Silchar 3507

NH-28 Lucknow-Barauni 570

NH-30 Sitarganj- Ibrahimpatnam 2040

NH-31 Barhi-Guwahati 1125

NH-32 Chennai-Nagapattinam 314

NH-33 Farakka-Arwal 443

NH-34 GangotriDham- Lakhnadon 1426

NH-37 Sutarakandi- Bhali 356

NH-40 Kurnool-Ranipet 424

NH-43 Katni-Chandil 806

NH-44 Srinagar-Kanyakumari 3745

NH-47 Bamanbore-Nagpur 1080

NH-48 Delhi-Chennai 2807

NH-49 Kochi-Dhanushkodi 440

NH-50 Bidar-Hospet 260

NH-52 Sangrur-Ankola 2317

NH-53 Hajira-Paradip Port 1781

NH-58 Badrinath-Ghaziabad 538

NH-61 Bhiwandi-Nirmal 652

NH-62 Abohar-Pindwara 748

NH-65 Pune-Machilipatnam 841

NH-66 Kanyakumari-Panvel 1622

NH-67 Hubli-Gooty 432

NH-75 Bantwal-Vellore 533

NH-81 Coimbatore-Bengaluru 340

NH-85 Cochin-Tondi point 413

NH-105 Pinjore-Swarghat 67

NH-150 Aizawl-Kohima 700

NH-200 Raipur-Chandikhal 740

NH-205 Ananthpur-Chennai 442

NH-209 Dindigul-Bengaluru 456

NH-211 Solaphur-Dhule 400

NH-217 Raipur-Gopalpur 508

NH-220 Kollam-Teui 265

RAILWAY ZONES AND HEADQUARTERS

S.No Name of the Railway

Zone

Length

(in Kms)

Zone

Code

Year of

Establishment

Headquarters

1 Central Railway

(ChathrapathiShivaji

Terminal)

3905 CR 05

November,1951

Mumbai

2 East Central Railway 3628 ECR 1 December,

2002

Hajipur

3 East Coast Railway 2572 ECoR 01 April, 2003 Bhubaneswar

4 Eastern Railway 2414 ER 14 April, 1952 Kolkata

5 North Central Railway 3151 NCR 01 April, 2003 Allahabad

6 North Eastern Railway 3667 NER 14 April, 1952 Gorakhpur

7 North Western Railway 5459 NWR 01 October,

2002

Jaipur

8 Northeast Frontier Railway 3907 NFR 15 January,

1958

Guwahati

9 Northern Railway 6968 NR 14 April, 1952 Baroda House,

New Delhi

10 South Central Railway 5803 SCR 02 October,

1966

Secunderabad

11 South East Central Railway 2447 SECR 01 April, 2003 Bilaspur

12 South Eastern Railway 2631 SER 1 August, 1955 Kolkata

13 South Western Railway 3177 SWR 01 April, 2003 Hubli

14 Southern Railway 5098 SR 14 April, 1951 Chennai

15 West Central Railway 2965 WCR 01 April, 2003 Jabalpur

16 Western Railway 6182 WR 05 November,

1951

Mumbai

17 Kolkata Metro Railway 120 KNR 29 December,

2010

Kolkata

18 Southern Coast Raiway TBK SCoR 2019 Visakhapatnam

RAILWAY TRAINING INSTITUTES IN INDIA

Name of the Institute Location

1. National Academy of Indian Railways (Railway Staff College) Vadodara

2. Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering Pune

3. Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications Secunderabad

4. Indian Railway Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Jamalpur

5. Indian Railway Institute of Electrical Engineering Nasik

6. Indian Railway Institute of Transport Management Lucknow

7. Indian Railway Institute of Financial Management Secunderabad

RAILWAY MANUFACTURING UNITS IN INDIA

Name of the Unit Location

1. Chittaranjan Locomotive Works Chittaranjan, West Bengal

2. Central Organisation for Railway Electrification Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

3. Diesel Locomotive Works Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

4. Diesel Loco Modernisation Works Patiala, Punjab

5. Integral Coach Factory Chennai, Tamil Nadu

6. Rail Coach Factory Kapurthala, Punjab

7. Rail Wheel Factory (Wheel and Axle Plant) Bangalore, Karnataka

8. Modern Coach Factory Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh

9. Rail Wheel Plant Chhapra, Bihar

10. Diesel Component Factory Dankuni, West Bengal

FIRST IN INDIAN RAILWAYS

Train From To Date

First Train Bombay (Boribandar) Thane 16 April 1853

First Passenger Train Howrah Hooghly 15 Aug 1854

First Electric Train Bombay (Victoria Terminus) Kurla 3 Feb 1925

First Rajdhani Express Howrah New Delhi 1 March 1969

First Shatabdi Express New Delhi Jhansi 1988

First GaribRath Express Saharsa Amritsar 4 Oct 2006

First Duronto Express Sealdah New Delhi 19 Sept 2009

First Rajya Rani Express Mysore Bangalore 01 July 2011

First Humsafar Express Gorakhpur AnandVihar 16 Dec 2016

First Antyodaya Express Ernakulam Howrah 27 Feb 2017

First Tejas Express Mumbai Goa 22 May 2017

The first under ground railway in India started in Kolkata in 1984.

Computerised Passenger Reservation system was introduced in Indian Railways in 1986.

FACTS ABOUT RAILWAYS

Longest in Indian Railways

The longest platform in the world now is in Gorakhpur (4482 ft) overtaking Kharagpur (2733

ft).

The longest rail journey is between Dibrugarh and KanniyaKumari (4286 km) performed by

Vivek Express, introduced in 2011. Prior to this, Himsagar Express covered the longest

distance from Jammu Tawi to KanniyaKumari (3751 km).

The longest rail journey by Rajdhani Express is between HazratNizamuddin and

Thiruvananthapuram covering 3149 km.

Vembanad Railway Bridge connecting Edappally and Vallarpadam with a length of 4.62 km is

the longest rly bridge in India.

The longest railway tunnel, the PirPanjal Railway Tunnel (between Qazigund and Banihal) has

a length of 10.96 km. The work on the tunnel was completed in October 2011. Prior to this the

longest railway tunnel was the Karbude Tunnel of length 6.5 km in Maharashtra and a part of

the Konkan railways.

Miscellaneous Information

Konkan railway passes through Sahyadari mountains in the western ghats. It connects Mumbai

and Mangalore.

India with railroad network of 66,687 km (as on 31.03.2016) ranks fourth in the world after

the US, Russia and China.

The total electrified route of Indian Railways is 21,614 kms (as on 31.03.2014).

The state with the longest railroad network is Uttar Pradesh with 9077.45 km (as on

31.03.2016)

The state with no railroad network is Sikkim.

The computerised passenger reservation system (PRS) of Indian Railways is the largest

passenger reservation network in the world,available at 2,222 locations with more than 8074

terminals.

The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, The Kalka Shimla Railway

collectively known as Mountain Railways of India are classified as a world heritage site by

UNESCO.

ChhatrapatiShivaji Terminus, formerly known as Victoria Terminus Station, in Mumbai is also

a World Heritage Site.

Bholu, an elephant is the mascot of Indian Railways.

Fairy Queen is the world’s oldest working steam locomotive plying from New Delhi to Alwar.

World's first railway timetables were designed by George Bradshaw.

The Nilgiri Mountain Railway has a rack section of the line, from Kallar to Coonoor (elevation

1,712 m). This is the only place where rack system is used in Indian Railways.

The station which has all the three gauges viz narrow, metre and broad is Siliguri station.

The northernmost, easternmost, southernmost and the westernmost railway stations are

Baramulla, Ledo, Kanyakumari and Naliya respectively.

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS IN INDIA

Sl. No Place Airport

1. Ahmedabad SardarVallabhbhai Patel International Airport

2. Amritsar Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport

3. Bangalore Kempegowda International Airport

4. Bhopal Raja Bhoj International Airport

5. Bhubaneswar Biju Patnaik International Airport

6. Chandigarh Chandigarh International Airport

7. Chennai Chennai International Airport

8. Cochin Cochin International Airport

9. Coimbatore Coimbatore International Airport

10. Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport

11. Goa Goa International Airport

12. Gaya Gaya International Airport

13. Guwahati LokpriyaGopinathBordoloi International Airport

14. Hyderabad Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

15. Imphal Imphal International Airport

16. Indore Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar International Airport

17. Jaipur Jaipur International Airport

18. Kannur Kannur International Airport

19. Kolkata Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport

20. Kozhikode Calicut International Airport

21. Lucknow Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport

22. Madurai Madurai International Airport

23. Mangalore Mangalore International Airport

24. Mumbai ChhatrapatiShivaji International Airport

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempegowda_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Bhoj_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Patnaik_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarh_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya,_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokpriya_Gopinath_Bordoloi_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imphalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imphal_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Ahilya_Bai_Holkar_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netaji_Subhash_Chandra_Bose_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calicut_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhary_Charan_Singh_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduraihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airport

25. Nagpur Dr. BabasahebAmbedkar International Airport

26. Port Blair Veer Savarkar International Airport

27. Patna Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport

28. Pune Pune International Airport

29. Ranchi Birsa Munda International Airport

30. Siliguri Bagdogra International Airport

31. Srinagar Srinagar Airport

32. Trichy Tiruchirappalli International Airport

33. Trivandrum Trivandrum International Airport

34. Varanasi Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport

35. Vijayawada Vijayawada International Airport

36. Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Airport

RENAMED AIRPORTS IN INDIA

Old Name New Name

Ranchi Birsamunda

Portblair Veer Savarkar

Nagpur Dr. Baba SahebAmbedkar

Lucknow Chaudhary Charan Singh

Leh KushokBakulaRimpochee

Guwahati LokpriyaGopinathBordoloi

Ahmedabad SardarVallabhai Patel

Bhopal Raj Bhoj

Patna Jay Prakash Narayan

Bhubaneshwar Biju Patnaik

Gwaliyar RajamataVijayaraje

Varnasi Lal Bahadur Shasthri

Indore Ahalyabhai Devi

Palem Indira Gandhi

Dum Dum Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Blairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer_Savarkar_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Prakash_Narayan_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsa_Munda_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siligurihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdogra_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivandrumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivandrum_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawada_International_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Airport

Meenambakkam Annadurai

Sahara ChathrapathiShivaji

FAMOUS MONUMENTS AND TOURIST PLACES IN INDIA

Name Location Famous for

Ajanta Caves Aurganbad Buddhist care temples

Amaranth ‘s Caves Kashmir Naturally formed ice shivlinga

AnandBhawan Allahabad Nehru family's ancestral hose

Vaishno Devi Jammu and Kashmir One of Hinduism's holiest sites

BulandDarwaza Fatehpursikri The highest and biggest gateway of

India near Agra built by Akbar to

commemorate his victorious campaign

in Deccan

Char Minar Hyderabad Built in 1591 CE, it is a monument , a

mosque and a global icon.

Dilwara Temples Mount Abu Jain temples, VimalVasahi ,mahavir

swami , built between 11th and

13th century AD.

Lotus Temple Delhi Temple with a flower like design

Taj mahal Agra Iconic domed mughal mausoleum

Gandhi Sadan Delhi Birla house - where Gandhiji was

assassinated in 1948

Gateway of India Mumbai Erected in 1911 on king George V’s to

India

GolGumbaz Bijapur Largest dome in India

Gomateshwara Mysore 2000 year –old statue of a jain sage

carved out of a single stone

Golden Temple Amritsar Sikh pilgrimage

Hawa Mahal Jaipur A pink castle of air

JallianwalaBagh Amritsar A public garden infamous for the

massacre of hundreds of innocent

Indians by the british on 13 April, 1919

Jantarmantar Delhi Observatory built in 1724 during the

days of Maharaja jai Singh II of Ajmer

Jama masjid Delhi Biggest mosque built by Shah Jahan

Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu Temple of the virgin goddess situated

on the extreme southern tip of India

Krantimaidan Mumbai Historical avenue where Gandhiji gave

the call ‘Quit India ‘ in 1942

Harmandir sahib Amritsar Gilded temple &sikh pilgrimage site

Meenakshi temple Madurai Hindu temple

QutabMinar Delhi Largest minaret

Red fort Delhi A red stone structure built by Shah

jahan on the bank of the Yamuna

Sabarmati Ahemdabad Harijan ashram founded here by

Gandhiji

Sarnath Varanasi Centre of Buddhist pilgrimage , the

place

Shakitisthal Delhi Situated on the bank of the Yamuna

where Mrs Indira Gandhi was cremated

Shantivan Delhi Samadhi of pt. Jawaharlal Nehru

Shantiniketan Kolkata Famous Visva –Bharati University

founded by Rabindranath Tagore

Sanchi Madhya pradesh Ancient Buddhist monuments

Victoria Memorial Kolkata Famous museum

CLASSICAL DANCES

Classical Dance State

Bharat Natyam Tamilnadu

Kathakali Kerala

MohiniAttam Kerala

Odissi Orissa

Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh

Manipuri Manipur

Kathak North India mainly U.P.

Sattriya Assam

FOLK DANCES

Folk Dances State

Jhumar Rajasthan

Garba Gujarat

Giddha Punjab

Bhangra Punjab

Yakshagana Karnataka

Mayurbhanj Chau Orissa

Purulia Chau West Bengal

Tamasha Maharashtra

Lavani Maharashtra

Kalbelia Rajasthan

Bihu Assam

KachhiGhodhi Rajasthan

Rouff Jammu and Kashmir

RautNach Chhattisgarh

Karakattam Tamil Nadu

Hojagiri Tripura

CENSUS OF INIDA

States with Highest

Population

(% of total population

in India)

States with Lowest

Population

(% of total

population in

India)

States with

Highest density

of Population

(per sq.km. of

area)

States with Lowest

density of Population

(per sq.km. of area)

Uttar Pradesh – 16.49 Sikkim – 0.05 Bihar – 1102 Arunachal Pradesh – 17

Maharashtra – 9.29 Mizoram – 0.09 West Bengal –

1029

Mizoram – 52

Bihar – 8.58 Arunachal Pradesh

– 0.11

Kerala – 859 Sikkim – 86

West Bengal – 7.55 Goa – 0.12 Uttar Pradesh -

828

Nagaland – 119

Andhra Pradesh* –

6.99

Madhya Pradesh# -6

Nagaland – 0.16 Haryana - 573 Manipur - 122

# After Formation of Telangana * Before formation of Telangana

Union Territories

with Highest density

of Population

(per sq.km. of area)

Union Territories

with Lowest

density of

Population

(per sq.km. of

area)

Sates with

Lower Decadal

Growth rate

(%) (2001 –

2011)

Sates with Higher

Decadal Growth rate

(%) (2001 – 2011)

Delhi – 11,297 Andaman &

Nicobar Islands –

46

Nagaland – (-

0.5)

Meghalaya – 27.8

Chandigarh – 9252 Dadra & Nagar

Haveli - 698

Kerala – 4.86 Arunachal Pradesh – 25.9

Puducherry – 2,598 Goa – 8.17 Bihar – 25.0

Daman and Diu –

2,169

Andhra Pradesh

– 11.10

Jammu & Kashmir – 23.7

Lakshadweep – 2,013 Sikkim – 12.4 Mizoram – 22.8

Districts with Highest

Population

(% of total population

in India)

Districts with

Lowest Population

(% of total

population in

India)

Sates/Union

Territories with

Highest Sex

Ratio

Sates/Union Territories

with Lowesst Sex Ratio

Thane (Maharshtra) –

1,10,54,131

Dibang Valley

(Arunachal Pradesh)

– 7948

Kerala – 1084 Daman & Diu – 618

North Twenty Four

Parganas (West

Bengal) – 1,00,82,852

Anjaw ( Arunachal

Pradesh) – 21,098

Puducherry –

1038

Dadra & Nagar Haveli -

774

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS RELATED TO GEOGRAPHY

THE UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM

1. Which gases have highest percentage in Stars?

Hydrogen, helium

2. What is the star that is close to Earth?

Sun

3. Who is the first person announcing that the earth is round?

Aristotle

4. The planet away from the ground

Neptune

5. Scientific study of celestial objects is

Astronomy

6. A scientist who proposed the theory of the solar theorem

Nicholas Copernicus

7. What is the cause of the burden of power in the sun is called

Nucleic fusion reaction

8. The only satellite of land

Moon

9. Planets rotating from east to west in the solar system

Venus, Uranus

10. The closest planet to the Sun.

Mercury

11. The planet closest to the Earth

Venus

12. What is the highest percentage of the element within the Earth?

Oxygen

13. A goal unit is the average distance between them

Earth-sun

14. How much is the measurement around the equator?

40,075kms

15. The distance between the Earth and the Sun.

14, 95, 98, 500 kms

16. Saturn is the time to rotate the planet around the Sun.

5 years

17. What is a desert planet?

Neptune

18. The earth is called what is going to turn itself around

Rotation of the Earth

19. Uranus is the reason for the appearance of the planet green

Methane is high on the planet's surface

20. Which planet is called the Gold Planet?

Saturn

21. What is the status of the Earth near the Sun?

Pariheli

22. What is the planet with a powerful magnetic field?

Jupiter

23. Haley's comedy once lined up for years?

76years

24. What is the situation when earth is far from the sun?

Aphelia

25. Volcanic eruptions are high and the planet known as the Dust Planet

Mars

26. The largest planet in the solar system in size

Jupiter

27. How much time sun is surrounded around himself?

27 days

28. What is the time to reach the sun rays to the ground?

8minutes

29. Who is Proponents of geocentric theory?

Ptolemy

30. Who said that the planets revolve around the sun?

Kepler

31. What is the theory proposed for the origin of the universe?

Big bang theory

32. Which tool used to measure temperature in the sun?

Pyro meter

33. First rays of sun falls on which island in the world

Tonga Islands

34. Time taken in rotation of earth

23 hours 56 minutes 4 sec

35. The reason for the ozone layer dissolving

Fossil fuel chick

36. The closest layer of the Earth's pulp

Troposphere

37. The day of setting up the highest distance between the Earth to the Sun.

July 4th

38. Radio waves are transmitted from which layer of the environment

Iino courtroom

39. What is the highest temperature in the sun?

Coronary

40. In which date the distance between sun and earth is smallest

January 3rd

41. What is the lowest temperature part of the sun?

Photosphere

42. The time taken to reach the moon's light

1.3sec

43. The moon revolves around from west to east?

Earth

44. The distance between the Earth and the Moon is called the?

Apogee

45. An artificial satellite used by the ISRO for research on the Sun.

Aditya

46. The planet with the highest coronary period

Venus

47. The minimum distance between the Earth and the moon is called

Perigee

48. What causes the lateral earning children of the Earth's Hemisphere?

Folds

49. Who explained the theory of kinetic motion?

Veginar

50. High amount of carbon dioxide is present in which planet?

Venus

51. How many meters per degree will rise at the rate when the earth's temperature goes out of

the surface?

32 mts

52. Who described the Proto Planet Hypothesis?

Emanuel Swedenborg

53. How many satellites are there to Uranus planet?

27

54. The low temperature and low light in the sun is called

Sunspot

55. Who explained the dust hypothesis of air cells?

Immanuel Kant

56. The highest dense planet

Earth

57. The equator goes in which part of the Asian continent

Southeast

58. on which date 24 hours of daylight in Antarctica

June 21

59. What is the name of black lines in the Corona area?

Fross hooper

60. What is the difference between the Peri Helium Epi helium from sun?

6.6%

61. What is the source of solar energy in the form of short waves?

Sunshine

62. The continent occupies the highest land area in the equator

Asia

63. Theequal distance north to the southern pole the circle around the Earth is called

Equator line

64. Which date on the equator Solar rays are perpendicular falls

March21

65. The Earth rotates at the speed of how many kilometers per hour

1610kms

66. The line that connects the higher temperatures on the terrestrial surface is called?

Equator

67. The coordinates of 25 to 30 degrees north of the equator are called

Equine coordinates

68. The equator is formed by which thunderstorm clouds

Temperature

COORDINATES, LONGITUDE CLIMATE

1. Where the longitudes meet?

At the poles

2. The biggest coordinate on the earth?

Equator line

3. What can be called the timeline?

Longitudes

4. What is called the International Standard Latitude?

0°Longitudes

5. The distance from the equator to the poles is the distance between 2 longitudes?

Decreases

6. The number of total coordinates?

181

7. Scientists who have first identified the latitudes and longitudes?

Hipparchus

8. Blue Moon means?

The second full moon in a month

9. What is called International Day Line?

180 ° east west longitude

10. India's standard time is determined based on what line?

82 1/2°East longitude

11. The time between India's standard time and Greenwich?

5 ½ hours

12. The monsoon rain is largest in which country?

India

13. What is climate science?

Climate science

14. What is the device used to measure wind speeds in the atmosphere?

Anemometers

15. What are the grooves that formed by connecting the same temperate areas?

Isoderms

16. Where the southwest monsoon in India first come to touch?

Andaman Island

17. Where is the highest temperature recording place in the country?

Barmer

18. Where tropical cyclones occur during the northeast monsoon winds/

Bay of Bengal

19. The lowest temperature that records in country?

Des sector

20. The lowest rainfall in which part of India is recorded?

East Rajasthan

21. In which season highest rainfall occurs in India?

Southwest Monsoon

22. High rainfall occurs due to the northwest monsoon is?

Tamil Nadu beach area

23. The wordmMonsoon comes from which language?

Arabic

24. What is the It's the driest place in the country?

Jaisalmer

25. The southwest monsoon period?

June to September

26. What is the latitude that passes through India?

The curator line?

27. The longest day in India comes in which day?

June 21

28. Hydration measuring device?

Hygrometer

29. Where is the weather situation common?

Troposphere

30. What is the Indian Climate?

His line is the monsoon climate

31. What is the unique wind system in Indian soil?

Monsoon

32. What is the location of a local area based on what?

Based on linearity

33. What areas of mid-wet arid climate can be found?

Western Europe

34. What is the rain unreachable area during the southwest monsoon?

Thanjavur

35. How many world time zones are there?

24

36. How can you describe India's climate basically?

Tropical monsoon climate

37. What is the source of rain in the winter in India?

Western expressions

38. What do we call when Clouds form a thunderous rainfall because they have high

evaporation in the area with the highest temperature?

Convection rainfall

39. What is thermal winds called in Australia?

Brick fielders

40. Temperature it increases instead of decreasing in some areas and what is it called as?

Temperature inverse

41. Areas of equal hailstorm encounters are called as?

Isobronts

42. At what time North Pole is in light?

3rd March to 23rd September

43. What is the most important reason for the monsoon arrival in India?

Temperature variation between India and the Indian Ocean

44. Which climate culture is required for sugarcane?

High temperature, high rainfall

45. What is the temperature called which is spread by molecules?

Thermal heat

46. What is the pressure in the air that is lifted?

Decreases

47. What is the stagnation of air evaporating water in the built area?

Distinctive humidity

48. What are some of the short water drops which are formed in the winter early morning?

Late frosts

49. Who is the scientist who discovered the weight of the air through barometer?

Evangelista Torricelli

50. Which of these winds derives from the Andes Mountains in South America?

Pampero winds

51. If the air vapor in the air has a hundred percent, what should be the air called as?

Saturation status

52. Densely clouds, with no shape and which are some height above the ground are called as?

Nimbostratus cloud

53. What are the latitudes between the north or south or the latitudes between the equators?

20 Degrees to 40 degrees

54. Which climate tells about the evergreen rainforest?

High rain all-round the year

55. What is the north sky of 66 1/2 degrees?

ArcticCircle

56. Which axis was identified as the east-west longitude?

180 degrees

57. What is the stress that causes the environment?

Thrust

CONTINENTS, DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND THEIR INFORMATION

1. Which is the largest ocean in the world?

South China Sea

2. The country with the longest coastline in the world?

Canada

3. The world's largest sugar producing country?

Cuba

4. Which country is the smallest country on the Asian continent?

Maldives

5. The only country in the world were does not have water reservoir or natural lake

Kuwait

6. Boundary country in most countries in the world is?

China

7. Which country is called the sugar bowl?

Cuba

8. What is the country that produces a paper pulp?

Canada

9. The second largest country in the world population and area wise?

Africa

10. Year of Bandung meeting?

1955

11. Which area is called the birthplace of the mountains?

Asian continent

12. What is the country with high Muslim population in the world?

Indonesia

13. The world's highest producer of Black drug?

Afghanistan

14. Who is the person who decides the boundary lines between Pakistan India?

Sir Cereal Rod Clip

15. Border line between India and China?

McMahan Line

16. Which city is the most populous city in the world?

Tokyo

17. Which is the first country to send satellites into space from Asia continent?

Japan

18. Highest producer of generating cement in the world?

USA

19. The lowest area in the world?

Vatican City

20. In which project India has dispute with Pakistan?

Baglihar project

21. What is called the sun rising country?

Japan

22. What is the largest communist state in the world?

China

23. Nepal's first elected president?

Ram baran yadav

24. The country with the largest island group in the world?

Indonesia

25. The most urbanized country in the Asian continent?

Singapore

26. Which country is the number one country in the production of mercury in the world?

Italy

27. Which country is the most developed country in the Europe continent?

United Kingdom

28. Who was the firs