EARLY ANTEBELLUM PERIOD

Jefferson's “Revolution of 1800” ushered in an era of dominance by the Democratic-Republicans. During the presidencies of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, the United States gained significant western lands with the Louisiana Purchase, experienced great nationalism during the War of 1812, and made a significant foreign policy initiative with the Monroe Doctrine. Despite the surge in nationalism, American also experienced growing sectionalism as western expansion and slavery made evident differences between the North and South. The end of this era is marked by a major shift in American politics. 

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY The Jacksonian era was marked by

increased voting rights for common white men, social reform highlighted by the temperance and abolition movements, the re-emergence of the two-party system, and controversy on a variety of issues including states’ rights, the role of the national bank, and the coexistence of Native Americans in the USA. As a result of the American System, the country became connected through a network of roads and canals and regional trade with southern cotton, northern textiles, and western grains. This birth of regional specialization and the development of transportation systems allowed for the growth of a national market economy in the United States.

LATE ANTEBELLUM PERIOD From 1840 to 1860, the United States

experienced a surge in western territorial expansion and increasing sectional tensions between the North and South. Manifest Destiny led to the acquisition of Texas and Oregon and a war with Mexico resulting in new territories in the southwest. As western territories grew in population and new states applied for statehood, sectional tensions grew over issues of regional power in the Senate, the role of the national government and states, and the growth of slavery. Compromises in 1820, 1833, and 1850 worked temporarily, but the emergence of sectional parties (Republicans and Democrats) as a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led key Southern states to secede from the Union. 

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE INCREASE IN SUFFRAGE FROM 1820 TO 1840

Causes:Fewer property or tax payer qualifications

Westward expansion; No landed elite in the west

Shift from republic of “virtuous” leaders to democracy of “common men”

Effects:White men eligible to vote rose from 50% to 90% (universal white male suffrage)

Parties used new techniques to get common man votes

Rise of Jackson, Democrats, Whigs

Rise in voter participation

CAUSES & EFFECTS OF THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS

Causes:High tariffs in 1828 & 1832 to promote industry

Tariff of Abom. Hurts the South

“States’ rights” by John C Calhoun

Precedents est in Jefferson’s KY Resolution & Webster;Hayne debate

Effects:Jackson’s Force Bill asserted the nat'l gov't over the states

Clay’s compromise tariff in 1833

Precedents: Southern threats of secession & use of force by president to preserve unity

“NATIONALISM” & “SECTIONALISM” TRENDS FROM JEFFERSON TO JACKSON (1800-1840)

Nationalism:LA Purchase “Victory” in War of 1812

Monroe & Era of Good Feelings

Monroe Doctrine, Adams-Onis, etc

Marshall Court American System

Market & Transp. Revolutions

Indian Removal

Sectionalism:Missouri Comp 1820

Nullification Crisis Tariffs States Rights King Cotton Growth of slavery Growth in industry & cities in North

Rise of abolitionism

CAUSES & EFFECTS OF THE BANK WAR

Causes:BUS & Biddle seen as elitist

BUS “caused” panics in the past

Constitutional? Jackson’s rivalry with Clay

Clay’s desire to renew the BUS charter early as part of his prez campaign bid

Effects:Jackson vetoed the re-charter & killed BUS via pet banks

Killed Am System Increased power of presidency

Criticisms led to formation of Whigs

Helped lead to the Panic of 1837

CHANGES THAT TOOK PLACE DURING THE EARLY ANTEBELLUM ERA(1800-1840)

Westward expansion & new U.S. borders Emergence of King Cotton Commercial overtook subsistence farmingUrbanization, Industrialization in North Immigration (Irish, German, Nativism)Common man & growth of democracy Market & Transportation RevolutionsRemoval of Indians east of Miss River 2nd Great Awakening & social reformsIncreased power of presidentElite, virtuous president to common man

prez Increasing nationalism & sectionalism1 party (Dem-Rep) to 2 parties (Dems &

Whigs)

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MARKET REVOLUTION

Regional economic specialization:Northern industry, urbanization, rise of

the factory system (Lowell Mill) Southern cotton & expansion of slaveryWestern commercial farming

American System: tariff, transp, BUS Irish, German immigration for jobs & land New industrial & farm technologies Decline of “putting out” & barter systemsTrade, cotton = 60% of U.S. exports &

world bought 75% of cotton from USAEconomic self-sufficiency for USA

1. ELECTION OF 18242. ELECTION OF 18283. ELECTION OF 18324. ELECTION OF 18365. ELECTION OF 1840

1824: “corrupt bargain; 4 way race: JQ Adams, Clay, Jackson, Crawford; Clay named Sec of State; Adams won

1828: 1st time Democratic Party; Jackson vs Adams, Jackson won, spoils system, Calhoun VP

1832: Jackson vs Clay, Jackson won, BUS was main issue

1836: Van Buren won with Jackson’s support; Whigs ran 3 candidates

1840: 2-party system (Dems & Whigs), Van Buren vs. Harrison, Panic of 1837 was main issue, “Tippecanoe”, 82% voters

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

Types of Transportation:Turnpikes, National RoadCanals, Erie Canal (1st major link b/w East & West; importance of NY City)

Steamboats allowed 2-way travel Emergence of railroads, esp in North

Impact: 90% decrease in transportation costs for western farmers; increased profits

Manufactured goods from East to West; Farm goods from West to East

Facilitated the market revolution