Drug treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome€¦ · Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for IBS* Rome III...
Transcript of Drug treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome€¦ · Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for IBS* Rome III...
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Robin SpillerWolfson Digestive Diseases Centre
University HospitalNottingham
Drug treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome:
Falk Symposium 164 Intestinal Disorders Budapest
Different approaches for different subtypes
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IBS patients are very heterogeneous!
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Changing fashions in IBS treatment Targeting the Gut or the Brain?
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Hypnosis
SSRIs
Tricyclic antidepressants
Gut
Brain
mebeverine
5HT3 antagonists
TegaserodProbiotics
Antibiotics
ispaghula
LubiprostoneLinaclotide
Prebiotics
Dextofisopam
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What is IBS?
• Loose definition– Abdominal pain / discomfort with disturbed
bowel habit in absence of organic disease• Stricter diagnostic criteria
– Rome I/ II & III
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Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for IBS*
Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for IBS*
• Recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort≥ 3 days per month in the last three monthsassociated with two or more of the following
• Improvement with defecation; and/or• Onset associated with a change in frequency of stool; and/or• Onset associated with a change in form (appearance) of stool
* Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset ≥ 6 monthsprior to diagnosis
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Most bothersome symptoms in subtypes of IBS
Tillisch Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:896-904
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Visceral hypersensitivity in 50% of IBS
Mertz et al Gastroenterology 1995
Hypersensitive
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Where does your patient fit in the multidimensional IBS space?
Visceral hypersensitivity
Somatisation
Bowel habit
Diarrhoea Constipation
Pain
Non colonic features
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How to identifying those in whom therapy should be directed at the
brain?
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Multiple somatic symptoms distinguish IBS from Organic disease in Primary Care
IBS Organic p(%) (%)
Polysymptomatic 46 24 <0.004Previous unexplainedsymptoms 46 17 <0.0001
Thompson et al 2000
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IBS as a presentation of “somatisation”
IBS
North et al Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2(9):787-95
Physical symptomdisorder
Somatizationdisorder
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“Physical symptom disorder”
• One or more physical symptoms • Not fully explainable by another medical or
psychiatric disorder• Duration > 6 months
Kroenke J Psychosom Res 2006;60(4):335-9
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Dizziness
Chest pain
Headaches
Menstrual cramps or other problems with your periods (Women only)
Pain in your arms, legs, or joints (knees, hips, etc)
Back pain
Stomach pain
Bothered a lot
Bothered a little
Not Bothered at all
During the past 4 weeks, how much have you been bothered by any ofthe following problems?
Personal Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15)
=0 =1 =2
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Trouble sleeping
Feeling tired or having low energy
Nausea, gas, or indigestion
Constipation, loose bowels, or diarrhoea
Pain or problems during sexual intercourse
Shortness of breath
Feeling your heart pound or race
Fainting spells
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Severity of somatic symptom burden PHQ-15 scores• Mild = 5–9• Moderate =10–14• Severe =≥15
PHQ-12 scores• Mild = 4–7• Moderate =8–11• Severe =≥12
Excluding GI symptoms
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Somatization accounts for excess psychiatric disease in IBS
0
510
15
20
2530
35
US pop
IBS IBS-SD
IBS+SD
DepressionPanicAnxietyPTS
North et al Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004 Sep;2(9):787-95
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• 53 IBS patients from OP clinic • SD found in 25%
Somatisation predicts behaviour of FGIDs
• SD patients – 2X incidence of other functional GI disorders– Less likely to report marked treatment response
• 0% SD versus 46% non SD
• More health care utilisation– Phone calls, ER visits, MDs consulted, days off work
Miller et al Ann Clin Psychiatry 2001;13(1):25-30
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Mechanism of somatisation
• Abnormal CNS pain processing of peripheral stimuli
• Common theme in – Fibromyalgia– Tempero-mandibular joint dysfunction– Functional dyspepsia– Functional heartburn– IBS
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Treatment of Somatisation disorder
• Difficult!– Locally acting treatments futile– Antidepressants- SSRIs– Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
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How to treat those without somatisation?
• Predominant IBS symptom – IBS with diarrhoea (IBS-D)– IBS with constipation (IBS-C)– IBS with mixed / alternating bowel
habit (IBS-M, IBS-A)– IBS with bloating
Severe
Moderate
Mild / none
Distribution of severitity of “physical symptom disorder”
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IBS-D• Diet
– Avoid dietary excesses• Especially wheat bran, alcohol, caffeine
– Reduce FODMAPs (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols)
• fructo-oligosaccharides (fructans) and galactooligosaccharides ( raffinose), lactose, fructose, sorbitol, mannitol
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Sources of substantial amounts of fructose in diet (>3gm / portion)
•Fruit: apples, pear, melon, cherry, lychee
•Concentrated fruit juice
•Dried fruit : currant , sultana, date, fig, prune
•Sweeteners in soft drinks•High fructose corn starch
•Sauces
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Sources of fructans in diet
15 (75 g)Jerusalem artichoke
2.66 spears (90 g)Asparagus5.6(85 g)Leek2.1(35 g)Onion1.22 biscuits (40 g)Biscuit1.9(60 g)Wholemeal cereal
2.5(165 g)Pasta
1.82 slices (65 g)White bread
Fructancontent gServing size (g)
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Low FODMAP diet for IBS
Shepherd et al J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:1631-1639
62 IBS patients given advice on low FODMAP diet + I hour education, advice on fructose / fructan content of foodTelephoned at 14(2-40 months)
Change in symptoms
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Other treatments for IBS-D• Loperamide
– Small trials– Most show control of diarrhoea – Around 50% improvement of pain / discomfort
• 5HT3 antagonists– Alosetron / Cilansetron
• Large well designed trials• Clear benefit for stool consistency• ↓ urgency, ↓ pain• ↑% responders “satisfactory relief of symptoms”• Number needed to treat (NNT) =7• Withdrawn owing to “ischemic colitis”
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Treatment of IBS-C
• Bulking agents– Ispaghula
• Prior et al Gut 1987;28:1510-1513 – Bran ineffective in secondary care at least
• Snook et al Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994;8:511-514• Prokinetics: 5HT3 and 5HT4 agonists
– MCK-733• Fujita et al J Clin Pharm Ther 2005 Dec;30(6):611-22
– (Tegaserod) NNT=14• Evans et al Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;CD003960
– Prucalopride• Sloots et al Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:759-767
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Effect of 5HT4 agonist on bowel function in C-IBS
Bowel frequency/ week
Stool consistency
3.0
4.0
5.0
8.0
10
6.04.0
-4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12
-4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12 weeks
Tegaserod 2mg/6mg bd
Tegaserod 2/ 6mg bd
Placebo
Mueller-Lissner et al Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15(10):1655-66
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Novel agents for constipation
• Lubiprostone– Prostaglandin E1 analogue– Activates chloride channels stimulating secretion– Accelerates small bowel and colonic transit– Delays gastric emptying– Nausea at higher doses
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Lubiprostone for IBS-C?
Johanson et al Aliment PharmacolTher 2008;27:685-696
•RCT of Lubiprostone 16, 32 & 48 ug/day in 195 IBS-C patients• abdominal pain at month 1&2• constipation, spontaneous BM & stool consistency•No difference in % responders (“satisfactory relief”)
Change in spontaneous bowel movements / week
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Linaclotide
• Novel oral guanylate cyclase C agonists • Mimics the natural secretagogue guanylin.• Stimulates chloride secretion acting via
enterocytes receptor guanylate cyclases• cyclic cGMP chloride secretion• Softens stool and eases stool passage
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Linaclotide in IBS-C• 36 IBS-C patients• 5 days of Placebo , Linaclotide 100 μg , Linaclotide
1000 μg all n = 12
Andresen et al Gastroenterology 2007;133:761-768
Ascending colon T1/2
hr
Bristol stool form score
Hard
Watery
Normal
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Treatment of IBS-mixed
• Limited data• Antispasmodics
– Mebeverine• Tricyclics
– Amitriptyline– Paroxetine– Dextofisopam
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Dextofisopam
• 2,3-benzodiazepine receptor agonist• Bind to subcortical regions including hypothalamus• Less sedating and less motor impairment than diazepam
(1,5-benzodiazepine receptor agonist)
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Dextofisopam in IBS-D & IBS-A% with adequate relief
Leventer et al Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;27:197-206
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Bloating
• With visible abdominal distension– Linked to constipation
• Houghton et al Gastroenterology 2006;131:1003-1010
• Without visible distension– Linked to visceral hypersensitivity
• Agrawal et al Gut 2007;56:A62
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Ambulatory abdominal inductance plethysmography
• Validated measure of abdominal girth
Lewis et al Gut 2001;48:216-220
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Bloating & distension in IBS
• 20 IBS-C• 20IBS-D• 10 IBA-A• 24 hour ambulatory girth measurement
Houghton et al Gastroenterology 2006;131:1003-1010
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Healthy volunteer
IBS-C
24 hour profile of abdominal girth in health &IBS
Houghton et al Gastroenterology 2006;131:1003-1010
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Change in girth in IBS v healthy volunteers
• IBS tend to show maximum girth towards end of day
Houghton et al Gastroenterology 2006;131:1003-1010
• Worse for IBS-C
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Treatment for bloating
• With abdominal distension– Treat constipation
• Prokinetics (Tegaserod)
– Probiotics?– Rifaximin?
• Without visible distension– Likely visceral hypersensitivity--Tricyclics
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Summary of RCTs of Probiotic in IBS
O’Mahony 2005Whorwell 2006
Pain, Bloating , BM difficulty
4 weeks75362
B. infantis
Niv 2005NS24 weeks54L reuteri
O’Sullivan 2000Kajander 2005Bausserman2005
NSSymptom score Distension Pain NSig
6-24 weeks2410364
L rhamnosus (± others)
Kim 2003Kim 2005
NSFlatulence
4 weeks2548
VSL#3
Nobaek 2000Niedzielin 2001Sen 2002Saggioro 2004
Flatulence Global symptomsNSPain
4 weeks60401270
L. plantarus
ReferenceOutcomeDurationnProbiotic
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Rifaximin
• RCT in 87 IBS patients recruited by media advertisement
• Rifaximin 400mg t.d.s. versus placebo X 10 days
Pimentel et al Ann.Intern.Med 2006; 145: 557-563
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% symptom improvement
• Caveats– Unvalidated outcome measure– Rationale uncertain– Adverse community effect of widespread use of antibiotics
Pimentel et al Ann.Intern.Med 2006; 145: 557-563
0
10
20
30
40
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RifaximinPlacebo
weeks
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Conclusions &Take home messages
Laurence S. Lowry 1887-1976
Every patient is an individual
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• IBS is multidimensional• Significant somatization is found in about 50%
of IBS patients →– Cognitive behavioural therapy / psychotherapy– Antidepressants
• 50% IBS lacking somatisation / anxiety / depression →– gut directed treatment
Conclusions
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Cognitivebehavioural
therapy
Hypnosis
Selection of IBS patients for treatmentVision of the future!
PsychometricsPHQ12
Predominant bowelsymptom
DiarrhoeaDiet
Loperamide5HT3 antagonists
PainAntispasmodics
Tricyclics
BloatingProkineticsProbiotics?
Antibiotics ???Tricyclics
ConstipationBulking agents
5HT3 & 5HT4 agonistsLubiprostone?Linaclotide?
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Future Targets in IBS therapy?
• Mast cell activation– Mesalazine / Cromoglycate
• TRPV1 over expression– TRPV1 antagonists
• Fecal serine proteases• CRF antagonists
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Thank you for listening
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Tailoring treatment to the multiple dimensions of IBS
Constipation Diarrhoea
Visceral hypersensitivity
Somatisation
AntidepressantsCognitive behavioural therapy
Bulking agents (ispaghula, diet)[Stimulants ( pain) ]
Secretagogues ( lubiprostone, linaclotide)Serotonergic agents- Tegaserod, Prucalopride
Loperamide5HT3 antagonists
Diet
AntispasmodicsTricyclic anti-depressants
Anti-inflammatory?Mast cell stabilisers?
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Loperamide for IBS symptoms:benefit for diarrhoea > pain / discomfort
• 21 D-IBS patients• 11 placebo, 10 loperamide
2-8mg nocte (dose titration allowed)
• 3 months treatment
Lavo et al Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1987;22(Suppl. 130):77-80
n im
prov
ed
p<0.01
p<0.05
Stoolconsistency
Pain0
2
4
6
8
10
12 placebo
loperamide