Driverless carsbased on automatic control system

By Avaneesh shuklaTT-ME , roll no.-12Mgm’s college of engineering & technology,noida

introductionDriver error is the most common cause of traffic

accidentsIndia contributes 6 % of the world's road accident

deaths Cell phones, in-car entertainment systems, more

traffic and more complicated road systems making it more frequent

By this improving technology our car will do the concentrating for us.

AgendaWhat an automatic control system is?What is a driverless vehicleTypes of driverless vehicles based on different-2- technologies

*drones(signal controlled)*automated highway system*driverless cars based on automatic control system

What is a driverless car (robot cars)?*It is a vehicle that can drive itself from one point to another without Assistance from a driver; in other words, with an autopilot system

In order to drive a car, a system would need to:SensorsNavigationMotion planning(traffic)Actuation(operates the mechanics of vehicle)

SensorsSensors employed in driverless cars are called

mobileye N.VMobileye offers a wide range of driver safety solutions combining artificial vision image processing, multiple technological applications and information technology Wheel speed sensors Steering-angle sensors

Rotational-speed sensor

How will the car detect the traffic lights ? A sensor “actinometer “ is used to detect the

intensity of radiationLight of different colors will radiate different

-2-intensity of radiation Which will be detected by the sensor If the detected intensity is of red color or

yellow color The controller will send a command to stop

the vehicle The command will be followed by robot(to

convert the computer command into mechanical input)

Technologies making a system fully autonomousAnti-lock brakes(ABS)Electronic stability control (ESC)Cruise controlSelf ParkingAutomated Guided Vehicle Systems

Anti-lock brakes(ABS)While braking hard without anti-lock brakes, the wheels

can lock up, sending the car into an out-of-control skid. and the driver has to pump the brake pedal to keep the wheels from locking up

With anti-lock brakes, the system does the pumping for the driver - and does it better than the driver. The system can read the wheels and knows when they are about to lock and react faster

Autonomous Cruise control

Autonomous cruise control is an optional cruise control system appearing on some more upscale vehicles. These systems use either a radar or laser setup allowing the vehicle to slow when approaching another vehicle and accelerate again to the preset speed when traffic allows

It also maintain a set distance between it and the car in front of it

Cruise control keeps the car at a constant speed

Automated Guided Vehicle SystemsUses FROG (Free

Ranging On Grid) technology

FROG vehicles are equipped with a computer that contains a map of the area

NavigationThe ability to plot the rout from where the vehicle is to where the user wants to be has been available for several years

the more sophisticated system also receives radio updates on road blockages, and adapt accordingly

Motion planningis a term used

in robotics for the process of detailing a task into discrete motions. 

It should execute this task while avoiding objects like other cars.

Control of vehicleAs automotive technology matures, more and

more functions of the underlying engine, gearbox etc. are no longer directly controlled by the driver by mechanical means.

It is controlled via a computer, which receives instructions from the driver as inputs and delivers the desired effect by means of electronic throttle control.

Therefore, the technology for a computer to control all aspects of a vehicle is well understood.

DARPA Urban Challenge 2007

It is a prize competition for driverless vehicles, funded by the(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), the most prominent research organization of the United States Department of Defense.

The purpose of DARPA Urban Challenge 2007Saving lives on the

battlefield(by sending unmanned vehicles). Minimize the

probability of accidents in cities.

Tartan racing teamthe $2 million winner of DARPA urban challenge 2007

 The course involved a

96 km to be completed in less than 6 hours

Rules included obeying all traffic regulations while negotiating with other traffic and obstacles and merging into traffic.

Advantages managing traffic flow to increase road

capacity.relieving vehicle occupants from driving and

navigating chores, so allowing them to concentrate on other tasks or to rest during their journeys.

to avoid accidentsincreasing roadway capacity by reducing the

distances between cars

The current location of vehicle can be determined using

global positioning system(G.P.S)

DisadvantagesIf the vehicle is using internet which is have

less security then From the hackers point of view in some cases the vehicle can be switched off on the road(in rare cases)

Hackers can change the rout which is plotted in the system(in rare cases)

In case of failure of main sensor and backup sensors the vehicle can create a chance of accident

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_carhttp://www.darpa.mil/our workElectrical machines and automatic control

by J.b.guptahttp://autocontrols.com.au/http://www.howstuffworks.com/cruise-control

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e32yeI1YSI0