Dr. Marjorie Peace Lenn

Executive Director

Center for Quality Assurance in International Education

National Center for Higher Education

Washington, D.C.

www.cqaie.org

October 1, 2004

CLEAR *** Kansas City

KNOWLEDGE

has become the

single most

important

factor in

economic development

and

global competitiveness

Higher Education Concerns

1. Appropriate Objectives

2. Good Management

3. Effective Operations

=

Quality Assurance/

Accreditation

Profession’s Concerns1. Code of Conduct/Ethics

2. Keeping Current in Practice

3. Mobility

=

Competency Assurance/

Certification and Licensure

Shared Characteristics: Quality Shared Characteristics: Quality & Competency Assurance& Competency Assurance

Defines by Setting StandardsDefines by Setting Standards Assists in Reform EffortsAssists in Reform Efforts Provides Structure for Provides Structure for

Improvement/PlanningImprovement/Planning Assists Users to Make Assists Users to Make

Choices & DecisionsChoices & Decisions

GPS #1: ACCESS

GPS #2: MOBILITY

GPS #3: QUALITY

GPS #1: ACCESS

GPS #2: MOBILITY

GPS #3: QUALITY

ACCESSACCESS

Global Supply of Global Supply of LearnersLearners

YearYear GlobalGlobal AsiaAsia

1990 48M1990 48M 17M 17M

2025 159M2025 159M 87M 87M

Source: International Education: Australia’s Potential Source: International Education: Australia’s Potential Demand & Supply, IDBDemand & Supply, IDB

Tertiary Enrollment Ratios, 1995Tertiary Enrollment Ratios, 1995

National Quality Assurance Agencies: A

Global View

The scope and status of agencies vary, depending on countries.

The list is not exhaustive, especially where there are rapidly growing movements as governments

face pressing needs to establish a quality assurance agency.

courtesy of OECD/CERI

Share of Enrollment in Share of Enrollment in Private Higher Education Private Higher Education

(percent)(percent)

Note: In the few Western European countries which have a high proportion of enrollments in private institutions (for example, Belgium and the Netherlands), higher education continues to be almost entirely financed by the state which subsidizes both public and private higher education institutions.

Source: World Bank 2003

TransnationalEducation

Branch Campuses Study Abroad Franchises Twinning Distance Education Corporate Programs

LargestImporters

Canada

France

Germany

United Kingdom

United States

(63% of 1.2 million market)

UNESCO

Largest ExportersLargest Exporters

AustraliaAustralia 4 billion $4 billion $

United Kingdom United Kingdom 3 billion $3 billion $

United States United States 13 billion $ 13 billion $

Sources: DETYA, USTR, COMMERCESources: DETYA, USTR, COMMERCE

Top Ten Top Ten Services ExportsServices Exports

TravelTravel $71.3 bill$71.3 bill Transportation Transportation $45.5 bill$45.5 bill Financial SvcsFinancial Svcs $16.5 bill$16.5 bill Commercial, Professional & Technical Commercial, Professional & Technical

SvcsSvcs $16.3 bill$16.3 bill Education and Training ServicesEducation and Training Services

$13.0 bill$13.0 bill EntertainmentEntertainment $ 7.1 bill$ 7.1 bill Information SvcsInformation Svcs $ 4.0 bill$ 4.0 bill TelecomTelecom $ 3.7 bill$ 3.7 bill Equip Installation, Maintenance & Equip Installation, Maintenance &

RepairRepair $ 3.7 bill$ 3.7 bill HealthcareHealthcare $ 1.2 bill$ 1.2 bill

Source: International Trade Administration, US Department of Commerce

GPS #1: ACCESS

GPS #2: MOBILITY

GPS #3: QUALITY

Effects of Regionalism

More outward-looking stance

Greater liberalization of national policy

Equal partnership with other countries

Source: Regional Integration, World Bank, 2003

MUTUAL

RECOGNITION

AGREEMENTS

MRA’s

Regional Free Trade Agreements: Toward

MRA’s

MERCOSUREngineering, Medicine, Agronomy

EUEuropean Consortium for Accreditation in Higher

Education (ECA)

APECEngineering & Architecture

US-CANADAMedicine, Engineering, Dentistry,

Accountancy

Global Definitions of Professions

Engineering – Washington Accord

Architecture – IUA

Accounting – WTO

Nurse Anesthesia – IFNA

Teacher Education - IRTE

Regional QA Organizations

• ENQA – EUROPE

• ECA – EUROPE

• CCA – CENTRAL

AMERICA

• APQN – ASIA PACIFIC

• AAAC – CANADA

• ASPA – USA

• CHEA - USA

Professional Accreditation and Certification: Gateways to Quality and Mobility in the Americas

June 10-11, 2004Mexico City

Co-Sponsors:Ministries of Education: Mexico and Chile

Ministries of Trade: Mexico and Chile Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

The World Bank

Coordinator:The Center for Quality Assurance in International Education

GLOBALIZING PROFESSIONSAND

THE CENTER FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE IN INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION

Allied Health (Latin America)Occupational Therapy (Also Europe)Physical Therapy (Also Europe)Speech Language Hearing

Management & Accounting (Global &

C/EEurope) Engineering (Global & Asia) Architecture (Global & Asia) Medicine (Eastern Europe) Counseling (Global) Law (Eastern Europe) Psychology (NAFTA) Nursing (NAFTA & Asia) Nurse Anesthesia (Global) Dietetics (Global) Journalism (Americas) Music (Asia, Europe, GCC) Teacher Education (Global & GCC)

Impact of Trade Agreements on Higher Education

National higher education

policy liberalization;

Common standards for

professional education;

Cross-border provision on

higher education by private

providers; and

Mutual recognition of

academic credentials

GPS #1: ACCESS

GPS #2: MOBILITY

GPS #3: QUALITY

Center for Quality Assurance in International Education

Global Activity: National Quality and Competency Assurance Capacity Building

AMERICASMexico, English Speaking Caribbean, Argentina,

Bolivia, Chile, Colombia

Regional Coordination: Organization of American States, Inter American Press Association

AFRICA Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, South Africa

Regional Coordination: Association of African Universities, South African Universities Vice Chancellors Association

MIDDLE EASTUnited Arab Emirates, Israel, Oman, West Bank and Gaza

Regional Coordination: GCC, World BankASIA

Cambodia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, People’s Republic of China, Thailand, Vietnam

Regional Coordination: World Bank, UNDP, OECD, Chinese Society for Evaluation of Higher Education

EUROPERomania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Estonia, Sweden, Balkans,

Switzerland, Greece

Regional Coordination: The World Bank, UNESCO, Council of Europe, OECD, Soros Foundation, US State

INQAAHEINQAAHEInternational Network of

Quality Assurance Agencies

in Higher Education

1991: 20 countries

2004: 80 countries

www.inqaahe.org

Principles of Good Practice

Regional Program for EA/PAsia Pacific Quality Network

Regional Quality Assurance Services

Regional Pool of External Reviewers

Regional Information Clearinghouse

Regional Staff Exchanges

Regional Training and Development

Liaison Functions with Regional and Global Organizations

OECD-UNESCOOECD-UNESCO2005 Goals2005 Goals

Provide better information on how to recognize bogus institutions of higher education and bogus accrediting bodies

Create an international recognition process for national quality assurance bodies

Encourage regional associations of quality assurance bodies

Create an international database of “accredited” institutions and programs of higher education

Improve the process of recognizing degrees across borders

How Not to Globalize a How Not to Globalize a ProfessionProfession

Multiple levels of practiceUncommon Standards for

Education & PracticeEmphasis on Inputs rather than

OutcomesMultiple routes to accreditation and certificationImmature or multiple International Organization(s)Protectionists vs. Globalists

Key LessonsKey Lessons

The Professions are GlobalizingThe Professions are Globalizing Countries Need to Keep PaceCountries Need to Keep Pace Growing Reliance on World Growing Reliance on World

Standard Professional Practice Standard Professional Practice (Global Competencies)(Global Competencies)

Need to Strengthen Capacity in Need to Strengthen Capacity in National Professional BodiesNational Professional Bodies

Gain Strength in Regional Gain Strength in Regional CooperationCooperation

GPS #1: ACCESS

GPS #2: MOBILITY

GPS #3: QUALITY