Dr. M. Davis-Brantley. Learning is the process that produces a relatively enduring change in...
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Dr. M. Davis-Brantley
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Learning is the process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an individual’s past experience• Ex: Why don’t we touch hot stoves?• As a result of experience, we acquire new
behaviors or modify our old behaviors.
Conditioning is the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavior responses• Conditioning is reflected in everyday behavior
such as simple habits, emotional reactions, and skills
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What’s this about
LEARNING?
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Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian
physiologist Studied digestive
processes Lecture--Pavlov
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Digestive reflexes and salivation
Psychic secretion
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UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTIONwill
elicit a
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
NEUTRAL STIMULUSREFLEX ACTIONwill
elicit a
CONDITIONED STIMULUSCONDITIONED STIMULUSwill
elicit aCONDITIONED
RESPONSE
NEUTRAL STIMULUSwill
elicit NO REACTION
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Does not normally elicit a response or reflex action by itself•A bell ringing•A color•A furry object
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Always elicits a reflex action: an unconditioned response•Food•Blast of air•Noise
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A response to an unconditioned stimulus--naturally occurring•Salivation at smell of food•Eye blinks at blast of air•Startle reaction in babies
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The stimulus that was originally neutral becomes conditioned after it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Will eventually elicit the unconditioned response by itself
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The original unconditioned response becomes conditioned after it has been elicited by the neutral stimulus
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Extinction is the gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior.
Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus Generalization is the occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli
Stimulus Discrimination is the occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli
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Figure 5.4 Classically Conditioned Drug Effects: Does Just the Smell of a Starbucks Coffee Grande Perk You Up?Hockenbury: Psychology, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2005 by Worth Publishers
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Figure 5.3 A Classically Conditioned Fear ResponseHockenbury: Psychology, Fourth EditionCopyright © 2005 by Worth Publishers
Little Albert Video
Little Albert Video-#2
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Watson was hired by an advertising agency Applied the principles of classical
conditioning to advertising “To make your consumer react, tell him
something that will tie up with fear, something that will call out an affectionate or love response, or strike at a deep psychological or habit need”
See page 198
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Operant ConditioningB.F. Skinner
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Keep in mind that classical conditioning involves reflexive behaviors that are automatically elicited by a specific stimulus, most everyday behaviors don’t fall in this category
Dr. Edward Lee Thorndike Studied animals to see if they utilized reasoning
to solve problems He determined that a cats’ learning is based on a
trial and error bases Law of Effect—learning principle proposed by
Thorndike that proposes that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur
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Did not like Thorndike’s term “satisfying state of affairs”
Interested in emitted behaviors
Operant—voluntary response that acts on the environment to produce consequences
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•Reinforcement—the occurrence of a stimulus following a response that increases the likelihood of the response being repeated
•Parenting
Operant Conditioning
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Primary—a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing for a species (biological necessities)
Conditioned (also referred to as a secondary reinforcer)—a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer
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Presentation of a stimulus following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
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Does not teach or promote alternative, acceptable behavior
May produce undesirable results such as hostility, passivity, fear
Likely to be temporary May model aggression
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Shaping Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Discriminative Stimuli Schedules of Reinforcement
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Fixed-Ratio (FR) Variable-Ratio (VR) Fixed-Interval (FI) Variable-Interval (VI)
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Ratio schedules are based on number of responses emitted
Fixed ratio (FR)—a reinforcer is delivered after a certain (fixed) number of correct responses
Variable ratio (VR)—a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, but varies from trial to trial
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Interval schedules are based on time.
Fixed interval (FI)—reinforcer is delivered for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed
Variable interval (VI)—reinforcer is delivered for the first response after an average time has elapsed, differs between trials
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CLASSICAL Stimulus
precedes the response and elicits it
Elicited responses Learning as a
result of association
Pavlov
OPERANT Stimulus follows
the response and strengthens it
Emitted responses
Learning as a result of consequences
Skinner
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Classical conditioning• elicits response as a result of associating
unconditioned stimulus neutral stimulus
Operant conditioning• emitted response • learning is a result of consequences
reinforcers punishment
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Specific skills and general behavioral styles
Bandura’s cognitive theory
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Observation Modeling Imitation Albert Bandura and the Bobo doll
study
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Do what I say, not what I do—
This will teach you to hit your brother—
Why do you do that, you know you get in trouble for it—
Famous last words???