Developing aquafeeds to enhance productivity &enhance productivity & reduce operating costs p g

Dr David StoneDr David StoneAquaculture NodeSARDI

Port Lincoln Hotel30th October 2012

Introduction

Today I will discuss some aspects from the following two Australian Seafood CRC projects:Australian Seafood CRC projects:

1. Development of Formulated Diets for Cultured Abalone• Australian Abalone Growers Association

2. Sustainable Feeds & Feed Management for Yellowtail Greenlip abaloneHaliotis laevigatag

Kingfish• Clean Seas Tuna Ltd

Haliotis laevigata

• Both projects have been ongoing for the last 2 years and have been designed to enhance productivity & reduce operating costs

Y ll il ki fi hYellowtail kingfishSeriola lalandi

Development of formulated diets for cultured abalonecultured abalone

Project objectives

1 Determine protein requirements for small and large abalone at1. Determine protein requirements for small and large abalone at seasonal water temperatures

2. On-farm evaluation of multi diet (protein level) feeding strategy

3. Get AAGA members and Australian feed companies to work together (Eyre Peninsula Aquafeeds, Adam & Amos and Skretting)

Desired project outcomes

1. Improve feed efficiency, reduce feed waste (nitrogen output etc) and improve farm productivity

2. Improve working relations between farmers and feed companies

Background - Culture of abalone in Australia• Predominantly land based in south eastern Australia

• Geographical & seasonal fluctuations in water temp (10 to 25 °C)

• Temp effect the growth of abalone (18 °C optimum for greenlip)

S f• Culture reliant on formulated feeds

• Juveniles weaned off microalgae & on-grown using a single diet feeding strategy

Sea surface temperature

feeding strategy

• Dietary protein levels in the range 25 to 30%

• Optimum protein levels for abalone species variable:

• 27% for juvenile greenlip abalone (2.5 g) at 20°C

• 38% for H. discus hannai

• Interactions of animal size and dietary protein level for H. midaeat 18°C:

Aim: Determine the effects of water temperature and age on the optimum dietary protein level for greenlip abalone p y p g p

Experimental design: 3 month growth trial

• 2 age classes

• Year 1: Initial weight 2 g; SL 23 mm

• Year 2: Initial weight 23 g; SL 57 mm

3 t t t• 3 water temperatures

• 14°C

°• 18°C

• 22°C

• 4 dietary crude protein levels per age class

• Year 1: 27 30 33 & 36%Year 1: 27, 30, 33 & 36%

• Year 2: 24, 27, 30 & 33%

Recommended optimum dietary crude protein levels (%)for greenlip abalonefor greenlip abalone

Water temperature 14°C 18°C 22°C

Year 1 (25 mm SL) 29 32 35

Year 2 (50 mm SL) 24 34 34

Stone, Harris, Wang, Mercer, Schaefer and Bansemer (In press, 2012). Journal of Shellfish Research.

• At ≥18°C Year 1 and 2 abalone require higher dietary protein levels than currently used by the Australian industry (27- 30% CP diets at 18°C based on Coote et al. (2001) data)

$• Increase protein, improved growth, FCR and PD & save $• Reduce effluent levels

Y 2 b l i l t i i l th• Year 2 abalone may require less protein in cooler months• Save $

• Temperature effects• Temperature effects• Potential for heated nursery systems - Particularly smaller Year 1 abalone• Coastal Seafarms currently investigating feasibility

Validate results in 18 month on-farm grow-out trials

• Multi-diet feeding strategy (manipulate dietary protein with water temp and age)• Collaborate and formulate diets with feed companies - done

C i id f ith di t d• Companies provide farms with diets - done• Test concept in a well replicated commercial situation – underway

Abalone company Feed company Trial status

Coastal Seafarms, VIC Skretting Commenced Sept 2012

Great Southern Waters, VIC Skretting TBA

Kangaroo Island Abalone, SA Epa Commenced June 2012

Southern Ocean Mariculture, VIC Adam & Amos TBA

• Determine cost benefits of using multi-diet feeding strategy – pending

• Potential benefits to industry• Potential benefits to industry• Reduce feed inputs• Reduce effluent

Sh t d ti l (l i k)• Shorten production cycle (less risk) • Save $

AS CRC: Sustainable feeds & feed management for yellowtail kingfish

• Improve the sustainable production of Yellowtail kingfish using alternative protein & lipid sources to replace fish

l d fi h ilmeal and fish oil • Understand nutrient utilisation

U d t d h lth i t• Understand health impacts

• Reduce effluent

Background: Use of alternative ingredients in diets for ll il ki fi hyellowtail kingfish

BenefitsRed ce feed costs hile nderstanding health and prod ction impacts• Reduce feed costs while understanding health and production impacts

• Reduce the use of marine protein (fish meal) and lipids (fish oil) to increase sustainability & gain global market access• Fish in: Fish out ratio: currently 1.9:1• World Wildlife Fund, Seafood Choices Alliance & the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch program in

collaboration with the Global Aquaculture Alliance

Problems – lack of information• Nutrient specifications of alternatives are variable• Nutrient specifications of alternatives are variable• Anti-nutrients - Fish health (red gut disease)• YTK cultured in fluctuating water temperatures

– Understanding of nutrient utilisation of ingredients at different water temperatures

• Product quality

Information is imperative for the sustainable & profitable production of YTK

Alternative ingredients tested in 5 week studies with juvenile YTK

• Fishmeal replacement with soy ingredients p y g

Solvent extracted soybean meal

Soy protein concentrate

18 & 22ºC

0% 10% 20% 30%

18 & 22ºC

0% 20% 30% 40%

Nutrition lab at SARDI

0% 10% 20% 30% 0% 20% 30% 40%

Nutrition lab at SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide

Alternative ingredients tested in 5 week studies with juvenile YTK

• Fishmeal replacement with soy ingredients p y g

Solvent extracted soybean meal

Soy protein concentrate

18 & 22ºC

0% 10% 20% 30%

18 & 22ºC

0% 20% 30% 40%

• Fish oil replaced with poultry or canola oil Nutrition lab at SARDI

0% 10% 20% 30% 0% 20% 30% 40%

Fish oil replaced with poultry or canola oil Nutrition lab at SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide

18 & 22ºC

100% Fish

50% Fish oil +

100% Poultry

50% Fish oil +

100% Canola

oil 50% Poultry oil oil 50% Canola oil oil

Fishmeal replacementRecommendations

Bowyer et al. The use of a soy product in YTK feeds at different water temperatures: 1. Solvent extracted soybean meal. Aquaculture (Under review).

Bowyer et al. The use of a soy product in YTK feeds at different water Recommendations• Maximum replacement levels from results from

short term trials:a

a

baa

temperatures: 2. Soy protein concentrate. Aquaculture (Under review).

short term trials:

• Solvent extracted soybean meal: 10% inclusion• 21.7% fish meal replacement

b

cb

21.7% fish meal replacement• Digestive tract health concerns at >10%

• Soy protein concentrate: 20% inclusion

c

Soy p ote co ce t ate: 0% c us o• 43.5% fish meal replacement• Palatability concerns at >20%

a a• Must ensure that taurine and other nutrients are adequate

a a

ab

• YTK are successful candidates for fish meal replacement with SESBM and SPC at both optimal and sub-optimal water temperaturep p p

• Short term studies, more work neededFeed efficiency

Values that share the same lower case superscript are not significantly different

(One-Factor ANOVA, SNK, P>0.05).

Fish oil replacementRecommendations

Bowyer, J.N., Qin, J.G., Smullen, R.P., Stone, D.A.J. (2012). Replacement of fish oil by poultry oil and canola oil in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) at optimal and suboptimal temperatures. Aquaculture, 356-357: 211-222.

Short term trials indicate acceptable growth performances using: • 100 % poultry oil & 50 % canola oilp y• Canola appeared to compromise fish health• We would recommend a 50 to 75% FO replacement with poultry

oil • Must ensure Omega-3 FA and cholesterol levels are adequate• Economically beneficial: save ~$50 per tonne of feed • e.g. Substantial savings: 8000 t feed x $50 t = $400 000 year

Improved sustainable production (FIFO)• YTK commercial diets (25% fish meal) and using of 75% poultry

il i b l h i fi h FIFO i ( 1 4 1 9)oil using are below the marine fish FIFO ratio (~1.4 vs. 1.9)

Altered fillet fatty acid profile • FAs were altered to reflect that of diets• EPA and DHA selectively conserved • Fish were not market size, therefore FA profile can be improved

b “ h f di ” l t k t iby “phase feeding” closer to market size

• Short term trials and further research needed

Training & Education throughout the last 5 years

• Strong education component to Nutrition Subprogram

Training & Education throughout the last 5 years

Strong education component to Nutrition Subprogram• 1 Post Doc• 8 PhD students• 10 Honours students• Numerous undergraduate work placement students

• Guest lectures at Flinders University and University of Adelaide

• Training has provided:g p• PhD candidates • The industry with well qualified entrants

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements• Marine Innovation South Australia • Marine Innovation Southern AustraliaMarine Innovation Southern Australia• Australian Seafood CRC, Adelaide• Fisheries Research and Development

Corporationp• SARDI Aquatic Sciences• Members of the Australian Abalone Growers

Association • Clean Seas Tuna (Ltd), Australia• Joel Scanlon of Adam and Amos Abalone Feeds• Kym Heidenreich and Dr Tom Coote of Eyre

Peninsula Aquafeeds• Dr Rhys Hauler and Dr Matthew Bransden of

Skretting Australia• Dr Richard Smullen, Ridley Aquafeed• Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia• The University of Adelaide, Australia

U i it f T i A t li• University of Tasmania, Australia

The end!

Effects of temperature & protein level on growth rate, feed consumption and protein deposition of Year 1 abaloneconsumption and protein deposition of Year 1 abalone

1 40

1.60 250 25.0

a

1.20

1.40

%/d

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200

alon

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a

20.0

n (%

)

bc

b

bbc

0.80

1.00

row

th ra

te (%

100

150

ptio

n (m

g/ab

c c

ab

d d

10 0

15.0

ein

depo

sitio

n

cdcd

bc

cd

b

cd

0.40

0.60

Spec

ific

gr

50

100

Feed

cons

ump

f f f

e d

5.0

10.0

Prot

e

dede

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0.00

0.20

24 27 30 33 3614 C18 C

024 27 30 33 36

F

14 C18 C

f f f f

0.024 27 30 33 36

14 C18 C24 27 30 33 36

Dietary protein level (%)18 C22 C

SGR Feed consumption

24 27 30 33 36

Dietary protein level (%)18 C22 C

24 27 30 33 36

Dietary protein level (%)18 C22 C

Protein deposition

Temp 22 > 18 > 14

p

33 vs. 27 %CP~25% ↓ FI at 22°C

p

33 vs. 27% CP ~25% ↑ PD at 22°C