Dr. Chitamu_Mobile broadband development in Tanzania_ENhANCE Telecom Forum 13/01/2015

Development of Mobile Broadband Communication in Tanzania

Peter Chitamu (PhD, PrEng, MIEEE, MSAIEE)

Founder, Chairman & Director - Sasatel

Tuesday 13th Jan 2015

Outline• Tanzania Demographics & Tele-Statistics behind

broadband Communications

• Mobile Broadband Services & Connectivity

– Channel

– Tanzania Operating Environments

• Operational Considerations

– Different Standards

– Legacy Infrastructure

– New Initiatives

• Summary

2 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014

Tanzania Demographics


Tanzania population has tripled between 1967 and 2012


% Population distribution per Region – 2012 Census


Urbanization Trend – About 4% Urbanization every 10 YearsSome 40 Years before 50% of Tanzania will be Urban


Population Density according to 2012 Census


Tanzania Populn DensityFrom 2012 Census

Only Dar es Salaam and a few Urban areas have similarities to European Markets


9

Tz Voice & Data subs


Voice Trends

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

Fixed

Mobile

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

Teledensity

Teledensity

Source: TCRA

10

• The Converged Licensing Framework created growth between 2005 and 2010

• Inter-connection regulation had further impact on off-net tariffs

• Further growth need new innovative initiatives

Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014

Voice vs Data Growth Patterns• Voice growth much

faster than data because data requires new infrastructure end-to-end

• Data growth relies on 3G/HSDPA/LTE and accompanying new IP backhaul

• Faster growth for data as mass market product will depend on new business models

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Telephone Subs

Internet Subs

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Teledensity

Internet Density


Mobile Broadband is preferred Platform

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

2008 2009 2010

Cable

Fixed Wireless

Mobile Wireless

VSAT

Other Broadband

Source: Report on Internet and Data Services Supply Side Survey by TCRA, Sept 2010


The Dilemma / Challenge: Scalability

13

Capex& Opexper Sub

User Density (Affordability)

GSM, HSDPA, Mobile WiMaxLTE, Fiber and Cable

All-IP CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A

ViableNot -Viable

Viable

MOQ

Min

imu

mO

rde

r Q

uan

tity

Affordability level


Networks: Capacity Vs Coverage Vs Throughput

14

Capex& Opex

User Density


Broadband


Broadband Services

Data (Internet)Voice

Mobile

Fixed

Individuals and businessesPhone driven marketCoverage and roaming(Dual CDMA/GSM)(GSM Operators)

Fixed Wireless Phones, PABX for organizations and large corporate (PSTN)

Smartphones & Modems to individuals for private and business usage. Speed, coverage and price (3G, 4G and Wi-Fi)

PTP Microwave, EVDO Routers, 1x Data, VPN-connections, (Reliability, predictability and speed), High prices (ISPs)


http://www.sasatel.co.tz/downloads/drivers-and-manuals.html

17

ProvidedService

FDD especiallySuited for

SymmetricalServices and

Wide areacoverage

TDD especiallySuited for

AsymmetricalServices and

small areacoverage

FDD / TDD

10 kbps 100 kbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps

Voice

E-mail

Data Base AccessInformation Services

Tele-bankingFinancial Services

Video Conferencing

Electronic NewspaperImages / Soundfiles

Tele-shopping

Video Telephony

Question: Why Broadband?


18

The Future with uncertainty in User Behavior

Telematics

Telematics,Info Services,Point of Sale

Email

W W WFile transfer,Multimedia

0.1 1 10 100 1000 kbytes

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

Data volume per subscriber / busy hour

Sub

scri

ber

s p

er c

ell

Combination of Circuit and Packet switching requirements


19

As Dec 2002As Dec 2002

M El-Sayed and J Jaffe, ”A View of Telecomms. Network Evolution”, IEEE Comms. Mag., Dec 2002, pp. 74-81

Quality of Service (QoS) is an Issue, Requires flexible Network Design

19

Broadband services require end-to-end broadband Connectivity

Radio Access

Network

2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-Fi

Transport

Network

(TDM or IP)

CSN

PSN

PSTN &

Other

Operator

s

Internet

Core

Network

Range, Rate

& Capacity

Efficiency in

Multiplexing

Provisioning

& AAA

20

Microwave

Cable

Satellite

Optical Fiber



Radio Access Network Limitation

22

Shannon-Hartley Theorem

• Upper limit that can be reached

–Reliable transmission rate over AWGN channels

• Exchange of signal-to-noise ratio for bandwidth

• Noiseless channel has infinite capacity

• Power P = EbRb

sec/1log1log 22 bitsBN

PB

NSBC

O

12 )/( BC

O

bb

BN

RE

NS


Last Mile Channel characteristics is Key to deliver Mobile Broadband Services

Datainput

Dataoutput

MODULA-TOR

2. Multiple Access

ENCODER

DECODERDEMODU-LATOR

1. Noise & Interference

Channel

1. Satellite2. Mobile Radio3. Coaxial Cable4. Fibre Optic5. Twisted pair6. Wireless

S/N for AnalogueEb/No for Digitalsystems

Shapping, channel& BER performance

Application,& data rate

BER performance


Data Encoding for Mobile Broadband

SourceCoding

ChannelCoding

Representation ofSource data in a Specific format e.g. ADPCM, MPEG, JPEG, SBC, etc

Prepare info to Match ChannelCharacteristics e.g.Line, Codes, FEC, Adaptive Modulation, etc

Noise&

Interference

Media(Mobile Channel)


Mobile Broadband

Channel


Multipath is the single biggest problem for Mobile Broadband

• Operating frequency

– Lower frequency better coverage

• Diffraction

– Receiving behind obstacle

• Reflections (Multipath)

– Receiving multiple copies of same signal

• Scattering


Effect of Multipath

23

exp,][, nnjnECPE

23

1

,, exp][n

nnC jEPE

Non-Coherent Vector Sum

Coherent Vector Sum

Delay (s)

Real0

Coherent Vector sum

12

3

2

3

I II III

DelayResolution

12

3

Imaginary

Real

0

(Fading)

Delay ( λ)


Multipath Fadesx1(t) + x2(t)

x t t

x t t

where

C

C

1

1

0 180

( ) sin( )

( ) sin( )

0 45 90 135 180

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Phase Difference [ degrees ]

Effect of phase difference

CDMA handles this situation better than other mobile networksUsing RAKE receiver and other techniques


29

Receiver & Transmit test bed


Propagation Measurement

Radio coverage and data rates degrade quickly (exponentially) due to impact of terrain hence important to carry out Techno-economic evaluationsPathloss exponent changes from 4.2 to 4.3 gives huge swings in profitabilityin Rural areas


31

Hilly & Flat areas


Ngudu, MwanzaUSA River, Arusha

32

Transmit & Receiver sites (Lushoto)


Different services areas BUT same expectations

Mombo

Soni Ngudu, Mwanza

Njombe


Multipath selected ResultsAR1082.LIN

-3.0 2.0 7.0 12.0 17.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0 47.0 52.0

MICROSECONDS

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

V

o

l

t

s

Arusha


Multipath selected Results

ar1082.imp

-0.000010 0.000010 0.000030 0.000050 0.000070

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Arusha


Multipath selected Results

AR1092.IMP

-0.000010 0.000010 0.000030 0.000050 0.000070

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Time in seconds

Pre-Cursors and Post-cursors

Nearby echos and a group from far


Multipath selected ResultsTA1153.IMP

-0.000015 -0.000005 0.000005 0.000015

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Time in seconds

A real strange profile

Pre-Cursors Post-Cursors

Tanga


Source: M. Taferner & E. Bonek, Wireless Internet Access over GSM and UMTS, Springer

Europe’s typical radio environment

Typical

Urban

Bad

Urban

Rural

Area

Hilly

Terrain


Global Mobile

Broadband

Standards


40

Roadmaps for Competing Standards


Roadmap of the Major Mobile Broadband Technologies

41

Humair Raza,”A Brief Survey of Radio Access Network Backhaul Evolution: Part 1”, IEEE Comms Mag., June 2011, Pg. 164 - 171

Multipath Resolving CapabilityNetwork Channel

BandwidthData Rates Multipath

Resolution (s)

1 GSM 200 kHz 270 kbps 3.703

2 CDMA 2000 1.25 MHz 1.23 Mbps 0.813

3 WCDMA/HSPA 5 MHz 384 Mbps 0.260

4 OFDMA 260 kHz

Possible solutions:1. Diversity (Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs)

1. Time, Space, Frequency & Code2. Interleaving, Equalization, Adaptive Modulation3. Forward Error Correction, Adaptive Channel Coding4. RAKE Combiner 5. Flow Control (ARQ), Hybrid Coding & ARQ, etc


37.35%

32.65%

22.86%

6.59% 0.56% 0.00%

Market Share

Vodacom

Airtel

TIGO

ZANTEL

TTCL

BENSON

Tanzania Operators (Mobile Broadband introduce 2006)1) GSM/EDGE/WCDMA/HSDPA/HSDPA+ (Vodacom, TIGO, Airtel)2) EVDO (ZANTEL, TTCL)


OperationalChallenges


Urban vs Rural in Tanzania

• Urban (30% of Population)

– High Density of Users

– Capacity limited

– Less impact from Terrain induced degradation

– High ARPU

• Rural (70% of Population)

– Low Density of Users

– Coverage Limited

– More impact from terrain degradation

– Low ARPU


Users Density determines best technology to deploy in a Specific Market

Metro Category Subscriber Density Example Cities

Low Density ~1,500 Pop/km2 Atlanta, Prague

Medium Density ~5,000 Pop/km2 Copenhagen,

Chicago, London

High Density ~10,000 Pop/km2 New York, Moscow

Closer to home

High Density ~1,500 Pop/km2 Dar es Salaam

Low Density < 500 Pop/km2 Outside Dar


Dense Urban Environments

Dense Urban Environment: Singapore

About 4,000 people per sq.km


Urban Environments, London, England

48Dense Urban Environment: London


Dense Urban Environments

Dense Urban Environment: Southampton, England



Urban Environments: Shanghai, China

Shanghai


Dar es Salaam Environments – (1)

Urban Environment: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania



Dar es Salaam Environments - from PPF Tower (2)

52

Dar es Salaam Environments - From PPF Tower (3)


Dar es Salaam Environments - (4)


Outskirts of Dar (Airport)


Legacy Backhaul – 1 (Backhaul)

• Backhaul uses TDM Technology (PDH & SDH)

• Capacity per sector and per BTS assigned PTP dedicated links using E1 on end-to-end basis not shareable

• The E1s can not be shared, migration very costly and takes time

BSC MSC

BSC


2G GSM Narrowband Network – 15 Sites

TDM

(ATM) Core

BTS

TrafficAggregation

57

BTS

BTSBTS

BTS BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

3 E1s

3 E1s

9 E1s3 E1s

3 E1s

3 E1s

3 E1s

3 E1s

3 E1s

3 E1s

15 E1s

24 E1s

30 E1s

36 E1s

45 E1s (< STM 1)

BTS

To accommodate Broadband Change ADMs Change link Capacity Core Network


2G to 3G Broadband Network – 15 Sites

IP

Core

BTS

TrafficAggregation

58

BTS

BTSBTS

BTS BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

10 E1s

10 E1s

30 E1s10 E1s

10 E1s

10 E1s

10 E1s

10 E1s

10 E1s

10 E1s

50 E1s (STM 1)

80 E1s120 E1s

150 E1s

BTS

HSDPA 14.7 Mbps- 3 Sectors per BTS- 15 E1s per BTS


Possible Migration from TDM to IP (Swap?)

TDM/ATM&

IP CORE

BTS

TrafficAggregation

59

BTS

BTSBTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

3 E1s

3 E1s

9 E1s3 E1s

3 E1s

3 E1s

3 E1s

3 E1s

3 E1s

3 E1s

15 E1s

24 E1s

30 E1s

36 E1s

45 E1s

IPCloud

(e.g. Fibre)


WAN MAN LAN

GSM/GPRS/EDGE 900 MHzCDMA / EV-DO 800 MHz

3G/WCDMAHSPA

2.1 GHz

Wi-Fi802.11

Challenge 2 Last Mile Reach for Broadband and fading Problems in 3G

*

100 m5 – 7 km 500 m

Distance


61

Impact of Operating Frequency

0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

105.0

110.0

115.0

120.0

125.0

130.0

Distance [ 1 -30 km ]

900 MHz

400 MHz

1800 MHz

About 8 km gained


NICTBB


64

• FE (100 Mbps)

– US$ 116,000 p.a

– QRTLY US$ 29,000

– About US$97 per Mbps per month

– Once off Connection fee US$ 22,500

• Capacity high although cheaper compared to other operators (US$150, US$500 per Mbps per Month

• POPs not available at District level to hook up villages

Initiatives fromNew Companies


Packet

(IP)

Backbone

HotspotKerege

MGW

MNO

Core

Network

Internet

PSTNMNOs

BlueTownServices

AAA, SIPBillingSelf ServiceVoucher Mngt

66

Bluetown Rural Broadband Solution


Kerege Site Model• 15 m three leg tower

with 5 m Pole• 0.3m MW dish (5 GHz)• 3 Sector Coverage

antennas (Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz)• Bluetown BTS• Solar Panels• Battery inside box with

Solar controller• Site area 4m x 3m

67

Kerege Village Access Point

68

MNO

Voice &

Data Net

MNO

Monitoring

Station

HotSpots

Access Points

POP Site

Mapinga

Inter-

net

FixedNets

MobileNetworks

HotspotJaribu

Bluetown Rural Broadband Solution

POP Site

Jaribu

HotspotKerege


Handsets

Laptops

Tablets

Smartphones


Handsets Distributed – LG P875 F5• Kerege Village 25

– Professional People 13

(Teachers, Nurses, Doctors, Farm Extension Officer, Village Executive Officer, Magistrate, etc)

– Others 12

(Recommended by Village leadership)

• Jaribu Village 15

– Professional People 9

– Others 671 Mobile Broadband in Tz – 13 Jan 2014

Trying to use the phone

74

End of session, people going home

75

Summary

• Mobile Broadband is the main platform for users in Tanzania to access broadband services

• The Tanzania demographics and operating environments have impact in the cost of service provision

• It is proposed that new innovative solutions be supported to enable more cost-effective solutions especially for rural broadband service delivery

– Overcome legacy implementations


Peter J. Chitamu (PhD, PrEng, MIEEE, MSAIEE)Founder, Chairman & Technical Director Dovetel (T) Ltd (Trading as Sasatel)P. O. Box 60483Dar es SalaamTanzania

Tel: +255 755 307 441Email: [email protected] or [email protected]: www.bluetown.com

Prepared by:


mailto:[email protected]

http://www.bluetown.com/

end


Dr. Chitamu_Mobile broadband development in Tanzania_ENhANCE Telecom Forum 13/01/2015

Technology

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