Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications...
Transcript of Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications...
![Page 1: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
WASTE PLASTICS TO FUEL:
A SUSTAINABLE METHOD FOR WASTE REDUCTION AND
ENERGY GENERATION
By
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry1
Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda
Dept. of Chemistry
School of Engg and Technology, Parlakhemundi, CUTM Odisha
![Page 2: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Acknowledgement
•Prof.(Dr.) R.K.Singh, Professor, Dept of Chemical
Engg.NITR and PhD Guide
•Dr. Dhanada Kanta Mishra, PhD Co-guide
•Prof.(Dr.) Mukti Mishra, President, CUTM
•Prof. D.N.Rao, Vice president, CUTM
•Brig.H.K.Sahu, Director, QA, CUTM
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry2
•Brig.H.K.Sahu, Director, QA, CUTM
![Page 3: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Contents
� Introduction
� Definition of plastics, type, recyclability
� Different types of plastic waste management
� Chemical Recycling (Cracking/Pyrolysis)
� Process design
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry3
� Process design
� My work at NIT Rourkela
� Publications
� References
![Page 4: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry4
![Page 5: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry5
![Page 6: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry6
![Page 7: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry7
But NOW you may say YES to plastics
![Page 8: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
HOW???????
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry8
???????
![Page 9: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Definition of plastics, type, recyclability
• Plastic covers a range of synthetic or semi synthetic polymerization products
which can be moulded into any desired shape when subjected to heat and
pressure.
• They composed of organic condensation or addition polymers and may
contain other substances to improve performance or economics. A finished
high-polymer article not only consists solely of high polymeric material
(polymer or resin) but is mixed with 4 to 6 ingredients, such as lubricant,
filler, plasticizer, stabilizer, catalysts, and colouring material.
• There are mainly two types of Plastics: Thermoplastics and Thermosetting
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry9
• There are mainly two types of Plastics: Thermoplastics and Thermosetting
Plastics
• Thermoplastics are those, which once shaped or formed, can be softened by
the application of heat and can be reshaped repeatedly, till it looses its
property. Example: Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Nylon, Polycarbonate etc.
• Thermosetting Plastics are those, which once shaped or formed, cannot be
softened by the application of heat. Excess heat will char the material.
Example: Phenol formaldehyde, Urea Formaldehyde, Melamine
Formaldehyde, Thermosetting Polyester etc.
![Page 10: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
�Plastics are "one of the greatest innovations of themillennium"
Why Plastics?�The fact that plastic is lightweight, does not rust or rot, lowcost, reusable/recyclable.
�Again, Plastics save energy and CO emissions during their
It’s Plastic Age…….
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry10
�Again, Plastics save energy and CO2 emissions during theiruse phase. If we were to substitute all plastics in all applicationswith the prevailing mix of alternative materials, and look from alife cycle perspective, then 22.4 million additional tons of crudeoil per year would be required.
![Page 11: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Mark
Type
Recyclable
Abbreviation
Description & Common uses
Type 1
Yes PET Polyethylene Terephthalate Beverages.
Type 2
Yes HDPE High-Density Polyethylene Milk, detergent & oil bottles, toys, containers used outside, parts and plastic bags.
Type 3
Yes, But not common
PVC Vinyl/Polyvinyl Chloride Food wrap, vegetable oil bottles, blister packages or automotive parts.
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry11
not common packages or automotive parts.
Type 4
Yes LDPE Low Density Polyethylene, Many plastic bags, shrink-wraps, garment bags or containers.
Type 5
Yes PP Poly Propylene. Refrigerated containers, some bags, most bottle tops, some carpets, and some food wrap.
Type 6
Yes, but not common
PS Polystyrenes. Through away utensils, meatpacking, protective packing.
Type 7
Some ------------
Other. Usually layered or mixed plastic.
![Page 12: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Origin of the problem
� Scarcity of fossil fuel:
� Fossil fuels (petrolium, natural gas, coal) are the major sources of energy.
� International Energy Outlook 2010 reports the world consumption of petroleumoil as 84 million barrels per day and that of natural gas as 19 million barrels oilequivalent per day. This way, the oil and gas reserve available can meet only 43and 167 years further.
� Mankind has to rely on the alternate/renewable energy sources like biomass,
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry12
� Mankind has to rely on the alternate/renewable energy sources like biomass,hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, nuclear energy etc.
� Waste Plastic to fuel can be a substitute for fossil fuel.
� Solid waste management:
� Plastic in municipal solid waste streams make up only 7-9% of the weight of the total waste stream, by volume they may represent 20-30%.
� Plastics waste can be managed in a greener way by this technique.
![Page 13: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
STATISTICS OF PRODUCTION OF PLASTICS
� The total global production of plastics has grown from around 1.3 milliontonnes (MT) in 1950 to 245MT in 2006.
� The highest consumption of plastics among different countries is found in USAwhich is equal to 27.3MT against 170MT world consumption in 2000 and isexpected to reach to 39MT by 2010.
� The growth of the Indian plastic industry has been phenomenal equal to17% ishigher than for the plastic industry elsewhere in the world.
� India had a plastic consumption of 3.2MT during 2000 and has reached nearly
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry13
� India had a plastic consumption of 3.2MT during 2000 and has reached nearly12.5 MT by 2010. Hindu Business line, Jan 21, 2006 reveals India will be thethird largest plastics consumer by 2010 after USA and china.
![Page 14: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Plastic consumption
Per capita consumption of plastics in (kg/year)
60
80
100
120
140
160
kg/year
1980
2000
2010
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry14
0
20
40
60
Wor
ld
Asi
a
Afri
ca
Wes
tern
Eur
ope
Eas
tern
Eur
ope
USA
Japa
n
Chi
na
Indi
a
Place
2010
![Page 15: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Country wise Plastic consumption in MT
202530354045
MT of plastics
2000
2010
Plastic consumption
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry15
05
101520
USA
China
Indi
aJa
pan
Ger
man
yS.K
orea
Italy
Brazi
lFra
nce
UK
Country
MT of plastics
2010
![Page 16: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CONTD………
STATISTICS OF GENERATION OF PLASTICS WASTES
� The rapid rate of plastic consumption through out the world has led to the creation ofincreasing amounts of waste. Plastics have become a major threat due to their non-biodegradability and high visibility in the waste stream. Littering also results insecondary problems such as clogging of drains and animal health problems.
� The amount of plastic wastes in Europe was 30 MT during 2000 and it will reach 35 MT by 2010.
� In USA the amount of plastic waste was 24.8MT in 2000 and 29.7MT in 2006. The amount of plastic consumed as a percentage of total waste has increased from less than 1
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry16
amount of plastic consumed as a percentage of total waste has increased from less than 1 percent in 1960 to 11.7 percent in 2006.
� In Japan, 15MT of plastics are produced annually and 10 million tons of plastics are discarded.
� Similarly in India the amount of plastic waste during 2000/01 was 2380kT and is estimated to more than 5000kT by 2010.
![Page 17: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sources and properties of plastic wastes
� Plastic wastes can be classified as industrial and municipal plastic wastes
according to their origin. Industrial plastics wastes are homogeneous and that of
municipal plastic wastes are heterogeneous.
� Industrial plastic wastes are those arising from the large plastics manufacturing,
processing and packaging industry. The industrial waste plastic mainly
constitute plastics from construction and demolition companies electrical and
electronics industries , by-product or faulty product in industry and agriculture
and the automotive industries spare-parts.
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry17
and the automotive industries spare-parts.
� Municipal plastic wastes (MSW) normally remain a part of municipal solidwastes as they are discarded and collected as household wastes. Plastic inmunicipal solid waste streams make up only 7-9% of the weight of the totalwaste stream, by volume they may represent 20-30%. Of the organic wastestream, that is, after removal of glass, metals, etc., plastics are about 9-12% byweight
![Page 18: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
CONTD…….
� Of the total plastic waste, over 78 wt. % of this total corresponds to thermoplastics(mainly polyolefins, LDPE-17%, HDPE-11%, PP- 16%) and the remaining to thermosets(mainly epoxy resins and polyurethanes).
� More than 70% of the thermoplastics are composed of polyolefins such as polyethylene(PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
� The thermosets which include materials such as polyamides, polyesters, nylons andpolyethylene terephthalate can be depolymerised via reversible synthesis reactions toinitial diacids and diols or diamines. Typical depolymerisation reactions such asalcoholysis, glycolysis and hydrolysis yield high conversion to their raw monomers.
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry18
alcoholysis, glycolysis and hydrolysis yield high conversion to their raw monomers.
� Thermoplastics which include materials such as polyolefins, typically making up 60–70% of municipal solid waste plastics, cannot be easily depolymerised into the originalmonomers by reverse synthesis reaction. However, they can be depolymerised tomonomer or fuel like product by different thermolysis process (Hydro cracking, thermalcracking, catalytic cracking).
![Page 19: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Different methods of plastic waste management
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry19
![Page 20: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Suitability of Chemical recycling
� Land filling (shortage of land, Rising cost of land, increased legislation)
� Mechanical recycling (High energy process, low quality of secondary product)
� Biological recycling (applicable for biodegradable plastics)
� Chemical recycling by Pyrolysis (Produce fuel & monomer). Use of waste
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry20
� Chemical recycling by Pyrolysis (Produce fuel & monomer). Use of waste
plastics, cheap and reusable catalyst, no emission, thus a green method of waste
management.
![Page 21: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
CONTD…….
� During early 2000, the largest amount of plastic wastes is disposed of by land
filling (65-70%), and incineration (20-25%). Recycling is only about 10%.
� In Japan, the percentage of municipal plastic wastes, as a fraction of MSW, that
was land filled in the early 1980s was estimated to be 45%, incineration was
50%, and the other 5% was subjected to separation and recycling.
� In the USA, more than 15% of the total MSW was incinerated in 1990; only
about 1% of post-consumer plastics were recycled. In India, during 1998 around
800,000 tonnes representing 60 per cent of plastic wastes generated in India was
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry21
800,000 tonnes representing 60 per cent of plastic wastes generated in India was
recycled involving 2,000 units. This level of recycling is the highest in the
world.
� The corresponding figure for Europe is 7 per cent, Japan 12 per cent, China 10
per cent, and South Africa 16 per cent.
� In Europe 2006 marks a milestone as the first year when recovery and disposal
rates of used plastic were equal. The recovery rate of post-consumer end-of-life
plastics now stands at 50% and disposal stands at 50%.
![Page 22: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ADVANTAGES OF FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING TO FUEL
OVER OTHER PROCESS
� Solid waste management: This process would also take care of hazardous high volume plasticwaste simultaneously produce useful fuel/monomer.
� Ecological aspect: This is important today from the Global Warming point of view as it doesn'tproduce greenhouse gases and the operator in a developing country would be able to cash on theCarbon Credit.
� Easy feed stock: Whereas Mechanical Recycling requires homogeneous, clean and dry waste beforeprocessing stage (mostly extrusion), complicated mixtures of plastics waste can be recovered byFeedstock Recycling without problem as long as the waste can be mechanically fed to the systemand the waste is free from some contamination / hazardous substances, to avoid complications inspecific systems.
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry22
specific systems.
� Cost: The cost of Feedstock Recycling even in the best case of large-scale plants may be similar (ashigh as) to the cost for incineration and energy recovery.
� Substitute of fossil fuel-A renewable source of energy: The current statistics (for year 2007-08) ofcrude oil consumption in India is 115 million MT per annum, 75-80 percent of which has to beimported at the rate of average $100 per barrel 2008 ($140 up to sept.2008 and $ 70 after sept.2008)and that one liter of crude oil yields only 600 ml of hydrocarbon fuel. A suitable process which canconvert waste plastic to hydrocarbon fuel if designed and implemented then that would be a cheaperpartial substitute of the petroleum without emitting any pollutants. The consumption of petroleumproduct would decrease. It reduce the import of crude oil.
![Page 23: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Calorific values of plastics compared with conventional fuels
Calorific values of plastics compared with conventional fuels
Fuel Calorific value (MJ/kg)
Methane 53
Gasoline 46
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry23
Fuel oil 43
Coal 30
Polyethylene 43
Mixed plastics 30-40
Municipal solid waste 10
![Page 24: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Thermolysis/Cracking/pyrolysis
� Cracking processes break down polymer chains into useful lower molecular weightcompounds at high temperature in absence or limited supply of oxygen. Three differentcracking processes such as hydrocracking, thermal cracking and catalytic cracking arereported.
� Hydrocracking of polymer waste typically involves reaction with hydrogen over acatalyst in a stirred batch autoclave at moderate temperatures and pressures to yieldgasoline range products.
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry24
� Thermal cracking, or Pyrolysis, involves the degradation of the polymeric materials byheating in the absence of oxygen at a temperatures between 500 - 800ºC and results in theformation of a carbonized char (solid residues) and a volatile fraction that may beseparated into condensable hydrocarbon oil consisting of paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins,naphthenes and aromatics, and a non-condensable high calorific value gas.
� Catalytic pyrolysis involves the degradation in presence of a suitable catalyst
![Page 25: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Advantages of Catalytic Cracking
� Significantly lowers pyrolysis temperatures and time. Results in an increase in the
conversion rates for a wide range of polymers at much lower temperatures than with
thermal pyrolysis.
� Narrows and provides better control over the hydrocarbon products distribution
While thermal pyrolysis, results in a broad range of hydrocarbons ranging from C5 to C28,
the selectivity of products in the gasoline range (C5-C12) are much more enhanced by the
presence of catalysts. Again, oils obtained by catalytic pyrolysis contain less olefins and
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry25
presence of catalysts. Again, oils obtained by catalytic pyrolysis contain less olefins and
more branched hydrocarbon and aromatic content.
![Page 26: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Process Design
�Feed Composition (Type of Polymer) on Product yield and
distribution: Study of pyrolysis of different plastics individually and together
�Catalyst loading: Study using different catalysts
�Catalyst Contact Mode: “liquid phase contact” and “vapor phase contact”
�Particle/Crystallite Size of Catalyst on Product Distribution:
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry26
�Particle/Crystallite Size of Catalyst on Product Distribution:
Macro/ nano sized catalyst, Use of nano catalysts are sparsely studied
�Reactor Type: Batch reactor, semi batch reactor, Continuous flow reactor,
fluidized bed reactor
�Other Process Parameters such as temperature, residence time, pressure,
presence of other gases such as O2, H2, Ar, N2 etc
![Page 27: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
CONTD…….
Sl. Number Polypropylene LDPE Polystyrene
Different researchers R. C. Mordi et al. 1994
W. Zhao et al. 1996
Y. Sakata et al. 1996
J. Aguado et al. 1997
M. A. Uddin et al. 1997
Y. H. Lin et al. 1998
Y. Ishihara et al. 1989
C. Salvador et al. 2000
De la Puente G et al.1989
Ishihara Y et al. 1990
M. A. Uddin et al. 1997
Zhou Q et al. 2003
Shah J et al. 2005
A. Aboulkas et al.2006
J. Aguado et al. 2009
C. Covarrubias et al. 2010
S. Sato et al. 1990 G.
Audisio et al. 1990
D.P. Serrano et al. 2000
Y. Liu et al. 2000
H. Ukei et al. 2000
A. Karaduman et al. 2001
Aguado J et al. 2001S.Y. Lee
et al. 2001
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry27
C. Salvador et al. 2000
J. R. Kim et al. 2002
A. Marcilla et al. 2003
W. Zhao et al.2004
A. Durmus et al. 2005
Jose´ M et al. 2008
Y. H. Lin et al. 2005
S. H. Jung et al. 2010
Hyun Ju Parka et al. 2008
C. Covarrubias et al. 2010
D.P. Serrano et al. 2010
Y S González et al.2011
et al. 2001
R. Aguado et al. 2003
C.G. Lee et al. 2003
R.S. Chauhan et al. 2008
![Page 28: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
CONTD……
Sl. Number Polypropylene LDPE Polystyrene
Type of catalysts Used BEA, ZSM-5 and Mordenite,
acid treated clinoptilolite
zeolites, H-Y zeolites, Na-Y
zeolites, H-mordenite, Na-
mordenite, silica–alumina and
H-ZSM-5, Al2O3, SiO2, REY
zeolites, MCM-41, H-USY
zeolites, non-acidic
mesoporous silica catalyst
MoO3 (5%wt%) mixed silica
(95wt.%), ZSM-5, desilicated
ZSM-5 (DeZSM-5) and
lanthanum incorporated
LaZSM-5, lead sulfide, Fly
ash-derived amorphous silica–
alumina catalysts, silica,
calcium carbide, alumina,
magnesium oxide, zinc oxide
HY zeolites (Protonated Y
zeolite) or REY zeolites (Rare
earth Y zeolite), silica
alumina, HMCM-41
(Protonated MCM-41), natural
clinoptilolite, ZSM-5 (Zeolite
Sieve of Molecular porosity or
Zeolite Socony Mobil–5),
mordenite, BaO, MgO, Fe2O3
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry28
(FSM), SAHA, FCC, HY
zeolite (320HOA).
and homogeneous mixture of
silica and alumina, Silica
Alumina, HZSM-5, HY, and
H-mordenite zeolites and
silica alumina
2 3
![Page 29: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
CONTD…….
Sl. Number Polypropylene LDPE Polystyrene
Type of reactor used semi batch reactor, catalytic
fluidised-bed reactor, fixed
bed reactor
Batch reactor flow reactor and
a batch reactor, Pyrex
continuous reactor, batch
reactor provided with a screw
stirrer under a continuous
nitrogen flow
Batch Reactor, fluidized bed
reactor, conical spouted bed
reactor (CSB), internally
circulating fluidized bed reactor
(ICFB), swirling fluidized bed
reactor (SFB).
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry29
Temperature Range (0C) 350-500 200-600 350-875
Major Product Gasoline range hydrocarbon Gasoline range hydrocarbon Aromatic products, major
Styrene
Mode of decomposition Random chain rupture Random chain rupture Combination of unzipping and
chain rupture, forming
oligomers
![Page 30: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Catalysts used
� The most commonly researched solid acid catalysts in plastic waste pyrolysis
includes silica alumina, zeolites , MCM-41, clays (montmorillonite, saponite),
reforming catalysts, activated carbon, metal oxides, metal complexes of the type
MCln-AlCl3 or M(AlCl4)n (M=Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ba; n=1–2), and alkali metal
carbonates or alkaline metal carbonates have also been tested for polymer
degradation.
� Amongst the numerous kinds of zeolites investigated in polyolefin pyrolysis,
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry30
� Amongst the numerous kinds of zeolites investigated in polyolefin pyrolysis,
Beta, USY, ZSM-11, REY , Mordenite , ZSM-5, are common.
� The common features shared by the different Zeolite catalysts are proper
acid strength, pore size and pore structure.
![Page 31: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Commercialization of Process
�In the early 1990s BP Chemicals first tested technology for feedstock
recycling, using a fluid bed cracking process. Research on a laboratory scale was
followed (1994) by demonstration at a continuous pilot plant scale (nominal 50
kg/hr) at BP’s Grangemouth site, using mixed waste packaging plastics. BP
Chemicals, VALPAK and Shanks & Mc Ewan, set up a joint project (POLSCO),
to study the feasibility of a 25 000 tonne/yr plant, including logistics
infrastructure for supplying mixed plastics from Scotland.
�Veba Oil developed a commercial process, operating in a temperature range of
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry31
�Veba Oil developed a commercial process, operating in a temperature range of
350–450◦C and requiring a high hydrogen partial pressure (50–100 bar). The
technology was realized in the coal-to-oil plant at Bottrop, with a capacity of 40
000 tonne annually doubled at the end of 1995.
�A plant operating according to the Hamburg University pyrolysis process
was built at Ebenhausen, Germany with a capacity of 5000 tonnes per year.
�Ozmotech Pty Ltd, a privately owned Australian company, announces envirof
uel to market and operate thermofuel plants worldwide which converts the
thermo fuel plastics to diesel system.
![Page 32: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
�An oil refinery in Hunan province had succeeded in processing 30 000 tonnes of
plastic wastes into 20 000 tonnes of gasoline and diesel oil that satisfied the provincial
standards.
�Environmental Technology Systems Ltd is a U.K. company, incorporated in 2003,
which now has the rights to acquire a proven Chinese technology to convert waste
plastics into gasoline and diesel fuels produce 2,000 tonnes per annum of fuel oil
(roughly, half petrol and half diesel) from 2,740 tonnes of waste plastics.
�A large pilot plant, with a substantial capacity of 15 000 tonne/yr, was started up in
Ludwigshafen in 1994 by the BASF in which plastic waste is converted into
Commercialization of Process
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry32
Ludwigshafen in 1994 by the BASF in which plastic waste is converted into
petrochemical products using a tubular cracker reactor
�In India, a zero-pollution industrial process to convert non-biodegradable and
mostly non-recyclable plastic waste into liquid hydrocarbons has been set up at
Butibori industrial estate, Nagpur by Prof. Alka Zadgaonkar. The Zadgaonkar’s
Unique Waste Plastic Management & Research Company plant devours a whole
range of plastic waste.
� Enviro-Hub the waste management and recycling firm announced the construction
of Singapore's first $50 million plastic-to-fuel plant which converts waste plastic into
useable fuels and gases.
![Page 33: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Zadgaonkar’s plastic fuel
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry33
![Page 34: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
CONTD……
Properties Regular gasoline Plastic waste fuel
Colour, visual orange Pale yellow
Specific gravity at 280C 0.7423 0.7254
Specific gravity at150C 0.7528 0.7365
Gross calorific value 11210 11262
Net calorific value 10460 10498
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry34
Net calorific value 10460 10498
API gravity 56.46 60.65
Sulphur content (by mass) 0.1 <0.002
Flash point 0C 23 22
Pour point 0C <-200C <-200C
Cloud point <-200C <-200C
![Page 35: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Work at NIT Rourkela
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry35
![Page 36: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Work
•The work focused on the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics
[Polypropylene (PP), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), and Polystyrene
(PS)] to liquid fuel/chemicals using kaolin activated kaolin catalyst.
•The main objective was to screen the catalyst and optimize the process to
obtain suitable liquid fuel from different waste plastics.
•Characterization of liquid fuel for its composition and fuel properties for its
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry36
•Characterization of liquid fuel for its composition and fuel properties for its
suitability as fossil fuel substitute and study the engine performance and
emission analysis was other aspects of the work.
![Page 37: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Materials and Methods
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry37
Materials and Methods
![Page 38: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Collection of the plastic materials
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry38
Virgin PP Poly-bags made of
LDPE
Thermocol made of Expanded
PolystyreneDisposal glass made of PP Omfed milk
packets
![Page 39: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Experimental set up for pyrolysis
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry39
Process of conversion of Waste Polypropylene to Fuel oil
Experimental Set up and Stainless steel Reactor
![Page 40: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Schematic diagram of the set up
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry40
![Page 41: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
•Different catalysts such as screening of Kaolin, zeolite, silica
Alumina, Activated carbon, Modernite used in the experiment to
screen the suitable catalyst
•Acid activation Kaolin for improvement of catalytic properties.
Catalyst used and its activation
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry41
![Page 42: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Characterization Techniques
�Characterization of Catalysts: SEM- Surface morphology
XRD- Phase analysis
TGA- Thermal analysis
BET-Surface area, pore volume distribution, pore diameter
XRF- composition
FTIR-Type of bonding
TPD- Acidity of catalyst
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry42
TPD-Acidity of catalyst
�Characterization of liquid products: FTIR for functional group, Detailed hydrocarbon analyser for composition (PIONA),
RON, MON, Br-number, IBP and FBP, flash point and fire point by Pensky Martin
flash point apparatus, specific gravity by picnometer, cloud point by pour point
apparatus, calorific value by bomb calorimeter, viscosity by Redwood viscometer.
![Page 43: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
RESULTS OF PYROLYSIS
� In polypropylene pyrolysis, the yield of oil increased by 7.3% and reaction time
decreased by 25.4% at 5000C with 1:3 catalyst to polymer ratio using kaolin as catalyst
as compared to thermal reaction . Again the yield of oil increased by 11.8% and reaction
time decreased by 32.4% at 5000C with 1:3 catalyst to polymer ratio using activated
kaolin. The maximum oil yield was 87.5% and 92% using kaolin and acid treated kaolin
respectively. Product distribution narrowed using the catalysts for e.g. in thermal reaction
there are 56 no of different components (C9-C20), where as it reduced to 36 (C10-C18) and
12 (C9-C13) no of components using kaolin and acid treated kaolin.
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry43
� In LDPE pyrolysis, the yield of oil increased by 10.6% and reaction time decreased by
63.8% at 4500C with 1:2 catalyst to polymer ratio using kaolin catalyst. The maximum
yield being 80%. Compositional analysis of the oil obtained in catalytic pyrolysis
concludes that the products mainly consisted of paraffinic and olefinic compounds (C10-
C14).
� In polystyrene pyrolysis, the liquid fraction increases from 93% to 94.5 wt. % by the
addition of kaoline clay as catalyst in the 1:10 catalyst to polymer ratio at 5000C. The
styrene content is about 65%.
![Page 44: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Liquid Product of pyrolysis
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry44
![Page 45: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Properties of petro fuel
Physical properties Gasoline Kerosene Diesel PP oil LDPE oil
Refractive Index 1.434 1.44 1.484 1.452 1.45
Density 0.72-0.736 0.78-0.82 0.83-0.85 0.7771 0.778
Specific gravity 0.72-0.73 0.78-0.82 0.83-0.85 0.7777 0.7794
API gravity 65.03-62.34 49.91-41.06 38.98-34.97 50.447 50.050
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry45
Viscosity 0.775-0.839 1.2-1.8 2.0-4.5
Kinematic viscosity
(Cst) @ 30OC
1.076-1.140 1.54-2.20 2.4-5.3 2.27@ 30OC 1.89@ 40oC
Flash point (0C) 38 50-55 55-60 < - 12oC -23oC
Pour point (0C) < - 45oC - 40C
Boiling point range
(0C)
40-205 175-325 150-350 39-346 40-284
Calorific value
(MJ/kg)
46.9 45.5 43.7 47.27 42.55
![Page 46: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
FUEL PROPERTIES OF THE OIL
Tests
Kaoline
catalysed oil
Parent oil
1st fraction
(<2000C)
2nd fraction
(>2000C)
Si-Al
catalysed oil
Colour Yellow Colour less Reddish Yellow
Specific Gravity@ 15OC/15oC 0.7777 0.7123 0.7982 0.7712
Density @ 15oC in gm/cc 0.7771 0.7117 0.7975 0.7702
Kinematic Viscosity in Cst@ 30OC 2.27 1.9 4.1 2.21
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry46
Kinematic Viscosity in Cst@ 30OC 2.27 1.9 4.1 2.21
Pour Point < - 45oC < - 50oC < - 45oC < - 45
Cloud Point < - 45oC < - 50oC < - 45oC < - 45
Gross calorific Value in Kcals/kg 11,256 10,809 10,096 11,262
Flash Point by Abel < - 12oC - 36oC 33oC < - 12
Fire Point < - 12oC - 34oC 40oC < - 12
Boiling point range (0C) 68-346 36-162 145-34759-341
![Page 47: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND
EMISSION ANALYSIS
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry47
![Page 48: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION
ANALYSIS OF WASTE POLYPROPYLENEPLASTIC OIL
Make of model cometVCT-10
Engine type Four-stroke, CI, direct
injection,
water cooled twin
cylinder, constant Speed
engine
Bore (mm) 80
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry48
Bore (mm) 80
Stroke (mm) 110
Compression ratio 17.5:1
Rated power@1500
rpm(kW)
7.4
Nozzle opening
pressure (bar)
200
Injection timing (CA) 23o BTDC
AVL digas analyzer and smoke density was measured by AVL 437 C diesel smoke meter
![Page 49: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
RESULTS OF ENGINE PERFORMANCE � Engine was able to run with maximum 50% waste plastic oil- diesel blends. Above 50%
blend, detonations occur in the engine and it started vibrating.
� Brake thermal efficiency (almost same or marginally higher than diesel upto 80% load and somewhat lower at full load)
� Exhaust gas temperature (Exhaust gas temperature is found marginallyhigher with blend than diesel operation)
� Brake specific fuel consumption (Brake specific fuel consumption ismarginally less than diesel)
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry49
![Page 50: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
EMISSION ANALYSIS
� NOx, CO, HC and smoke emissions are found higher than diesel.
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry50
![Page 51: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Publications:
� PATENT: 1 NO. INDIAN PATENT
� R. K. Singh, A.K. Panda, ‘Catalytic conversion of wastepolypropylene to liquid fuel’ Application no 674/KOL/2011publication date 24/06/2011 Journal No.- 25/2011.
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry51
![Page 52: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL:
1. Achyut K. Panda, R.K.Singh, D.K.Mishra, “Thermolysis of waste plastics to liquid fuel A suitable method for plastic
waste management and production of value added products- A World prospective” Renewable and sustainable energy
Reviews, 14 (1) 2010, 233-248.
2. Achyut K. Panda, D. K. Mishra, B.G.Mishra and R. K. Singh, Effect of Sulphuric acid treatment on the physicochemical
characteristics of Kaolin clay, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Volume 363, Issues 1-3,
20 June 2010, Pages 98-104.
3. Achyut K. Panda and R. K. Singh, Catalytic performances of kaoline and silica alumina in the thermal degradation of
polypropylene, Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 39(3), 2011, 198-202, Elsevier publications
4. Sachin Kumar, Achyut K. Panda and R.K.Singh, A review on Tertiary recycling of high density polyethylene to fuel,
Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 55 (2011) 893– 910, Elsevier publications.
5. Achyut K. Panda, R.K. Singh, and D.K. Mishra, Thermo-Catalytic Degradation of Thermocol Waste to Value Added
Liquid Products, Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 24, Issue No. 12, 5539 - 5542 (2012)
6. Achyut K. Panda, S.Murugan, R.K.Singh, Performance and emission characteristics of diesel fuel produced from waste
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry52
6. Achyut K. Panda, S.Murugan, R.K.Singh, Performance and emission characteristics of diesel fuel produced from waste
plastic oil obtained by catalytic pyrolysis of waste polypropylene, Accepted in Energy Sources A: Recovery, Utilization,
and Environmental Effects, DOI:10.1080/15567036.2013.800924, Taylor and Francis Publications 2013.
7. Sachin Kumar, Achyut K. Panda, R. K. Singh, ‘Preparation and characterization of acid and alkaline treated kaolin clay’
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 8 (1): 61-69, (2013).
8. Achyut K. Panda, R.K.Singh, Optimization of Process Parameters by Taguchi Method: Catalytic degradation of
polypropylene to liquid fuel, International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research (IJMCR) July-August:
2013.
9. Achyut K. Panda, R.K.Singh, Experimental Optimization of Process for the Thermo-Catalytic Degradation of Waste
Polypropylene to Liquid Fuel, Advances in energy engineering (AEE), Science and Engineering Publishing Company. 1
(3), July 2013.
10. Achyut K. Panda, R.K.Singh, Optimization of Process Parameters in the Catalytic degradation of polypropylene to liquid
fuel by Taguchi Method, Accepted in Advanced Chemical Engineering Research(ACER)., Vol:2, Issue: 4, PP.106-112,Science
and Engineering Publishing Company 2013
11. Achyut K. Panda, R.K.Singh, Thermo-catalytic degradation of low density polyethylene to liquid fuel over kaolin catalyst,
Accepted in Int. J. of Environment and Waste Management (IJEWM), Inderscience publications 2013.
![Page 53: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
1. Achyut K. Panda, R. K. Singh, D. K. Mishra, Recycling of waste plastics to liquid fuel; a suitable method for
solid waste management- An Indian and World prospective, Renewable Energy Asia 2008 – An International
Conference & 4th SEE Forum Meeting at IIT Delhi” 11-13, Dec.2008.
2. Achyut K. Panda, R. K. Singh, D. K. Mishra, Feed stock recycling of plastics –A Greener Approach to
plastic Waste Management, SRK-ISA-RC-24- International Conference on Water, Environment, Energy and
Society to be held during 28-30 June 2009, S. R. K. (P.G.) college, Firozabad.
3. Achyut K. Panda and R. K. Singh, Thermolysis of waste thermocol to value added products-2, 2010
International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology April 23-25,2010, Bangkok, Thailand,
(ICEST 2010)
4. Achyut K. Panda, Sachin Kumar, R.K.Singh, Thermolytic conversion of waste plastics to fuels and
chemicals, National conference on Smart materials and 25th annual seminar of Orissa Chemical Society,
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry53
chemicals, National conference on Smart materials and 25 annual seminar of Orissa Chemical Society,
from 25-26 Dec. 2010, organised by Apex Institute of Technology and Management Bhubaneswar.
5. Achyut K. Panda, Sachin Kumar, R.K.Singh, Optimization of Process Parameters by Taguchi Method:
Catalytic degradation of polypropylene to liquid fuel, Recent advances in Chemical and Environmental
Engg, NIT Rourkela, 20-21 January 2012
6. Achyut Kumar Panda, R.K.Singh “Thermolytic degradation of waste Omfed milk packets to liquid fuel”. A
National Seminar on frontiers of synthetic polymer science and global economy in 21st century; 21st & 22nd
Sep 2013, S.K.C.G. Autonomous College, Paralakhemundi, Gajapati, Odisha
![Page 54: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
1. The compelling facts about plastics, Analysis of plastics production, demand and recovery for 2005
in Europe published in and the compelling facts about plastics, Analysis of plastics production, demand
and recovery for 2006 in Europe published in 2008.
2. Buekens AG, Huang H. Catalytic plastics cracking for recovery of gasoline-range hydrocarbons from
municipal plastic wastes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling1998; 23:163–181.Miskolczi N, Bartha
L, Angyal A. High Energy Containing Fractions from Plastic Wastes by Their Chemical Recycling.
Macromol. Symp. 2006; 245–246: 599–606.
3. Hayashi J, Nakahara J, Kusakabe K, Morooka S. Pyrolysis of polypropylene in the presence of oxygen.
Fuel Processing Technology 1998; 55(3): 265-275.
4. Kaminsky W, Predel M, Sadiki A. Feedstock recycling of polymers by pyrolysis in a fluidised bed.
References
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry54
4. Kaminsky W, Predel M, Sadiki A. Feedstock recycling of polymers by pyrolysis in a fluidised bed.
Polymer Degradation and Stability 2004; 85(3): 1045-1050.
5. Kiang JKY, Uden PC, Chien JCW. Polymer reactions-Part VII: Thermal pyrolysis of polypropylene.
Polymer Degradation and Stability 1980; 2(2): 113-127.
6. Kim JR, Yoon JH, Park DW. Catalytic recycling of the mixture of polypropylene and polystyrene. Polymer
Degradation and Stability 2002; 76(1): 61-67.
7. Scheirs J, Kaminsky W. Feedstock recycling of waste plastics, John Willy & Sons, Ltd. (2006).
8. A. Corma. Inorganic Solid Acids and Their Use in Acid-Catalyzed Hydrocarbon Reactions. Chem. Rev
1995; 95 (3):559-614.
9. Sivasanker S. Catalysis in petroleum refining. Catalysis; 2002: 362-376.
10. Singh B, Sharma N. Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation. Polymer Degradation and Stability
2008; 93: 561-584.
![Page 55: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda Plastics to Fuel by Dr... · My work at NIT Rourkela Publications References. Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recovery Dr. Achyut K.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030511/5abbb52c7f8b9ad1768d048b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Any Doubt
Contact: Dr. Achyut Kumar Panda
Email: [email protected]
Waste plastic to fuel-A sustainable approach to energy recoveryDr. Achyut K. Panda
Department of Chemistry55
Thank You
Email: [email protected]
Mob:9437132916